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In previous research, we found that auditory cortical tuning and tonotopy were impaired by cross\u2010modal  invasion of visual inputs. Sensory deprivation is typically associated with a loss of inhibition. To determine whether inhibitory plasticity is responsible for this process, we measured pre\u2010 and postsynaptic changes in inhibitory connectivity in ferret auditory cortex (AC) after cross\u2010modal plasticity. We found that blocking GABA\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors increased responsiveness and broadened sound frequency tuning in the cross\u2010modal group more than in the normal group. Furthermore, expression levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) protein were increased in the cross\u2010modal group. We also found that blocking inhibition unmasked visual responses of some auditory neurons in cross\u2010modal AC. Overall, our data suggest a role for increased inhibition in reducing the effectiveness of the abnormal visual inputs and argue that decreased inhibition is not responsible for compromised auditory cortical function after cross\u2010modal invasion. Our findings imply that inhibitory plasticity may play a role in reorganizing sensory cortex after cross\u2010modal invasion, suggesting clinical strategies for recovery after brain injury or sensory deprivation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/530651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T23:08:48Z","timestamp":1383260928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cross\u2010Modal Plasticity Results in Increased Inhibition in Primary Auditory Cortical Areas"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Pallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005736"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn848"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-10-04538.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2009.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8466.003.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35051653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1243-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/590725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902980105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981026)400:3<417::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2462279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00407.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6524-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016480903258024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.02.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03651.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.5.1207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","volume-title":"The Merging of the Senses","author":"Stein B. 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