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Our analysis took the form of identifying and evaluating possible responses to this inconsistent triad: 1) Documents are strings; 2) Strings cannot be modified; 3) Documents can be modified. Late this spring we were surprised to realize that our survey of possible responses to the document modifiability puzzle had overlooked one response: There are no documents. We turn to that neglected response now.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4242\/balisagevol5.renear01","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T19:03:12Z","timestamp":1280430192000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["There are No Documents"],"prefix":"10.4242","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Allen H.","family":"Renear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Wickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"2772","reference":[{"key":"BalisageVol5-Renear01-buckland97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199709)48:9<804::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"BalisageVol5-Renear01-derose90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02941632"},{"key":"BalisageVol5-Renear01-renear09","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4242\/BalisageVol3.Renear01"}],"event":{"name":"Balisage: The Markup Conference 2010","start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,3]]},"theme":"There is nothing so practical as a good theory","location":"Montr\u00e9al, Canada","end":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,6]]}},"container-title":["Balisage Series on Markup Technologies","Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2010"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:12:01Z","timestamp":1762495921000},"score":24.162277,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.balisage.net\/Proceedings\/vol5\/html\/Renear01\/BalisageVol5-Renear01.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":3,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4242\/balisagevol5.renear01","ISSN":["1947-2609"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1947-2609"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T08:51:44Z","timestamp":1762505504858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Rockville, Maryland","reference-count":2,"publisher":"Mulberry Technologies, Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most definitions of\n                    <jats:italic>document<\/jats:italic>\n                    current in the document processing and digital publishing communities, would, if take literally, imply that documents are extensional entities that cannot undergo changes such as editing or revision. In other domains as well, such as textual criticism and library science, one can also find notions of text or document that are similarly difficult to reconcile with modification. We describe the problem and sketch some possible resolutions. Although the issues are conceptual and foundational the practical significance is real. Formal representation in logic-based ontology languages, increasingly important in information management, requires that familiar idioms, however serviceable and entrenched, be converted to expressions that support literal interpretation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4242\/balisagevol3.renear01","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]],"date-time":"2009-08-04T15:22:02Z","timestamp":1249399322000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Documents Cannot Be Edited"],"prefix":"10.4242","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Allen H.","family":"Renear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Wickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"2772","reference":[{"key":"BalisageVol3-Renear01-buckland97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199709)48:9<804::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"BalisageVol3-Renear01-derose90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/264842.264843"}],"event":{"name":"Balisage: The Markup Conference 2009","start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]]},"theme":"There is nothing so practical as a good theory","location":"Montr\u00e9al, Canada","end":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,14]]}},"container-title":["Balisage Series on Markup Technologies","Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2009"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:11:52Z","timestamp":1762495912000},"score":24.004988,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.balisage.net\/Proceedings\/vol3\/html\/Renear01\/BalisageVol3-Renear01.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":2,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4242\/balisagevol3.renear01","ISSN":["1947-2609"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1947-2609"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:42:31Z","timestamp":1762508551832,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Rockville, Maryland","reference-count":5,"publisher":"Mulberry Technologies, Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We explore some theoretical questions concerning the renditional features common in textual communication. By renditional features we mean such things as the arrangement of text on the page and text size or style, whether in manuscript or printed documents. We refer to these features as\n                    <jats:italic>presentational markup<\/jats:italic>\n                    , using that phrase with its original meaning: the renditional features themselves, not the codes intended to generate these features when processed by computer software. Presentational markup plays a critical role in textual communication as these renditional features directly support the recognition of content in the final phase of communication. Yet it is descriptive markup that has dominated the attention of the SGML\/XML markup theorists. We take a few steps towards rebalancing this distribution of attention. We consider whether presentational markup should be considered a category of document markup alongside descriptive and procedural markup, summarize the origin of variant meanings of \u201cpresentational markup,\u201d and describe several approaches to understanding the role of presentational markup in the communication of information. Although we focus on textual communication, much of the discussion about renditional features applies to oral communication as well; renditional features exist in speech as well as in writing. These are the preliminary ruminations of a Balisage \u201cLate Breaking\u201d contribution \u2014 we are inviting discussion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4242\/balisagevol26.renear01","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T22:09:15Z","timestamp":1627682955000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Presentational Markup: What's going on?"],"prefix":"10.4242","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Allen H.","family":"Renear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"2772","reference":[{"key":"BalisageVol26-Renear01-coombs1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/32206.32209"},{"key":"BalisageVol26-Renear01-derose1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02941632"},{"key":"BalisageVol26-Renear01-goldfarb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800209.806456"},{"key":"BalisageVol26-Renear01-nagy1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20546621"},{"key":"BalisageVol26-Renear01-renear03","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/585058.585081"}],"event":{"name":"Balisage: The Markup Conference 2021","start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"theme":"There is nothing so practical as a good theory","location":"Washington, DC","end":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]}},"container-title":["Balisage Series on Markup Technologies","Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2021"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:13:24Z","timestamp":1762496004000},"score":23.74532,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.balisage.net\/Proceedings\/vol26\/html\/Renear01\/BalisageVol26-Renear01.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":5,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4242\/balisagevol26.renear01","ISSN":["1947-2609"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1947-2609"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1762507474455,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Rockville, Maryland","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Mulberry Technologies, Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>We are engineering; we are solving problems, improving reliability, effectiveness, efficiency. But more generally encoding decisions determine whether, how, how much, when, and for whom the information in our documents will be useful. This seems to be important not just instrumentally, but with respect to larger human interests as well, or even to the very largest human interests. Just how else to explain the earnestness, anger, fear, and tears one sees at Balisage? But problems abound, and some tradeoffs appear not just incalculable, but incommensurable. Left track or right?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4242\/balisagevol21.renear01","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]],"date-time":"2018-07-27T14:36:33Z","timestamp":1532702193000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Markup ethics: Trolley problems for text encoders"],"prefix":"10.4242","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Allen H.","family":"Renear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois \u2014 Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"2772","event":{"name":"Balisage: The Markup Conference 2018","start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"theme":"There is nothing so practical as a good theory","location":"Washington, DC","end":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]}},"container-title":["Balisage Series on Markup Technologies","Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2018"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:13:06Z","timestamp":1762495986000},"score":23.73541,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.balisage.net\/Proceedings\/vol21\/html\/Renear01\/BalisageVol21-Renear01.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4242\/balisagevol21.renear01","ISSN":["1947-2609"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1947-2609"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:55:50Z","timestamp":1773280550016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Society for Managing and Technical Editors (ISMTE)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EON"],"abstract":"<jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.18243\/eon\/2010.3.3.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:09:53Z","timestamp":1773227393000},"page":"0-0","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital Content and Strategic Reading - An Interview with Allen Renear and Carole Palmer"],"prefix":"10.18243","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"7615","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"container-title":["Editorial Office News"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/eon.rivervalley.io\/articles\/3\/3\/EON-2010-332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:09:54Z","timestamp":1773227394000},"score":23.230848,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/eon.rivervalley.io\/articles\/3\/3\/EON-2010-332"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18243\/eon\/2010.3.3.2","ISSN":["2377-7087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2377-7087","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:26:34Z","timestamp":1750307194914,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":2,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]],"date-time":"2012-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2132176.2132294","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]],"date-time":"2012-02-07T15:39:28Z","timestamp":1328629168000},"page":"574-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards a logical form for descriptive metadata"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Wickett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Allen H.","family":"Renear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. 2010. Dublin core metadata element set. http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/dcmi-terms\/.  Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. 2010. Dublin core metadata element set . http:\/\/dublincore.org\/documents\/dcmi-terms\/.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","DOI":"10.5555\/1920331.1920360"}],"event":{"acronym":"iConference '12","name":"iConference '12: iConference 2012","location":"Toronto Ontario Canada"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2012 iConference"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2132176.2132294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2132176.2132294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T10:06:04Z","timestamp":1750241164000},"score":23.169712,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2132176.2132294"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"references-count":2,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2132176.2132294","10.1145\/2132176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2132176.2132294","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-02-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T13:03:12Z","timestamp":1774357392452,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":41,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,8]],"date-time":"2002-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,8]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/585058.585081","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,19]],"date-time":"2004-04-19T17:18:43Z","timestamp":1082395123000},"page":"119-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Towards a semantics for XML markup"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Allen","family":"Renear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Sperberg-McQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Laboratory for Computer Science"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","series-title":"Electronic Manuscript Series","volume-title":"Author's Guide to Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup","author":"AAP.","year":"1986","unstructured":"AAP. Author's Guide to Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup . Electronic Manuscript Series . Association of American Publishers , Washington, DC , 1986 . Current version: ANSI\/NISO\/ISO 12083 - 1995 Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup, National Information Standards Organization, 1995. AAP. Author's Guide to Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup. Electronic Manuscript Series. Association of American Publishers, Washington, DC, 1986. Current version: ANSI\/NISO\/ISO 12083 - 1995 Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup, National Information Standards Organization, 1995."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb047970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/32206.32209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02941632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"ALLC\/ACH","author":"Dubin D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dubin , D. , Renear , A. , Sperberg-McQueen , C. M. , and Huitfeldt , C . A logic programming environment for document semantics and inference . Presented at ALLC\/ACH , T\u00fcbingen, Germany , July 2002 . Dubin, D., Renear, A., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., and Huitfeldt, C. A logic programming environment for document semantics and inference. Presented at ALLC\/ACH, T\u00fcbingen, Germany, July 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"SGML: The Billion Dollar Secret","author":"Ensign C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ensign , C. SGML: The Billion Dollar Secret . Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997 , ch. 5: United Technologies Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation. Ensign, C. SGML: The Billion Dollar Secret. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997, ch. 5: United Technologies Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199707)48:7%3C638::AID-ASI11%3E3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The document management alliance","volume":"25","author":"Fay C","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fay , C . The document management alliance . Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 25 , 1 ( October\/November 1998 ), 20--24. Fay, C. The document management alliance. 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