{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":903,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T20:23:02Z","timestamp":1649103782397},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.10.1.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T13:49:17Z","timestamp":1517579357000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.10.1.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:39Z","timestamp":1592423379000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.10.1.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.10.1.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.10.1.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:50:25Z","timestamp":1648860625801},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.9.2.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T13:53:25Z","timestamp":1493214805000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.9.2.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1592423413000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.9.2.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.9.2.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.9.2.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T22:34:35Z","timestamp":1648938875794},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.1.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T13:20:16Z","timestamp":1391001616000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.6.1.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:27Z","timestamp":1592423487000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.6.1.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.6.1.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.6.1.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T10:14:16Z","timestamp":1753438456670,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study a large-scale family planning intervention in which more than 260,000 Peruvian women were sterilized. Many of these medical procedures are alleged to have been performed without patient consent. The subsequent disclosure of alleged illegal sterilizations caused reductions in the usage of contraceptive methods and prenatal and birth delivery services and, more generally, the demand for medical services in affected areas. As a result, child health worsened. The results persist for at least 17 years after the information disclosure and are driven by disappointed supporters of the implementing government. Learning about the government\u2019s malpractices undermined trust in institutions. (JEL I12, I18, I38, J13, J16, J18, O15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:59:37Z","timestamp":1738328377000},"page":"181-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Policymaking, Trust, and the Demand for Public Services: Evidence from a Mass Sterilization Campaign"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Le\u00f3n-Ciliotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra, BSE, and IPEG (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dijana","family":"Zejcirovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707765"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx029"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Arambur\u00fa, Carlos. 2002. \"Politics and Reproductive Health: A Dangerous Connection.\" Paper presented at the CICRED Interregional Seminar on Reproductive Health, Unmet Needs and Poverty, Bangkok, Thailand, November 25-29."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archibong, Belinda, and Francis Annan. 2021. \"`We Are Not Guinea Pigs': The Effects of Negative News on Vaccine Compliance.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3765793"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12312"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12325"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besley, Timothy, and Torsten Persson. 2011. Pillars of Prosperity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400840526"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Burneo, Jos\u00e9 A. 2008. Esterilizaci\u00f3n Forzada en Peru: Delito de Lesa Humanidad. Lima, Peru: Estudio para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/711173"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa039"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Committee for Latin America and the Caribbean for the Defense of Women's Rights. 1998. Silencio y Complicidad: Violencia Contra las Mujeres en los Servicios P\u00fablicos de Salud en el Peru. Lima, Peru: CLADEM."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Committee for Latin America and the Caribbean for the Defense of Women's Rights. 1999. Nada personal: Reporte de Derechos Humanos Sobre la Aplicaci\u00f3n de la Anticoncepci\u00f3n Quir\u00fargica en el Peru 1996-1998. Lima, Peru: CLADEM."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932003006369"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo. 1998. Anticoncepci\u00f3n Quir\u00fargica Voluntaria I. Lima, Peru: The Ombudsman's Of ce of Peru."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo. 1999. La Aplicaci\u00f3n de la Anticoncepci\u00f3n Quir\u00fargica y los Derechos Reproductivos II. Lima, Peru: Ombudsman's Of ce of Peru."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo. 2002. La Aplicaci\u00f3n de la Anticoncepci\u00f3n Quir\u00fargica y los Derechos Reproductivos III. Lima, Peru: Ombudsman's Of ce of Peru."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.3.103"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupas, Pascaline, and Edward Miguel. 2017. \"Impacts and Determinants of Health Levels in Low-Income Countries.\" In Handbook of Economic Field Experiments, Vol. 2, edited by Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee and Esther Du o, 3-93. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hefe.2016.09.003"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150958"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_20","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Elliot Laura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laws"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Factiva. 2021. Factiva Global News Monitoring. New York, NY: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. https:\/\/ www.dowjones.com\/professional\/factiva\/ (accessed via suscription October 2021)."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00015075"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.2.703"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.08.018"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, Miguel \u00c1ngel Gonzalez. 2006. Peru, Autoritarismo y Democracia: Sobre las Dificultades de la Consolidaci\u00f3n de la Democracia en la Am\u00e9rica Dndina: El Peru de Fujimori. Madrid, Spain: Compa\u00f1\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola de Reprograf\u00eda y Servicios."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Torres, Ada, and Elena Esposito. 2022. \"Epidemics and Con ict: Evidence from the Ebola Outbreak in Western Africa.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Hufford, George A. 2002. \"The ITS Irregular Terrain Model, Version 1.2.2: The Algorithm.\" Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, US Department of Commerce. https:\/\/its.ntia.gov\/publications\/download\/HuffordITMalgWhitePaper. pdf."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica). 1992. Encuesta Demogr\u00e1fica y de Salud Familiar 1991\/1992. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"INEI. 2002. Tendencias, Niveles y Estructura de la Mortalidad Materna en el Peru 1992-2000. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"INEI. 2018. Encuesta Demogr\u00e1fica y de Salud Familiar-ENDES 1996-2017. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica. https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/inei\/tema\/encuestas-y-registros (accessed January 2022)."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"INEI. 2019. Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 1993. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica. https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/inei\/tema\/censos (accessed January 2022)."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"INEI. 2020a. Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2007. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica. https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/inei\/tema\/censos (accessed January 2022)."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"INEI. 2020b. Mapas e Informaci\u00f3n Cartogr\u00e1fica. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica. https:\/\/proyectos.inei.gob.pe\/microdatos\/ (accessed January 2022)."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"JNE (Jurado Nacional de Elecciones). 2018. Informaci\u00f3n de resultados electorales. JNE. https:\/\/infogob.jne.gob.pe\/ (accessed November 2022)."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/36.1-2.149"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19462"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khemani, Stuti. 2019. \"What Is State Capacity?\" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8734.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-8734"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueaa046"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Latinobarometer. 2019. Latinobarometer. Providencia, Chile: Latinobar\u00f3metro Corporation. https:\/\/ www.latinobarometro.org\/lat.jsp (accessed January 2022)."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Ciliotta, Gianmarco, \u24e1 Dijana Zejcirovic, \u24e1 Fernando Fernandez. 2025. Data and Code for: \"Policymaking, Trust, and the Demand for Public Services: Evidence from a Mass Sterilization Campaign.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E194825V1."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2002.0026"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. How Democracies Die. New York, NY: Broadway Books."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180284"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvab018"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0895330042632690"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"MINJUS (Ministerio de Justicia). 2019. Registro de V\u00edctimas de Esterilizaciones Forzadas (REVIESFO). Lima, Peru: Direcci\u00f3n General de Defensa P\u00fablica y Acceso a la Justicia (access granted upon request based on Freedom of Information Act, October 2019)."},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"MINSA (Ministerio de Salud). 1996. \"Programa de Salud Reproductiva y Plani caci\u00f3n Familiar 1996-2000.\" Lima, Peru: Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud de Personas."},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"MINSA. 2020. Carta del ministro Marino Costa Bauer al presidente Alberto Fujimori con fecha 6 de agosto de 1997. Lima, Peru: O cina de Transparencia y Anticorrupci\u00f3n."},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"MINSA. 2022a. Health Census 1996. Lima, Peru: O cina de Transparencia y Anticorrupci\u00f3n. https:\/\/ www.gob.pe\/minsa\/ (access granted upon request based on Freedom of Information Act, September 2022)."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"MINSA. 2022b. Health Centers and Medical Personnel. Lima, Peru: O cina de Transparencia y Anticorrupci\u00f3n. https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/minsa\/ (access granted upon request based on Freedom of Information Act, September 2022)."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"MTC (Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones). 2021. Radio Signal and Radio Stations. Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones. https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/mtc (access granted upon request based on Freedom of Information Act, March 2021)."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.4.1"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Pasquini, Giancarlo, and Emily Saks. 2022. \"Partisan Differences Are Common in the Lessons Americans Take Away from COVID-19.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2201473X.2014.955947"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2023.106321"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2023.03.008"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Saad, Lydia. 2022. \"More in US Vaccinated after Delta Surge, FDA Decision.\" Gallup, September 29. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/355073\/vaccinated-delta-surge-fda-decision.aspx."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, Flor. 2001. \"Peru: Festival de Ligaduras.\" BBC Mundo, September 7. http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/ hi\/spanish\/latin_america\/newsid_1530000\/1530502.stm."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/IMH0020-7411360105"},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Subcomisi\u00f3n Investigadora de Personas e Instituciones Involucradas en las Acciones de Anticoncepci\u00f3n Quir\u00fargica Voluntaria. 2002. \"Informe Final Sobre la Aplicaci\u00f3n Anticoncepci\u00f3n Quir\u00fargica Voluntaria (AQV) en los A\u00f1os 1990-2000.\" Lima, Peru: Congreso de la Rep\u00fablica del Peru."},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Sur, Pramod. 2023. \"Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy: Empirical Evidence from India.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"Tanaka, Martin. 1999. \"Los Partidos Pol\u00edticos en el Peru: 1992-1999.\" Working Paper IEP N.108 ."},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"United Nations. 1984. Recent Levels and Trends of Contraceptive Use as Assessed in 1983. New York, NY: UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs."},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"United Nations. 2020. Child Mortality in Peru in 1990: Child Mortality, Stillbirth, and Causes of Death Estimates. New York, NY: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. https:\/\/ childmortality.org\/data\/Peru (accessed March 21, 2021)."},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"Vargas Le\u00f3n, Carlos. 2002. \"Las Organizaciones Pol\u00edticas en las Elecciones Municipales de 1998 y 2022: Un An\u00e1lisis Comparativo.\" Working Paper ONPE N.5."},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 1992. Female Sterilization: A Guide to Provision of Services. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Family Planning and Human Reproduction.","DOI":"10.2307\/2939236"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.05.002"},{"key":"p_68","first-page":"1996","author":"Zauzich Maria","year":"2000","journal-title":"y Derechos Humanos: Campa\u00f1as de Esterilizaci\u00f3n"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:01:05Z","timestamp":1738328465000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230155"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230155","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:39:25Z","timestamp":1768264765537,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper analyzes the relationship between postmarketing promotional activity and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by modeling the interaction between a regulator (the FDA) and a pharmaceutical firm. Promotion-driven market expansions enhance profitability yet may involve the risk of inappropriate drug prescriptions, leading to regulatory actions against the firm. We empirically test the relationship between drug promotion and reporting of ADRs using an innovative combination of commercial data on pharmaceutical promotion and FDA data on regulatory interventions and ADRs. We provide some evidence that increased levels of promotion and advertising lead to increased reporting of ADRs for certain conditions. (JEL L51, L65, M31, M37) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.4.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]],"date-time":"2010-10-27T14:03:18Z","timestamp":1288188198000},"page":"1-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Effects of Pharmaceutical Marketing and Promotion on Adverse Drug Events and Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 202 Colonial Penn Center, 3641 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Markowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Richards-Shubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H. John Heinz, III College, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1774"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.5.1371"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.06.003"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2098304"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"92","volume":"4","author":"Buckley Joan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Problems and Perspectives in management"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/62.6.620"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2098100"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_15","first-page":"826","volume":"44","author":"Dorfman Robert","year":"1954","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2097504"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9134.2005.00079.x"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.16.1995"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140537"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198508223130811"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7332.278"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.68.4.90.42734"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368006"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D110"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467419"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-004-0247-0"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558705279314"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.3.373"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1007"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.4.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:40Z","timestamp":1592423620000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.4.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.4.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.4.1","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:44:37Z","timestamp":1760132677697},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Theories of partisan redistricting postulate unitary actors maximizing their party\u2019s expected seat share. Yet, the partition of a fixed supply of friendly voters necessarily implies a tragedy of the commons. We recast partisan redistricting as a bargaining game among the sitting representatives of the party controlling the map. The status quo is the threat point, explaining why changes are frequently minor. This bargaining framework implies that highly competitive districts will receive more help from redistricting if they are already represented by the party in charge. Employing a regression discontinuity design with precinct-level data, we find support for this prediction. (JEL C78, D72) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T14:33:17Z","timestamp":1666967597000},"page":"519-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gerrymandering in State Legislatures: Frictions from Axiomatic Bargaining"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hisam","family":"Sabouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic Sciences, Claremont Graduate University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron A.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Day School of Economics and Finance, Claremont McKenna College (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0684(05)01006-3"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553041382148"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055410000377"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2007.122.4.1473"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00012033"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/elj.2016.0384"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2007.122.4.1409"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, Gary W., and Jonathan N. Katz. 2002. Elbridge Gerry's Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606212"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Daley, David. 2016. Ratf**ked: Why Your Vote Doesn't Count. New York: W.W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/661511"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.1.113"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.4.1616"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0260-9827(88)90032-8"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lsq.12033"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Rodden, Jonathan. 2019. Why Cities Lose: The Deep Roots of the Urban-Rural Political Divide. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Rodden, Jonathan, and Stephen Ansolabehere. 2011. \"Stanford Election Atlas.\" https:\/\/projects. iq.harvard.edu\/eda\/data (accessed December 18, 2015)."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/elj.2019.0608"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Sabouni, Hisam, and Cameron A. Shelton. 2022. \"Replication data for: Gerrymandering in State Legislatures: Frictions from Axiomatic Bargaining.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/ E142061V1."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004986314885"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2669363"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Winburn, Jonathan. 2008. The Realities of Redistricting: Following the Rules and Limiting Gerrymandering in State Legislative Redistricting. Plymouth, U.K.: Lexington Books."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T14:34:09Z","timestamp":1666967649000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190213"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190213","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:30:32Z","timestamp":1769747432758,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.18.1.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:33:41Z","timestamp":1769697221000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"18","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.18.1.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:33:45Z","timestamp":1769697225000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.18.1.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.18.1.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.18.1.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:23:18Z","timestamp":1769746998748,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We estimate that 3.1 percent of US voters, or 6.1 million individuals, were registered to vote in two states in 2020, opening up the possibility for them to choose where to vote. Double registrants are concentrated in the wealthiest zip codes and respond to both incentives and costs, disproportionately choosing to vote in swing states (higher incentive) and states that automatically send out mail-in ballots (lower cost). We call this behavior Cross-State Strategic Voting. While others have documented strategic incentives on who to vote for, this paper is the first to consider strategic incentives on where to vote. (JEL D63, D72, K16)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20240630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:33:41Z","timestamp":1769697221000},"page":"159-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-State Strategic Voting"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gordon B.","family":"Dahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UC San Diego, NBER, Norwegian School of Economics, CESifo, CEPR, and IZA (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Engelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC San Diego (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runjing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC San Diego (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190658"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2005.02.008"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/686746"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00701"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.03.004"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2023.105047"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200336"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000305541700003X"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01066-z"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bursztyn, Leonardo, Davide Cantoni, Patricia Funk, Felix Sch\u00f6nenberger, and Noam Yuchtman. 2017. \"Identifying the Effect of Election Closeness on Voter Turnout: Evidence from Swiss Referenda.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23490"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180306"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab019"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01207"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2022.104726"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Corasaniti, Nick, Weiyi Cai, and Denise Lu. 2020. \"Flush with Cash, Biden Eclipses Trump in War for the Airwaves.\" New York Times, October 17. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/10\/17\/us\/ politics\/trump-biden-campaign-ad-spending.html (accessed April 22, 2022)."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Cornell Law Dictionary 2022. \"One-Person, One-Vote Rule.\" https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/ one-person_one-vote_rule#:~:text=One%2Dperson%2C%20one%2Dvote%20refers%20to%20 the%20rule%20that,person%27s%20within%20the%20same%20state (accessed May 8, 2023)."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2017.09.002"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Dahl, Gordon, Joseph Engelberg, Runjing Lu, and William Mullins. 2026. Data and Code for: \"Cross-State Strategic Voting.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consor-tium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E228761V1."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdw056"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties. Wiley."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026646661200028X"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103619118"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055423000692"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Farquharson, Robin. 1969. Theory of Voting. Yale University Press."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Federal Voting Assistance Program. n.d. \"How to Determine Your Voting Residency.\" https:\/\/www. fvap.gov\/info\/laws\/voting-residence (accessed Dec 15, 2022)."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferlenga, Francesca, and Brian Knight. 2022. \"Vote Early and Vote Often? Detecting Electoral Fraud from the Timing of 19th Century Elections.\" NBER Working Paper 30393.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30393"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00010037"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11520"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140533"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055411000268"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.2980"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2013.5"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000305541900087X"},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"62","volume":"112","author":"Greabe John M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Columbia Law Review Sidebar"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.11.053006.190912"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12214"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120383"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381611001368"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Igielnik, Ruth, Scott Keeter, Courtney Kennedy, and Bradley Spahn. 2018. Commercial Voter Files and the Study of US Politics. Pew Research Center.https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/methods\/2018\/02\/15\/ commercial-voter-files-and-the-study-of-u-s-politics\/ (accessed June 15, 2022)."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180192"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.2.624"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Marist Poll. 2021. NPR\/PBS NewsHour\/Marist Poll. https:\/\/maristpoll.marist.edu\/wp-content\/ uploads\/2021\/10\/NPR_PBS-NewsHour_Marist-Poll_USA-NOS-and-Tables_B_202110251104. pdf (accessed May 3, 2022)."},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2017.06.012"},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Minnite, Lorraine. 2010. The Myth of Voter Fraud. Cornell University Press."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"MIT Election Data and Science Lab. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/42MVDX (accessed November 11, 2021)."},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"MIT Election Data and Science Lab. 2021. Voter Confidence. https:\/\/electionlab.mit.edu\/research\/ voter-confidence (accessed Sept. 19, 2022)."},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938959"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures. 2020a. \"Absentee and Mail Voting Policies in Effect for the 2020 Election.\" Wayback Machine. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201031183259\/https:\/\/www. ncsl.org\/research\/elections-and-campaigns\/absentee-and-mail-voting-policies-in-effect-for-the-2020-election.aspx (accessed October 29, 2020)."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures. 2020b. \"State Laws Governing Early Voting.\" Wayback Machine. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201031202754\/https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/electionsand-campaigns\/early-voting-in-state-elections.aspx (accessed October 22, 2020)."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures 2021. \"Double Voting.\" https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/ elections-and-campaigns\/double-voting.aspx (accessed September 9, 2022)."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130921"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Pew. 2012. Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient - Evidence that America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360535135"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA15373"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"PredictIt. 2020. \"State-Level US Presidential Election Prediction Markets.\" https:\/\/www.predictit.org\/ markets\/17\/US-Elections (accessed April 4, 2022)."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Schaffner, Brian, Stephen Ansolabehere, and Samantha Luks. 2021. \"Cooperative Election Study Common Content, 2020.\" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/E9N72U ."},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac033"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12131"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.06.008"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA20355"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy010"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12757"},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Wikipedia. 2020. \"Statewide Opinion Polling for the 2020 United States Presidential Election.\" https:\/\/ en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_ election (accessed April 22, 2022)."},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"Wines, Michael. 2022. \"In Voter Fraud, Penalties Often Depend on Who's Voting.\" New York Times, September 7. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/09\/07\/us\/voter-fraud-penalties.html (accessed September 9, 2022)."},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoder, Jesse, Cassandra Handan-Nader, Andrew Myers, Tobias Nowacki, Daniel Thompson, Jennifer Wu, Chenoa Yorgason, and Andrew Hall, A. 2021. \"How Did Absentee Voting Affect the 2020 US Election?\" Science Advances 7 (52): eabk1755.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abk1755"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20240630","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:34:13Z","timestamp":1769697253000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20240630"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20240630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20240630","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:31:53Z","timestamp":1769527913672,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Data linkage studies often document, but do not remedy, severe survey errors. To improve survey estimates despite restricted linked data access, this paper develops a convenient and general estimation method that combines public use data with conditional distribution parameters estimated from linked data. Analyses using linked SNAP data show that this method sharply improves estimates and consistently outperforms corrections that mainly rely on survey data. Yet, some univariate corrections perform well when linked data do not exist. For SNAP, extrapolating from linked data across time and geography still improves upon estimates using survey data only, even after survey-based corrections. (JEL C81, C83, H75, I18, I38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T14:06:47Z","timestamp":1556719607000},"page":"142-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Correcting for Misreporting of Government Benefits"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Mittag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERGE-EI, joint workplace of Charles University Prague and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Politick\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f 7, Prague 1, 111 21, Czech Republic (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00352"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000000369"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209899"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504276"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10474038"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298256"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2005.00335.x"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478389"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2011.0000"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383112"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2015.1029576"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(89)90047-X"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214508000000139"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"1","author":"Levitan Mark","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Statistical Association Social Statistics Section Conference Proceedings"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_26","first-page":"309","volume":"28","author":"Little Roderick J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jos-2017-0047"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913621"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2017.06.012"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170478"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.4.199"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649830"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2018.10.005"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914301"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.v1i1.567"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476908"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2000.10473910"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-014-9415-z"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.02.002"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20160618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:48:38Z","timestamp":1592423318000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20160618"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20160618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20160618","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:56:10Z","timestamp":1773860170686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We examine data on capital-gains-tax-related information search to determine when and how taxpayers acquire information. We find seasonal increases in information search around tax deadlines, suggesting that taxpayers seek information to comply with tax law. Positive correlations between stock market activity and search as well as year-end spikes in information search on capital losses when the market performs poorly suggest that taxpayers seek information for tax planning purposes. Policy changes and news events cause information search. These data suggest that taxpayers are not always fully informed, but that rational attention and exogenous shocks to tax salience drive taxpayer information search. (JEL D12, D83, H24, H31, K34) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T15:08:23Z","timestamp":1438182503000},"page":"177-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Taxpayer Search for Information: Implications for Rational Attention"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Hoopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Accounting and Management Information Systems, Ohio State University, 448 Fisher Hall, 2100 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Reck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 611 Tappan Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Slemrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Economics and Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 701 Tappan Street, R5396, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9485.1969.tb00028.x"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(86)90071-1"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1145"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.09.041"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2011.01679.x"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(93)01409-4"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-679X.2012.00443.x"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/aht009"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805775014461"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2007.03.003"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1909635"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-1082.00328"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2006.03.001"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912705"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20081115"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3932(03)00029-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_35","first-page":"259","volume":"11","author":"Slemrod Joel","year":"2013","journal-title":"eJournal of Tax research"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01958.x"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2006.01011.x"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211619"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20140050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:22Z","timestamp":1592423482000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20140050"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20140050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20140050","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:08:44Z","timestamp":1773965324563,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper estimates the long-term impact of growing up in better neighborhoods and attending better schools on educational attainment. First, I use a spatial regression-discontinuity design to estimate school effects. Second, I study students who move across neighborhoods in Montreal during childhood to estimate the causal effect of growing up in a better area (total exposure effects). I find large effects for both dimensions. Combining both research designs in a decomposition framework, and under key assumptions, I estimate that 50\u201370 percent of the benefits of moving to a better area on educational attainment are due to access to better schools. (JEL H75, I21, R23) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T12:28:17Z","timestamp":1619785697000},"page":"336-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Long-Term Contextual Effects in Education: Schools and Neighborhoods"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jean-William","family":"Lalibert\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146403"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jbes.2009.07333"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr017"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10266"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulkadirolu, Atila, Parag A. Pathak, Jonathan Schellenberg, and Christopher R. Walters. 2017. \"Do Parents Value School Effectiveness?\" NBER Working Papers 23912.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23912"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00020"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Agrawal, Mohit, Joseph G. Altonji, and Richard K. Mansfield. 2018. \"Quantifying Family, School, and Location Effects in the Presence of Complementarities and Sorting.\" NBER Working Paper 25167."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altonji, Joseph G., and Richard K. Mansfield. 2014. \"Group-Average Observables as Controls for Sorting on Unobservables When Estimating Group Treatment Effects: The Case of School and Neighborhood Effects.\" NBER Working Papers 20781.","DOI":"10.3386\/w20781"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx001"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937954"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161074"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522381"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, Michael Carlos, Jonas Hjort, and David Szakonyi. 2017. \"Individuals and Organizations as Sources of State Effectiveness, and Consequences for Policy.\" NBER Working Paper 23350.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23350"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt026"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Billings, Stephen B., David J. Deming, and Stephen L. Ross. 2016. \"Partners in Crime: Schools, Neighborhoods and the Formation of Criminal Networks.\" NBER Working Paper 21962."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556070"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.36.1.63"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2472"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Burdick-Will, Julia, Jens Ludwig, Stephen W. Raudenbush, Robert J. Sampson, Lisa Sanbonmatsu, and Patrick Sharkey. 2011. \"Converging Evidence for Neighborhood Effects on Children's Test Scores: An Experimental, Quasi-experimental, and Observational Comparison.\" In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, 255-276. New York: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00237"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Card, David, Ciprian Domnisoru, and Lowell Taylor. 2018. \"The Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from the Golden Era of Upward Mobility.\" NBER Working Paper 25000.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25000"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.4.150"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt006"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.03.006"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040714561801"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151080"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151108"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty, Raj, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hendren, Maggie R. Jones, and Sonya R. Porter. 2018. \"The Opportunity Atlas: Mapping the Childhood Roots of Social Mobility.\" NBER Working Paper 25147.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25147"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2633"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.7.2683"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy007"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy006"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150572"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161352"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00702.x"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1806"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.5.406"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.3.991"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.3.158"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.4.28"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/682718"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00510"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Duhaime-Ross, Alix. 2015. \"Three Essays in the Economics of Education: Evidence from Canadian Policies.\" PhD diss. University of British Columbia."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.10.009"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw023"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.3.232"},{"issue":"11","key":"p_48","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"Gannon Maire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Juristat-Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2012.11.001"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12025"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553041382193"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdq038"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2007.02079.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_54","first-page":"1141","volume":"24","author":"Hanushek Eric A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heckman, James J., John Eric Humphries, and Gregory Veramendi. 2017. \"The Non-market Bene ts of Education and Ability.\" NBER Working Papers 23896.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23896"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2008.0027"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M. 2015. Computing the Value-Added of American Postsecondary Institutions. Washington, DC: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), US Department of Treasury."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.06.001"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2010.02371.x"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, C. Kirabo. 2016. \"What Do Test Scores Miss? The Importance of Teacher Effects on Non-test Score Outcomes.\" NBER Working Paper 22226.","DOI":"10.3386\/w22226"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970788"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Jann, Ben. 2017. \"KMATCH: Stata Module for Multivariate-Distance and Propensity-Score Matching.\" Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics. https:\/\/boris. unibe.ch\/113482\/ (accessed February 23, 2021)."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahl007"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane, Thomas J., and Douglas O. Staiger. 2008. \"Estimating Teacher Impacts on Student Achievement: An Experimental Evaluation.\" NBER Working Paper 14607.","DOI":"10.3386\/w14607"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_66","first-page":"12","volume":"31","author":"Katz Lawrence F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Lalibert\u00e9, Jean-William. 2021. \"Replication data for: Long-Term Contextual Effects in Education: Schools and Neighborhoods.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E 118906V1."},{"key":"p_69","first-page":"16","author":"Lapierre David","year":"2016","journal-title":"University of Quebec in Montreal's School of Management, Research Group on Human Capital Working Paper"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavecchia, Adam M., Heidi Liu, and Philip Oreopoulos. 2014. \"Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities.\" NBER Working Paper 20609.","DOI":"10.3386\/w20609"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.07.005"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.3.226"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.10.005"},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de l'\u00c9ducation, de l'Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche. 2016. \"Base de donn\u00e9es administratives [Database].\""},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160319"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2003.10.015"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303322552865"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.34.2.237"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_81","first-page":"207","volume":"14","author":"Oreopoulos Philip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cityscape"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oreopoulos, Philip, and Uros Petronijevic. 2013. \"Making College Worth It: A Review of Research on the Returns to Higher Education.\" NBER Working Paper 19053.","DOI":"10.3386\/w19053"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.1.159"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Zhuan, J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke, and Hannes Schwandt. 2017. \"Poorly Measured Confounders Are More Useful on the Left Than on the Right.\" NBER Working Paper 23232.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23232"},{"key":"p_85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.4.1289"},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2005.00584.x"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1333"},{"key":"p_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothstein, Jesse. 2017. \"Inequality of Educational Opportunity? Schools as Mediators of the Intergenerational Transmission of Income.\" https:\/\/eml.berkeley.edu\/~jrothst\/workingpapers\/rothstein_ mobility_april2017.pdf.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24537"},{"key":"p_89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071913-043350"},{"key":"p_90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098010371393"},{"key":"p_91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00097"},{"key":"p_92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2014.06.001"},{"key":"p_93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0603-1"},{"key":"p_94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676661"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T21:37:29Z","timestamp":1620077849000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190257"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190257","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:35:11Z","timestamp":1772757311017,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper presents new evidence on the effects of retirement benefits on labor force participation decisions. The analysis is based on a mandated rule for employer-provided retirement benefits in Austria that creates discontinuities in the incentives for workers to delay retirement. The paper presents graphical evidence on labor supply responses and develops a conceptual framework that accounts for the dynamic incentive structure and for adjustment frictions. Using bunching methods, a semi-elasticity of participation is estimated, which ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 and is highest for incentives targeted at a delay in retirement by 6 to 9 months. (JEL D14, D91, H55, J22, J26, J65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T13:52:25Z","timestamp":1478008345000},"page":"160-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Nonparametric Evidence on the Effects of Financial Incentives on Retirement Decisions"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Day","family":"Manoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2225 Speedway Stop C3100, Austin, TX 78712 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.12.006"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938246"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.10.007"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298053"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2007.122.4.1511"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.2.234"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2005.00337.x"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298054"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt004"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.07.006"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12207"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.07.009"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171940"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938304"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20140209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:44Z","timestamp":1592423444000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20140209"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20140209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20140209","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:28:25Z","timestamp":1772756905377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the effects of increasing the statutory retirement age (SRA) in the Netherlands, using regression discontinuity design and administrative data on the universe of the population. We find clear and large employment effects of the reform. A simple model in which individuals stay longer in their pre-SRA labor market state predicts the treatment effects well. The employment level before the SRA and the retirement hazard at the SRA are the key determinants of the effects of the policy change. Exploring potential explanations for the high hazard rate observed in the Netherlands, our results point to an important role for employers\u2019 effects. (JEL H55, J14, J26, J32) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:08:16Z","timestamp":1706706496000},"page":"259-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increasing the Retirement Age: Policy Effects and Underlying Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Rabat\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) and Institut national d\u2019\u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egbert","family":"Jongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB), Department of Economics, Leiden University, and IZA (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilbe","family":"Atav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00443"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.41"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.10.007"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carta, Francesca, and Marta de Philippis. 2021. \"Working Horizon and Labour Supply: The Effect of Raising the Full Retirement Age on Middle-Aged Individuals.\" Bank of Italy Temi di Discussione (Working Paper) 1314.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3827475"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"CPB. 2018. Arbeidsparticipatie. The Hague: CPB."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"CPB. 2020a. Kansrijk Arbeidsmarktbeleid: Update Sociale Zekerheid. The Hague: Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"CPB. 2020b. Kansrijk Arbeidsmarktbeleid: Update Uittreedleeftijd en AOW. The Hague: Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.09.005"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2011.02486.x"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.05.007"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2019.02.003"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"de Vos, Klaas, Arie Kapteyn, and Adriaan Kalwij. 2019. \"Social Security Programs and Employment at Older Ages in the Netherlands.\" In Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Reforms and Retirement Incentives, edited by Axel B\u00f6rsch-Supan and Courtney Coile, 297-316. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_15","author":"Deshpande Manasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest_a_01151."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.56.1.0717-8947R2"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911308"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_18","first-page":"1034","volume":"8","author":"Hairault Jean-Olivier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, Bas. 2010. \"Human Capital, Retirement, and Saving.\" In Ageing, Health, and Pensions in Europe, edited by Lans Bovenberg, Arthur Soest, and Asghar Zaidi, 283-317. London: Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230307346_10"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Kantarci, Tunga, and Jochem Zweerink. 2020. \"To What Extent Can Partial Retirement Ensure Retirement Income Adequacy?\" Netspar Design Paper 149."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Knoef, Marike, Jim Been, Koen Caminada, Kees Goudswaard, and Jason Rhuggenaath. 2017. \"De Toereikendheid van Pensioenopbouw na de Crisis en Pensioenhervormingen.\" Netspar Design Paper 68."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.2.151"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200686"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260835"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104297"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumsdaine, Robin L., James H. Stock, and David A. Wise. 1996. \"Why Are Retirement Rates So High at Age 65?\" In Advances in the Economics of Aging, edited by David A. Wise, 61-82. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.3386\/w5190"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140209"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Manoli, Dayanand S., and Andrea Weber. 2018. \"The Effects of the Early Retirement Age on Retirement Decision.\" NBER Working Paper 22561."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.07.009"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"OECD. 2014. Ageing and Employment Policies: Netherlands 2014: Working Better with Age. Paris, France: OECD."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"OECD. 2020. Employment Outlook 2020. Paris, France: OECD."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4932.12521"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Quist, Arjen. 2015. Marginale Druk en Participatie-Belasting per Huishoudtype in 2015. The Hague: CPB Background Document."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104078"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747218000392"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Rabat\u00e9, Simon, Egbert Jongen, and Tilbe Atav. 2024. \"Replication Data for: Increasing the Retirement Age: Policy Effects and Underlying Mechanisms.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E185702V1."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191136"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.09.003"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10645-014-9229-5"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:09:29Z","timestamp":1706706569000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210101"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210101","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:30:39Z","timestamp":1772767839842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We measure the effect of foreclosures on the sale prices of nearby properties using a dataset of condominiums in Boston. A foreclosure in the same association and at the same address depresses the sale price by 2.5 percent, but properties in the same association but located at a different address have an effect that is tightly estimated at zero. Since properties in the same association are close substitutes, we argue that the evidence points against the pecuniary externality of property coming on the market and toward a physical externality as the source of measured foreclosure externalities. (JEL R31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T19:26:58Z","timestamp":1422559618000},"page":"119-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Role of Proximity in Foreclosure Externalities: Evidence from Condominiums"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina, Kenan-Flagler Business School, CB 3490, McColl Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Lambie-Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Assessment, Data Analysis and Research Group of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 10 Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Willen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Research Department, 600 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210 (e-mail: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"2012","author":"Anenberg Elliot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Board Working Paper, Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS)"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10480679"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937897"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.2108"},{"key":"p_5","author":"Coulson N. Edward","year":"2014","journal-title":"http:\/\/www.sauder.ubc.ca\/Faculty\/Research_Centres\/Centre_for_Urban_ Economics_and_Real_Estate\/News_and_Events\/~\/media\/Files\/Faculty%20Research\/Urban%20 Economics\/Summer%20Symposia\/2-Coulson-HousingAptsCondos.ashx."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6229.2011.00317.x"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2008.07.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_10","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Frame Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economic review"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_11","first-page":"255","volume":"87","author":"Genesove David","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265561"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467878"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2009.07.003"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2006.9521561"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653138"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhe.2008.09.004"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20130102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:15Z","timestamp":1592423475000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20130102"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20130102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20130102","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:21:56Z","timestamp":1777090916773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We estimate the causal effects of drug copayment coupons, which reduce consumer cost sharing for branded prescription drugs, on net-of-rebate price and quantities sold. We show that coupon introductions increase the quantity of drugs without generic substitutes sold by 23\u201325 percent for the commercial segment relative to Medicare Advantage, where coupons are banned. To quantify the resulting equilibrium price effects, we estimate a discrete choice model of demand for multiple sclerosis drugs and simulate a model of drug price negotiations. We estimate that net-of-rebate prices are 8 percent higher due to coupons being offered for most of these drugs. (JEL G22, I18, L65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20220355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T12:41:14Z","timestamp":1722429674000},"page":"314-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How Do Copayment Coupons Affect Branded Drug Prices and Quantities Purchased?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leemore","family":"Dafny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Business School and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Princeton University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Harvard University, and Harvard Medical School (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.05.005"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210063"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Anonymous PBM. 2017. \"Con dential Pharmacy Bene ts Manager Dataset.\" (accessed December 1, 2018)."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.01.004"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics 2022. \"Prescription Drugs in U.S. City Average, All Urban Consumers, Not Seasonally Adjusted.\" US Department of Labor (accessed March 3, 2021)."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593786"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2011-2017. \"Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Part D Prescriber.\" https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/data-research\/statistics-trends-and-reports\/ medicare-provider-utilization-payment-data\/part-d-prescriber (accessed February 20, 2019)."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.193"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555890"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.2.643"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150588"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dafny, Leemore, Kate Ho, and Edward Kong. 2023. Replication data for: \"How Do Copayment Coupons Affect Branded Drug Prices and Quantities Purchased?\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. http:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E185842V1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29735"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_15","first-page":"822","volume":"87","author":"Christina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1080.0472"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160355"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"2008","author":"Hincapie Ana L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicaid Population"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130223"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_21","first-page":"147","volume":"103","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Grennan, Matthew, Kyle Myers, Ashley Swanson, and Aaron Chatterji. 2022. \"No Free Lunch? Welfare Analysis of Firms Selling Through Expert Intermediaries.\" NBER Working Paper 24864."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.01451"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA13570"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12207"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan, Matthew, Bouke Klein Teeselink, Nicholas Adolph, and Shane Frederick. 2020. \"Discounts Shift the Demand Curve for Life-Saving Medications.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3725906"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakani, Pragya, Michael Chernew, and Amitabh Chandra. 2020. \"Rebates in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Evidence from Medicines Sold in Retail Pharmacies in the U.S.\" NBER Working Paper 26846.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26846"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2020.102611"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509351730"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0511"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Mulcahy, Andrew W., Christopher M. Whaley, Mahlet G. Tebeka, Daniel Schwam, Nathaniel Edenfield, and Alejandro U. Becerra-Ornelas. 2021. International Prescription Drug Price Comparisons: Current Empirical Estimates and Comparisons with Previous Studies. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdad018"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.0733"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0497"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12883"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 2009-2018a. \"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs.\" (last accessed November 6, 2018"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 2009-2018b. \"National Drug Code Directory.\" (last accessed November 8, 2018)."},{"issue":"10","key":"p_39","first-page":"E1029","volume":"92","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20220355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T12:41:24Z","timestamp":1722429684000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20220355"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20220355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20220355","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:14:24Z","timestamp":1777536864374,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Many governments have banned strikes in public transportation. Whether this can be justified depends on whether strikes endanger public safety or health. We use time-series and cross-sectional variation in powerful registry data to quantify the effects of public transit strikes on urban populations in Germany. Due to higher traffic volumes and longer travel times, total car hours operated increase by 11 to 13 percent during strikes. This effect is accompanied by a 14 percent increase in vehicle crashes, a 20 percent increase in accident-related injuries, a 14 percent increase in particle pollution, and an 11 percent increase in hospital admissions for respiratory diseases among young children. (JEL I12, J45, J52, L91, Q53, R41) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T15:21:44Z","timestamp":1485876104000},"page":"1-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["When Labor Disputes Bring Cities to a Standstill: The Impact of Public Transit Strikes on Traffic, Accidents, Air Pollution, and Health"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bauernschuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, University of Passau, Innstrasse 27, 94032 Passau, Germany (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Hener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifo Institute, Poschingerstrasse 5, 81679 Munich, Germany (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Rainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany and Ifo Institute, Poschingerstrasse 5, 81679 Munich, Germany (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw005"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2763"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.13225799"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/caje.12035"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2013.10.002"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9914.2010.00494.x"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199509000-00001"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698513"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.1.58"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.044"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.4.682"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_19","first-page":"1003","volume":"120","author":"Currie Janet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.1.65"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.6.2616"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508030"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.005439"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_28","first-page":"441","volume":"137","author":"Gernigon Bernard","year":"1998","journal-title":"international Labour review"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_29","first-page":"65","volume":"3","author":"Gross James A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Employee rights and Employment Policy Journal"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.1.127"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381479"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2006.03.001"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00461.x"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90584-7"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.02.001"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2005.02.022"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300150025021"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040203"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(05)80216-6"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdv043"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.3.600"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098975970"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_51","first-page":"513","volume":"44","author":"Swearengen Kate Montgomery","year":"2011","journal-title":"columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-070X(01)00022-1"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:41Z","timestamp":1592423441000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150414"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150414","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:58:28Z","timestamp":1777870708117,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examine the impact of the free supply of diphtheria antitoxin, the first effective medical treatment for an infectious disease, on the historical health transition in Massachusetts. Using newly collected municipality-level data on the distribution of antitoxin and information from over 1.5 million death certificates from 1880 to 1914, we find that the rapid availability of antitoxin treatment significantly increased life expectancy at young ages. Our findings suggest that medicine, combined with an effective public health policy, played a more important role in improving life expectancy in the early twentieth century than previously thought. (JEL H75, I12, I18, J13, N31)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20240087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:25:56Z","timestamp":1777465556000},"page":"441-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Ager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mannheim and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casper W.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Z.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Kentucky University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20201599"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/529000"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdad035"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvx014"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Ager, Philipp, Casper W. Hansen, and Peter Z. Lin. 2026. Data and Code for: \"Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E236521V1."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-9368970"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"1880","author":"Alsan Marcella","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Role of Effective Water and Sewerage Infrastructure"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170411"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20190034"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730090"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190509"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.34.4.378-422.1970"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684582"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12522"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_15","first-page":"257","volume":"16","author":"Beauchamp Christopher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stanford Technology Law Review"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Berkes, Enrico, Ezra Karger, and Peter Nencka. 2021. \"The Census Place Project: A Method for Geolocating Unstructured Place Names.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Bhalotra, Sonia, and Atheendar Venkataramani. 2015. \"Shadows of the Captain of the Men of Death: Health Innovation, Human Capital Investment, and Institutions.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvac072"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.1.73"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckles, Kasey, Adrian Haws, Joseph Price, and Haley E.B. Wilbert. 2023. \"Breakthroughs in Historical Record Linking Using Genealogy Data: The Census Tree Project.\" NBER Working Paper 31671.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31671"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdaa022"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catillon, Maryaline, David Cutler, and Thomas Getzen. 2018. \"Two Hundred Years of Health and Medical Care: The Importance of Medical Care for Life Expectancy Gains.\" NBER Working Paper 25330.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25330"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2020.102510"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrn039"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.53.3.503"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.7.5.445-a"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Cutler, David M. 2005. Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America's Health Care System. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.3.97"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2005.0002"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueaa014"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fogel, Robert W. 1994. \"Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.3386\/w4638"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fogel, Robert W. 2004. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817649"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683668"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181047"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Gutman, Robert. 1956. \"The Accuracy of Vital Statistics in Massachusetts, 1842-1901.\" Thesis, Columbia University."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315551"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Haines, Michael R. 2022. Massachusetts State Censuses, 1855-1915. Distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR38179.v1."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Hammonds, Evelynn Maxine. 1999. Childhood's Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1880-1930. The Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"p_39","first-page":"1866","author":"Hanlon W. Walker.","year":"2024","journal-title":"A Century of Pollution and Mortality"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050720000613"},{"key":"p_41","first-page":"1894","author":"Hess Volker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regulating the Diphtheria Antitoxin in France and Germany"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20230008"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.1.349"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.2.118"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.0321-11542R3"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann, Stefan HE. 2017. \"Remembering Emil von Behring: From Tetanus Treatment to Antibody Cooperation with Phagocytes.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00117-17"},{"key":"p_47","first-page":"1870","author":"Lazerson Marvin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Public Education in Massachusetts"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20211063"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_49","first-page":"216","volume":"61","author":"Liebenau Jonathan M","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Lingwall, Jeff. 2014. \"An Economic History of Compulsory Attendance and Child Labor Laws in the United States, 1810-1926.\" PhD diss., Carniegie Mellon University Tepper School of Business."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04847-3"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Massachusetts State Board of Health (SBH). 1899. Thirtieth Annual Report of the State Board of Health. Wright & Potter Printing Co."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Massachusetts State Board of Health (SBH). 1901. Thirty-Second Annual Report of the State Board of"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Massachusetts State Board of Health (SBH). 1902. Thirty-Third Annual Report of the State Board of Health. Wright & Potter Printing Co."},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Massachusetts State Board of Health (SBH). 1906. Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the State Board of Health. Wright & Potter Printing Co."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"McKeown, Thomas. 1976. \"The Modern Rise of Population.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.37.2.203"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0274-5"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400472111"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400861897.3"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2021.101391"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdad018"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothstein, William G. 1992. American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science. Johns Hopkins University Press.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801812422"},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Sophia Foster, Ronald Goeken, Jose Pacas, Megan Schouweiler and Matthew Sobek. 2021. IPUMS USA: Version 11.0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V11.0."},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"The Medical Recorder Publication Company. 1892. The Chicago Medical Recorder. The Medical Recorder Pub. Co."},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomasson, Melissa A. 2018. \"Health Policy in American Economic History.\" In The Oxford Handbook of American Economic History, Vol. 1, edited by Louis P. Cain, Price V. Fishback, and Paul W. Rhode, 141-156. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190882617.013.22"},{"key":"p_69","first-page":"1928","author":"Thomasson Melissa A","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Evolution of Childbirth in the United States"},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"US Bureau of Education. 1891. Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1888-89, Volume I. Government Printing Of ce."},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980404"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20240087","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:34:16Z","timestamp":1777566856000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20240087"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20240087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20240087","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:10:36Z","timestamp":1773029436789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> How is economic policy made? In this paper we study a key determinant of the answer to the question: lobbying by firms. Estimating a binary choice model of firm behavior, we find significant evidence for the idea that barriers to entry induce persistence in lobbying. The existence of these costs is further confirmed in studying how firms responded to a particular policy change: the expiration of legislation relating to the H-1B visa. Due to its influence on firm behavior, we argue that this persistence fundamentally changes the environment in which legislation is made. (JEL D22, D72, D78, L21) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T14:23:44Z","timestamp":1415370224000},"page":"343-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The Dynamics of Firm Lobbying"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Business School, Rock Center 212, Boston, MA 02163 and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William F.","family":"Lincoln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University, 1717 Massachusetts Ave NW, Suite 708, Washington, DC 20036 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prachi","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monetary and Capital Markets Department, International Monetary Fund, 700 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20431 (e-mail: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/089533003321164976"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297968"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937860"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1886017"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1885568"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465304323031111"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3731"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(98)00009-8"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2008.03.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_14","first-page":"585","volume":"87","author":"Bombardini Matilde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2000.0003"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLI.2.221"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2921(94)90094-9"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912613"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297110"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.5.1327"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-1461.2012.01265.x"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2009.01548.x"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00769.x"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2011.01651.x"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261619"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2011.05.006"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806776157704"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2006.01000.x"},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"1989","author":"Feenstra Robert C","year":"2002","journal-title":"Imports, Exports, and Tariff Data"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_33","first-page":"1146","volume":"81","author":"Fernandez Raquel","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.4.1095"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1684"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA8769"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465300558579"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111251"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2082716"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_42","first-page":"833","volume":"84","author":"Grossman Gene M","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(94)01716-6"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055406062010"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2586214"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/659409"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.2.2.31"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00080"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501091"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00245"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951477"},{"key":"p_58","first-page":"14","author":"Kerr Sari Pekkala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harvard Business School Working Paper"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.518"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651934"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.343"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2235256"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010697201627"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2130811"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_71","first-page":"815","volume":"36","author":"Matloff Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"university of michigan Journal of Law reform"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.5.1116"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913646"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911408"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.4.148"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00137"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2009.00407.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_79","first-page":"545","volume":"87","author":"Roberts Mark J","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3878(91)90034-S"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.763"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111605"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1960105"},{"key":"p_85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467243"},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010682017950"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600207"},{"key":"p_89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.922"},{"key":"p_91","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Zavodny Madeline","year":"2003","journal-title":"Federal reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic review"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.6.4.343","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:06Z","timestamp":1592423526000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.6.4.343"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.6.4.343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.6.4.343","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:12:51Z","timestamp":1772993571778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I evaluate long-run academic impacts of specialized programming for high-achieving students by analyzing Advanced Work Class (AWC), an accelerated curriculum delivered in dedicated classrooms for fourth through sixth graders in Boston Public Schools. Fuzzy regression discontinuity estimates show that AWC has positive yet imprecise impacts on test scores and improves longer-term outcomes, increasing high school graduation and college enrollment. These gains are driven by black and Latino students. An analysis of mechanisms highlights the importance of staying \u201con track\u201d throughout high school, with little evidence that AWC gains result from peer effects. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T12:43:17Z","timestamp":1580474597000},"page":"127-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Long-Run Impacts of Specialized Programming for High-Achieving Students"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Cohodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027 and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502753479419"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(02)00201-4"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10266"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160634"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373709343471"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683665"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2016.1232459"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.02.002"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.11.032"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.3.30"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666653"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv021"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1701700208"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150484"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.6.2754"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1801800115"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr041"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2593"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2633"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.1917"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2015.0005"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.4.251"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/23646325"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831216677002"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.3.58"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/682718"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00224"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2017.04.002"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/690714"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.07.002"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.2001.2255"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2017.1366909"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617923114"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00183"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.11.009"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.4.717"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373714521866"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00206"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951620"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdr043"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.5.2048"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2010.02371.x"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12040"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170211"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144113"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw019"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw027"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2011.02463.x"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.79.3.280"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15377903.2012.643757"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692713"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2013.0001"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2015.02.008"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373709352530"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.4.1289"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124113494575"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041302244"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.797"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.06.002"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699980"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676661"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:07Z","timestamp":1592423347000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180315"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180315","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:59:38Z","timestamp":1772812778340,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> While a growing literature shows that women, relative to men, prefer greater investment in children, it is unclear whether empowering women produces better economic outcomes. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in US suffrage laws, we show that exposure to suffrage during childhood led to large increases in educational attainment for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, especially Blacks and Southern Whites. We also find that suffrage led to higher earnings alongside education gains, although not for Southern Blacks. Using newly digitized data, we show that education increases are primarily explained by suffrage-induced growth in education spending, although early-life health improvements may have also contributed. (JEL H75, I21, I22, J13, J15, J16, N32) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1627387335000},"page":"374-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Women\u2019s Suffrage and Children\u2019s Education"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Esra","family":"Kose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Bucknell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elira","family":"Kuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, George Washington University, IZA, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na\u2019ama","family":"Shenhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/662962"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383100"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-007-9234-1"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesina, Alberto, and Paola Giuliano. 2011. \"Preferences for Redistribution.\" In Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew O. Jackson, 93-131. Amsterdam: North-Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53187-2.00004-8"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00089"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301556419"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2016.0000"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athey, S., and G.W. Imbens. 2017. \"The Econometrics of Randomized Experiments.\" In Handbook of Economic Field Experiments, Vol. 1, edited by Esther Du o and Abhijit Banerjee, 73-140. Amsterdam: North-Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hefe.2016.10.003"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"1780","author":"Baker Paula","year":"1984","journal-title":"Women and American Political Society"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212382"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_11","first-page":"495","volume":"12","author":"Benson Charles S","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Education Finance"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Bhalotra, Sonia R., and Atheendar Venkataramani. 2015. \"Shadows of the Captain of the Men of Death: Early Life Health Innovation, Human Capital Investments, and Institutions.\" https:\/\/papers. ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1940725."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borusyak, Kirill, and Xavier Jaravel. 2016. \"Revisiting Event Study Designs.\" https:\/\/papers.ssrn. com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2826228.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2826228"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2013.04.001"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118326"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Carruthers, Celeste, and Marianne Wanamaker. 2019. \"County-Level School Enrollment and Resources in Ten Segregated Southern States, 1910-1940.\" OpenICPSR. https:\/\/www.openicpsr. org\/openicpsr\/project\/109625\/version\/V1\/view."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.02.003"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.4.837"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.3.126"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt028"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00539.x"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy007"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.4.1.212"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, William J., and Robert A. Margo. 2006. \"Historical Perspectives on Racial Differences in Schooling in the United States.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 1, edited by E. Hanushek and F. Welch, 107-54. Amsterdam: North-Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0692(06)01003-8"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.1.220"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corder, J. Kevin, and Christina Wolbrecht. 2016. Counting Women's Ballots: Female Voters from Suffrage through New Deal. New York: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316492673"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.448"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Chaisemartin, Cl\u00e9ment, and Xavier D'Haultfoeuille. 2019. \"Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.\" NBER Working Paper 25904.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25904"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.4.795"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhg013"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.4.1051"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.01.006"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. 2008. The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman-Bacon, Andrew. 2018. \"Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing.\" NBER Working Paper 25018.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25018"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.09.002"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150249"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Johnson, Rucker C. 2015. \"Long-Run Impacts of School Desegregation and School Quality on Adult Attainments.\" NBER Working Paper 16664."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/702652"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2005.0037"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Kose, Esra, Elira Kuka, and Na'ama Shenhav. 2021. \"Replication data for: Women's Suffrage and Children's Education.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E119925V1."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160567"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00536.x"},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Lemons, J. Stanley. 1973. The Woman Citizen: Social Feminism in the 1920s. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340393"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250093"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146179"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.3.1287"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050711002440"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/708955"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidu, Suresh. 2012. \"Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellum U.S. South.\" NBER Working Paper 18129.","DOI":"10.3386\/w18129"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Obama, Barack. 2013. \"Presidential Proclamation-Women's Equality Day, 2013.\" White House, Of ce of the Press Secretary, August 23. https:\/\/obamaWhitehouse.archives.gov\/the-pressoffice\/2013\/08\/23\/presidential-proclamation-womens-equality-day-2013."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.3.1251"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, Erin Meyer, Jose Pacas, and Matthew Sobek. 2020. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 10.0 [Machine- readable database].\" IPUMS."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuyler, Lorraine Gates. 2006. The Weight of Their Votes: Southern Women and Political Leverage in the 1920s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.","DOI":"10.5149\/9780807876695_schuyler"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1777"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teele, Dawn Langan. 2018. Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women's Vote. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691184272"},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Walker, Melissa, Jeanette R. Dunn, and Joe P. Dunn, eds. 2003. Southern Women at the Millennium: A Historical Perspective. Columbia: University of Missouri Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_60","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"Youmans Theodora W","year":"1921","journal-title":"Wisconsin Magazine of History"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180677","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:04:36Z","timestamp":1627387476000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180677"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180677","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:10:16Z","timestamp":1778631016902,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> A reform increasing the full retirement age (FRA) by one year leads to larger than expected delays in pension claiming and retirement, while making late claiming more lucrative leads to a smaller than expected delay in pension claiming. Survey evidence shows people view the FRA as the \u201cnormal\u201d retirement age and prefer to couple pension claiming and retirement decisions together, even though these two decisions are not coupled through social security provisions. Two mechanisms are at work: reference dependence with loss aversion in pension claiming, and spillovers from pension claiming on retirement choices. The FRA increase leads to large government savings. (JEL H55, J26) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1690805642000},"page":"115-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["How Social Security Reform Affects Retirement and Pension Claiming"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Lalive","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, CEPR, CESifo, IFAU, and IZA (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Magesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Staubli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, CEPR, IZA, NBER, and Retirement and Savings Institute at HEC Montr\u00e9al (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209937"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.41"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blundell, R., E. French, and G. Tetlow. 2016. \"Retirement Incentives and Labor Supply.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, Vol. 1B, edited by John Piggott and Alan Woodland, 457-566. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hespa.2016.10.001"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan, A. 2004-2017. \"Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, Waves 1-7, Switzerland.\" Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. http:\/\/www.share-project.org\/ data-documentation\/waves-overview.html.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69892-2_348-1"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan, A., K. H\u00e4rtl, and D. N. Leite. 2016. \"Social Security and Public Insurance.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, Vol. 1B, edited by John Piggott and Alan Woodland, 781-863. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hespa.2016.09.002"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan, Axel H., Klaus H\u00e4rtl, and Duarte N. Leite. 2018. \"Earnings Test, Non-Actuarial Adjustments and Flexible Retirement.\" NBER Working Paper 24294.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24294"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6975.2013.12004.x"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297719"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Central Compensation Office. 1982-2015. \"Register of Individual Accounts.\" Central Compensation Of ce. https:\/\/www.zas.admin.ch\/zas\/en\/home.html."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Central Compensation Office. 1992-2016. \"Register of OASI Pensions and Disability Pensions.\" Central Compensation Of ce. https:\/\/www.zas.admin.ch\/zas\/en\/home.html."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151589"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4226"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12115"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00129-3"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.2.234"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.09.005"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805775014281"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, Manasi, Itzik Fadlon, and Colin Gray. 2020. \"How Sticky is Retirement Behavior in the U.S.? Responses to Changes in the Full Retirement Age.\" NBER Working Paper 27190.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27190"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldstein, Martin, and Jeffrey B. Liebman. 2002. \"Social Security.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 4, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, 2245-2324. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4420(02)80011-8"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160921"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.12.001"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2005.00337.x"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Gelber, Alexander M., Adam Isen, and Jae Song. 2016. \"The Effect of Pension Income on Elderly Earnings: Evidence from Social Security and Full Population Data.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber, Jonathan, Ohto Kanninen, and Terhi Ravaska. 2020. \"Relabeling, Retirement and Regret.\" NBER Working Paper 27534.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27534"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber, Jonathan, and David A. Wise, eds. 1999. Social Security and Retirement Around the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226309996.001.0001"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Haller, Andreas. 2019. \"Welfare Effects of Pension Reforms.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2012.05.013"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298294"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104087"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Lalive, Rafael, Arvind Magesan, and Stefan Staubli. 2023. \"Replication data for: How Social Security Reform Affects Retirement and Pension Claiming.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E154021V1."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.07.006"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"LINK. 2020. \"LINK Internet Panel of the Swiss Population, Own Survey.\" LINK. https:\/\/www.link.ch\/ en\/products\/the-link-internet-panel\/."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141651"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumsdaine, Robin L., and Olivia S. Mitchell. 1999. \"New Developments in the Economic Analysis of Retirement.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3C, edited by Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card, 3261-3307. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4463(99)30040-7"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140209"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.07.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_39","first-page":"698","volume":"142","author":"McCrary Justin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"OECD. 2021. Pensions at a Glance 2019-OECD and G20 Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191136"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Shepard, Mark. 2011. \"Social Security Claiming and the Annuity Puzzle.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.09.003"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:16:32Z","timestamp":1690805792000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200686"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200686","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T06:16:45Z","timestamp":1778998605918,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I present evidence on the relationship between broadband pricing and labor market outcomes for low-income individuals. Specifically, I estimate the effects of a Comcast service providing discounted broadband to qualifying low-income families. I use a triple differences strategy exploiting geographic variation in Comcast coverage, individual variation in eligibility, and temporal variation pre- and postlaunch. Local program availability increased employment rates and earnings of eligible individuals, driven by greater labor force participation and decreased probability of unemployment. Internet use increased substantially where the program was available. (JEL I32, J22, J31, L82, L86) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1627387335000},"page":"447-482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Wired and Hired: Employment Effects of Subsidized Broadband Internet for Low-Income Americans"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"George W.","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.969"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv028"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke. 2008. Mostly Harmless Econometrics-An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4j72"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuller, Manudeep, Andreas Ravndal Kostol, and Trond C. Vigtel. 2019. \"How Broadband Internet Affects Labor Market Matching.\" https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/pub\/conferences\/shared\/ pdf\/20191202_ECB_CEPR\/SessionIV_Kostol_Discussant_Herz.pdf.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3507360"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2019.01.001"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2014.12.001"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Comcast Corporation. 2016. Connection is Essential. A 5-Year Progress Report. Philadelphia, PA: Comcast."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Comcast Corporation. 2018. Internet Essentials 2018 Progress Report. Philadelphia, PA: Comcast."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Council of Economic Advisers. 2015. Mapping the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: Council of Economic Advisers."},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"2555","volume":"6","author":"Davidson Charles M","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Denzer, Manuel, and Thorsten Schank. 2018. \"Does the Internet Increase the Job Finding Rate? Evidence from a Period of Internet Expansion.\" Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz Working Paper 1807."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793916644721"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commision. 2016. \"Fixed Broadband Deployment, FCC Form 477-What Do These Terms Mean?\" https:\/\/transition.fcc.gov\/form477\/477glossary.pdf (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission. 2017. \"Fixed Broadband Deployment Data from FCC Form 477 [dataset].\" https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/general\/broadband-deployment-data-fcc-form-477 (accessed July 2018)."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commision. 2018. \"Lifeline Program for Low-Income Consumers.\" https:\/\/ www.fcc.gov\/general\/lifeline-program-low-income-consumers (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Flood, Sarah, Miriam King, Steven Ruggles, and J. Robert Warren. 2017. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 5.0 [dataset].\" IPUMS, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. https:\/\/ipums.org\/projects\/ipums-cps\/d030.v5.0 (accessed June 2018)."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_17","first-page":"622","volume":"84","author":"Gruber Jonathan","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"21","volume":"2018","author":"G\u00fcrtzgen Nicole","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAU-Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy Working Paper Series"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161385"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Holsworth, Courtney. 2016. \"80 Telecommunications Providers Opt-out of Helping Low-Income Americans with Broadband Access through Lifeline Program.\" National Hispanic Media Coalition (NHMC), December 16. https:\/\/www.nhmc.org\/80-telecommunications-providers-opt-helpinglow-income-americans-broadband-access-lifeline-program\/."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Horrigan, John B., and Maeve Duggan. 2015. Home Broadband 2015. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2018.1546591"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2011.07.004"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Leichtman Research Group. 2018. \"455,000 Added Broadband in 2Q 2018.\" https:\/\/web.archive.org\/ web\/20180815094631\/https:\/\/www.leichtmanresearch.com\/455000-added-broadband-in-2q-2018\/ (accessed December 2019)."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration. 2014. \"National Broadband Map Datasets [dataset].\" US Department of Commerce. https:\/\/www2.ntia.doc.gov\/June_2014_datasets (accessed July 2018)."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2017. \"Prior HHS Poverty Guidelines and Federal Register References [dataset].\" US Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/ aspe.hhs.gov\/prior-hhs-poverty-guidelines-and-federal-register-references (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2015. \"June 10-July 12, 2015-Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [dataset].\" https:\/\/ www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/dataset\/june-2015-gaming-jobs-broadband\/ (accessed April 2019)."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Ratcliffe, Michael, Charlynn Burd, Kelly Holder, and Alison Fields. 2016. Defining Rural at the U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosston, Gregory L., and Scott Wallsten. 2019. \"Increasing Low-Income Broadband Adoption through Private Incentives.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3431346"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, and Matthew Sobek. 2017. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 7.0 [dataset].\" IPUMS, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. https:\/\/ipums.org\/projects\/ipums-usa\/d010.v7.0 (accessed June 2018)."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Smith, Aaron. 2015. Searching for Work in the Digital Era. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson, Betsey. 2009. \"The Internet and Job Search.\" In Studies of Labor Market Intermediation, edited by David H. Autor, 67-88. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226032900.003.0003"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Tomer, Adie, Elizabeth Kneebone, and Ranjitha Shivaram. 2017. Signs of Digital Distress-Mapping Broadband Availability and Subscription in American Neighborhoods. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution."},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"10","author":"Zachem Kathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Filing to the Federal Communications Commission, MB Docket"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Ziliak, James P. 2019. \"Restoring Economic Opportunity for `The People Left Behind': Employment Strategies for Rural America.\" In Expanding Economic Opportunity for More Americans, edited by Melissa S. Kearney and Amy Ganz, 100-127. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Zuo, George W. 2021. \"Replication data for: Wired and Hired: Employment Effects of Subsidized Broadband Internet for Low-Income Americans.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E120309V1."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1627387351000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190648"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190648","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T01:34:12Z","timestamp":1779327252431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The economic values of investing in long-term public projects are highly sensitive to the social discount rate (SDR). We surveyed over 200 experts to disentangle disagreement on the risk-free SDR into its component parts, including pure time preference, the wealth effect, and return to capital. We show that the majority of experts do not follow the simple Ramsey Rule, a widely used theoretical discounting framework, when recommending SDRs. Despite disagreement on discounting procedures and point values, we obtain a surprising degree of consensus among experts, with more than three-quarters finding the median risk-free SDR of 2 percent acceptable. (JEL C83, D61, D82, H43, Q58) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T13:10:54Z","timestamp":1540905054000},"page":"109-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Discounting Disentangled"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Moritz A.","family":"Drupp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Economics, University of Kiel, Germany (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The York Management School, University of York, Freboys Lane, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Groom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frikk","family":"Nesje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Postboks 1095 Blindern 0317 Oslo, Norway (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_3","first-page":"12","author":"Arrow Kenneth J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resources for the Future (RFF) Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235665"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/reu008"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_6","first-page":"364","volume":"60","author":"Arrow Kenneth J","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.102308.124440"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mathsocsci.2009.08.003"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jacf.12095"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.3.823"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-014-9792-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_13","first-page":"788","volume":"58","author":"Baumol William J","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390459.2013.861160"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/15.4.1"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-013-9738-8"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00183353"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"2010","author":"Combes Pierre-Philippe","year":"2010","journal-title":"GREQAM Working Paper"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.5.538"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.1993.1034"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-008-9049-6"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.07.005"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-016-0068-5"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"2018","author":"Drupp Moritz A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kiel Economics Working Paper"},{"issue":"12","key":"p_30","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Fleurbaey Marc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economics"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfj.2008.09.006"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12129"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2015.06.003"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju036"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2001.2952"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-008-9050-0"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2009.10.001"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/grir.2011.6"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0327.2008.00211.x"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.03.001"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430853"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/res015"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rex015"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-005-4681-y"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.937"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2015.2"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315987111"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-007-9255-2"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2010.01.002"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907722"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390459.2013.874106"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2014.05.002"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-0696(02)00031-1"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.45.3.686"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rew012"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2224098"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_70","first-page":"210","volume":"82","author":"Ricketts Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-006-9049-4"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.2.1"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rem024"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.5.547"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.resource.050708.144242"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2011.02.001"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeem.1998.1052"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.1.260"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.45.3.703"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.1.1"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-008-9055-8"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20160240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:35Z","timestamp":1592423375000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20160240"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20160240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20160240","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:48:11Z","timestamp":1778942891809,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We provide the first local level empirical analysis of the causal effects of providing military equipment to local police. Employing a novel combination of publicly available county-year panel data matched to hand-collected data on citizen complaints, we investigate the effects of acquiring tactical weapons, optics, and vehicles on citizen complaints, assaults on police officers, and offender deaths. For causal identification, we exploit exogenous variation in equipment availability and cost-shifting institutional aspects of the 1033 Program. Our results indicate that these items have generally positive effects: reduced citizen complaints, reduced assaults on officers, increased drug crime arrests, and no increases in offender deaths. (JEL H76, K42) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,31]],"date-time":"2017-07-31T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1501503638000},"page":"291-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Peacekeeping Force: Effects of Providing Tactical Equipment to Local Law Enforcement"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Boyd Center for Business and Economic Research, Haslam College of Business, University of Tennessee, 722A Stokely Management Center, 916 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37996 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinseong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Boyd Center for Business and Economic Research, Haslam College of Business, University of Tennessee, 720A Stokely Management Center, 916 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37996 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Boyd Center for Business and Economic Research, Haslam College of Business, University of Tennessee, 722 Stokely Management Center, 916 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37996 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew N.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Boyd Center for Business and Economic Research, Haslam College of Business, University of Tennessee, 715 Stokely Management Center, 916 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37996 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.4.4.32"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150478"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_4","first-page":"475","volume":"88","author":"Bronars Stephen G","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"1960","author":"Chalfin Aaron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2015.04.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_9","first-page":"468","volume":"88","author":"Dezhbakhsh Hashem","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970733"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.2157"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322833"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.05.014"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946686"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465300558957"},{"key":"p_16","author":"Grossman Andrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426877"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015612"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_20","first-page":"270","volume":"87","author":"Levitt Steven D","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01720.x"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2011.01018.x"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr009"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171753"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150525","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:27Z","timestamp":1592423427000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150525"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150525","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:13:42Z","timestamp":1779167622444,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Using UK corporation tax returns, we provide evidence on the effects of accelerated depreciation allowances on investment, exploiting exogenous changes in the qualifying thresholds for first-year depreciation allowances (FYAs) in 2004. The investment rate of qualifying companies increased by 2.1\u20132.5 percentage points relative to those that did not qualify. We exploit variation in the timing of tax payments to show that this effect is primarily due to the change in the cost of capital, rather than a relaxation of financial constraints. Discontinuity at notches in the cost of capital at the qualifying thresholds does not affect our results. (JEL D25, G31, H25, H32) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T14:10:32Z","timestamp":1564495832000},"page":"361-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Impact of Investment Incentives: Evidence from UK Corporation Tax Returns"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Maffini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation, Sa\u00efd Business School, University of Oxford, Park End Street, Oxford, OX1 1HP, United Kingdom, and Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Devereux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation, Sa\u00efd Business School, University of Oxford, Park End Street, Oxford, OX1 1HP, United Kingdom (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(92)90046-I"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2015.08.001"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1145"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00024-9"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534654"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.08.010"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhv052"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_15","first-page":"285","volume":"34","author":"Goolsbee Austan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170403"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhq009"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_18","first-page":"391","volume":"57","author":"Hall Robert E","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912538"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.737"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_21","first-page":"247","volume":"53","author":"Jorgenson Dale W","year":"1963","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grt010"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150378"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_27","first-page":"259","volume":"11","author":"Slemrod Joel","year":"2013","journal-title":"e-Journal of Tax Research"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534397"},{"key":"p_30","first-page":"131","author":"Tiley John Glen Loutzenhiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advanced Topics in Revenue Law"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140855"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:31Z","timestamp":1592423371000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170254"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170254","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:23:01Z","timestamp":1779384181202,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using integrated assessment models, we calculate the economic value of the extraordinary decline in emissions from US power plants. Annual local and global air pollution damages fell from $245 to $133 billion over 2010\u20132017. Decomposition shows changes in emission rates and generation shares among coal and gas plants account for more of this decline than changes in renewable generation, electricity consumption, and damage valuations. Econometrically estimated marginal damages declined in the East from 8.6 to 6 cents per kWh. Marginal damages increased slightly in the West and Texas. These estimates indicate electric vehicles are now cleaner on average than gasoline vehicles. (JEL H23, L94, Q53, Q58)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T12:15:52Z","timestamp":1604060152000},"page":"244-274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Decompositions and Policy Consequences of an Extraordinary Decline in Air Pollution from Electricity Generation"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Holland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin T.","family":"Mansur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth, 100 Tuck Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Z.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Posner 254C, 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3305 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Andaloussi, Mehdi Benatiya. 2018. \"Clearing the Air: The Role of Technology Adoption in the Electricity Generation Sector.\" Columbia University Working Paper."},{"issue":"12","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(00)00039-6","volume":"25","author":"Ang B.W.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein, Severin, and James B. Bushnell. 2018. \"Do Two Electricity Pricings Wrongs Make a Right? Cost Recovery, Externalities, and Ef ciency.\" NBER Working Paper 24756.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24756"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1086\/694179","volume":"5","author":"Callaway Duncan S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.40.1.kcla","volume":"40","author":"Clay Karen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Journal"},{"key":"p_6","first-page":"2008","author":"Coglianese John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coal Production"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150388"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.10.007","volume":"236","author":"Denhom Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Energy Information Administration (EIA). 1990-2016. \"U.S. Electric Power Industry Estimated Emissions by State (EIA-767, EIA-906, EIA-920, and EIA-923).\" United States Department of Energy. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/electricity\/data\/state\/emission_annual.xls (accessed September 16, 2018)."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2010-2017. \"Form EIA-923 Detailed Data with Previous Form Data (EIA-906\/920).\" https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/electricity\/data\/eia923\/."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994-2017. \"SO2 Allowance Auctions.\" Clean Air Markets. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/airmarkets\/so2-allowance-auctions (accessed October 8, 2018)."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009-2016. \"Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID).\" Energy and the Environment. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/ files\/2018-02\/egrid2016_all_files_since_1996.zip (accessed July 9, 2018)."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010. Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses. Washington DC: National Center for Environmental Economics, Of ce of Policy. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ environmental-economics\/guidelines-preparing-economic-analyses."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010-2017. \"Air Markets Program Data.\" https:\/\/ampd.epa. gov\/ampd\/."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). 2010-2017. \"Form No. 714 - Annual Electric Balancing Authority Area and Planning Area Report.\" https:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/industries-data\/electric\/ general-information\/electric-industry-forms\/form-no-714-annual-electric\/data."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150321"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Kuishuang, Steven J. Davis, Laixiang Sun, and Klaus Hubacek. 2015. \"Drivers of the US CO2 Emissions 1997-2013.\" Nature Communications 6: Article 7714.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8714"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortin, Nicole, Thomas Lemieux, and Sergio Firpo. 2011. \"Chapter 1-Decomposition Methods in Economics.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4A, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1-102. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)00407-2"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.03.010"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001024"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.06.004"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150897"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Holland, Stephen P., Erin T. Mansur, Nicholas Z. Muller, and Andrew J. Yates. 2020. \"Replication Data for: Decompositions and Policy Consequences of an Extraordinary Decline in Air Pollution from Electricity Generation.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E112172V1."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel, Christopher, Konstantinos Metaxoglou, and Andre Trindade. 2015. \"Natural Gas Prices and Coal Displacement: Evidence from Electricity Markets.\" NBER Working Paper 21627.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21627"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-006-9000-8"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotchen, Matthew J., and Erin T. Mansur. 2016. \"Correspondence: Reassessing the Contribution of Natural Gas to US CO2 Emission Reductions since 2007.\" Nature Communications 7: Article 10648.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10648"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Krumholz, Sam. 2018. \"What Caused the US Coal-Fired Sulfur Dioxide Decline? An Examination of Causes, Costs, and Market Interactions.\" University of California, San Diego Working Paper."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.5.2177"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"1990","author":"Levinson Arik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Changes in the Pollution Intensity of US Manufacturing"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12294"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.2.369"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2016.06.005","volume":"29","author":"McLaren Joyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electricity Journal"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12088"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol29-No3-1"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104473108"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Muller, Nicholas Z. 2014. \"Toward the Measurement of Net Economic Welfare: Air Pollution Damage in the U.S. National Accounts-2002, 2005, 2008.\" In Measuring Economic Sustainability and Progress, edited by Dale W. Jorgensen, J. Steven Landefeld, and Paul Schreyer, 429-459. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.1649"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"National Emissions Inventory (NEI). 2008. \"2008 National Emissions Inventory Data.\" https:\/\/www. epa.gov\/air-emissions-inventories\/2008-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"National Emissions Inventory (NEI). 2011. \"2011 National Emissions Inventory Data.\" https:\/\/www. epa.gov\/air-emissions-inventories\/2011-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"National Emissions Inventory (NEI). 2014. \"2014 National Emissions Inventory Data.\" https:\/\/www. epa.gov\/air-emissions-inventories\/2014-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"National Research Council. 2010. Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use. Washington, DC: National Academies Press."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Nealer, Rachael, David Reichmuth, and Don Anair. 2015. Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave-How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline Cars on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdu022"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1021\/es702178s","volume":"42","author":"Samaras Constantine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sexton, Steven, A. Justin Kirkpatrick, Robert Harris, and Nicholas Z. Muller. 2018. \"Heterogeneous Environmental and Grid Bene ts from Rooftop Solar and the Costs of Inef cient Siting Decisions.\" NBER Working Paper 25241.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25241"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151272"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221978110"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-9883(97)00012-1","volume":"20","author":"Sun J.W.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Energy Economics"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T17:50:27Z","timestamp":1723830627000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190390"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190390","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1779384197572,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Production subsidies for renewable energy, such as solar or wind power, are rationalized by their environmental benefits. Subsidizing these projects allows clean, renewable technologies to produce electricity that otherwise would have been produced by dirtier, fossil-fuel power plants. In this paper, I quantify the emissions offset by wind power for a large electricity grid in Texas using the randomness inherent in wind power availability. When accounting for dynamics in the production process, the results indicate that only for high estimates of the social costs of pollution does the value of emissions offset by wind power exceed cost of renewable energy subsidies. (JEL L94, L98, Q42, Q48, Q51, Q53, Q54) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.4.107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T18:50:12Z","timestamp":1383245412000},"page":"107-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Measuring the Environmental Benefits of Wind-Generated Electricity"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Cullen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Economics, Washington University, Olin Business School, Campus Box 1133, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.06.029"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.4.107"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.550"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0741-6261.2008.00005.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.5.4.107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:03Z","timestamp":1592423523000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.5.4.107"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.5.4.107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.5.4.107","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T13:42:54Z","timestamp":1780148574513,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper estimates the effect of tax incentives for charitable contributions in France. We focus on two reforms that increased the nonrefundable tax credit rate for charitable contributions by 32 percent. We use a difference-in-difference identification, comparing the evolution of contributions for groups of households with similar income, but different taxable status due to differences in family size. We control for censoring issues and investigate distributional effects using a three-step censored quantile regression estimator. We find that the price elasticity of contributions is relatively small, but tends to increase with the level of gifts. (JEL D14, D64, H24)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,19]],"date-time":"2010-05-19T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1274277631000},"page":"117-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Are Tax Incentives for Charitable Giving Efficient? Evidence from France"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Fack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Barcelona GSE, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Economics and Business, Jaume I Building, Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Landais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, #508-1 Evans Hall #3880, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0714(06)02018-5"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015793"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789261","volume":"50","author":"Barrett Kevin Stanton","year":"1997","journal-title":"national Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1652"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.988"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.07.001"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1925053"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cep\/byi040"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2998578"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502388618663"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2005.06.001"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00094-9"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00800.x"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914255"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828043052187"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(97)00062-5"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1774"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261649"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324392"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2007.5.6.1203"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2109724"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(86)90016-3"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262000"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911236"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.09.004"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1926910"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789367","volume":"51","author":"Triest Robert K","year":"1998","journal-title":"national Tax Journal"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:54:22Z","timestamp":1635382462000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.117"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.2.117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.117","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:06:15Z","timestamp":1780099575434,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper uses quasi-experimental variation from federal tax reform to evaluate the effect of the EITC on infant health outcomes. We find that the EITC reduces the incidence of low birth weight and increases mean birth weight: a $1,000 treatment-on-the-treated leads to a 2 to 3 percent decline in low birth weight. Our results suggest that the candidate mechanisms include more prenatal care and less negative health behaviors (smoking). Additionally, we find a shift from public to private insurance coverage, and for some a reduction in insurance overall, indicating a potential change in the quality and perhaps quantity of coverage. (JEL H24, I12, I38, J13)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T19:26:58Z","timestamp":1422559618000},"page":"172-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":279,"title":["Income, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Infant Health"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hilary","family":"Hoynes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Berkeley, Goldman School of Public Policy, 345 GSPP, 2607 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Davis, Economics Department, 1151 SSH, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Economics Department, 344 Oak Hall, 365 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT 06268 (e-mail: )."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305774268228"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00089"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2000.4S1.08"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-007-0177-0"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ei\/cbi019"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_11","first-page":"306","volume":"40","author":"Bitler Marianne P","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Human resources"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLI.1.1"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2010.0013"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.2.511"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802762024520"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.15.2023"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.1.87"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_22","first-page":"971","volume":"83","author":"Currie Janet","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262059"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303322552856"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.02.001"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.5.1927"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553041502216"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2002.1.02"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20289"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.09.005"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2011.2S.10"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946689"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2000.4S1.03"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2004.04.007"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3325474"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdr041"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303765299891"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-010-9180-3"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.06.007"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.12.006"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145316"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.2.188"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XL.1.144"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.06.008"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.1.158"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90325-5"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(03)00059-6"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530152466313"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.5.2221"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.04.005"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3558997"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789053","volume":"47","author":"Scholz John Karl","year":"1994","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2000.4S1.07"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.3.482"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122410374086"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20120179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T23:35:41Z","timestamp":1651102541000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20120179"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20120179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20120179","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T23:44:22Z","timestamp":1726271062108},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We employ loan-level data on over a million loans disbursed in India between 1995 and 2010 to understand how fast-changing regulation impacted mortgage lending and risk. Our paper uses changes in regulatory treatment discontinuities associated with loan size and leverage to detect regulation-induced loan delinquencies. We also find that an acceleration in the classification of assets as nonperforming resulted in substantially lower delinquency probabilities and losses given delinquency. (JEL D14, G21, G28, L51, O16, R31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T13:18:07Z","timestamp":1446211087000},"page":"71-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Impact of Regulation on Mortgage Risk: Evidence from India"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"John Y.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Littauer Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Ramadorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sa\u00efd Business School, Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance, University of Oxford, Park End Street, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK, and the Center for Economic Policy and Research (CEPR); (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ranish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 20th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20551; (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2013.08.002"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.07.005"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.4.1397"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.576"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"2011","author":"Avery Robert B","year":"2011","journal-title":"Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS) Working Paper"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1235"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554809"},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"2010","author":"Bhutta Neil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS) Working Paper"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11146-007-9033-y"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rof\/rfs030"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12252"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.2108"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x"},{"key":"p_23","first-page":"2000","author":"Dahl Drew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper"},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"2014","author":"DeFusco Anthony A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS) Working Paper"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhp033"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"2011","author":"Jacques Kevin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Networks Financial Institute Working Paper"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6229.12033"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.1.307"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.4.1449"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2010.04.003"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12020"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9038"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20130220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:10Z","timestamp":1592423470000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20130220"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20130220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20130220","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:40:24Z","timestamp":1738330824217,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Families in poverty face numerous barriers to establishing stable economic footing. This paper estimates experimental effects of a holistic, individualized wraparound service intervention for low-income individuals. The intervention includes a detailed assessment, an individualized service plan, intensive case management administered by a two-person team with small caseloads, and strategic financial assistance. The program improved employment and housing outcomes two years postenrollment. Given the customized nature of the services, overall program effects mask heterogeneity. Exploratory analysis suggests that the program helped employ participants who lacked employment but had stable housing and that those without stable housing were helped in securing it. (JEL I32, I38, L31, R23) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:59:37Z","timestamp":1738328377000},"page":"311-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fighting Poverty One Family at a Time: Experimental Evidence from an Intervention with Holistic, Individualized, Wraparound Services"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"William N.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame and Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawna","family":"Kolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame and Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities ()"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James X.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame and Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame and Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1924332"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athey, Susan, and Guido W. Imbens. 2017. \"The Econometrics of Randomized Experiments.\" In Handbook of Economic Field Experiments, Vol. 1, edited by Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee and Esther Du o, 73-140. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hefe.2016.10.003"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Barden, Bret, Randall Juras, Cindy Redcross, Mary Farrell, and Dan Bloom. 2018. New Perspectives on Creating Jobs: Final Impacts of the Next Generation of Subsidized Employment Programs. Washington, DC: Of ce of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, US Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barham, Tania, Brian C. Cadena, and Patrick S. Turner. 2023. \"Taking a Chance on Workers: Evidence on the Effects and Mechanisms of Subsidized Employment from an RCT.\" IZA Discussion Paper 16221.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4475576"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt044"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Bergman, Peter, Raj Chetty, Stefanie DeLuca, Nathaniel Hendren, Lawrence F. Katz, and Christopher Palmer. 2023. \"Creating Moves to Opportunity: Experimental Evidence on Barriers to Neighborhood Choice.\" NBER Working Paper 26164."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39251.599259.55"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celhay, Pablo A., Bruce D. Meyer, and Nikolas Mittag. 2022. \"What Leads to Measurement Errors? Evidence from Reports of Program Participation in Three Surveys.\" NBER Working Paper 29652.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29652"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150572"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301491"},{"key":"p_11","author":"Irving Claire B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (1): CD007906."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Duncan, Greg J., Aletha C. Huston, and Thomas S. Weisner. 2007. Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children. New York: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"2021","volume":"22","author":"Katz Lawrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"AEA RCT Registry"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"2017","volume":"21","author":"Evans William","year":"2020","journal-title":"AEA RCT Registry"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.258"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20191014"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22256"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, William N., Shawna Kolka, James X. Sullivan, and Patrick S. Turner. 2024. Padua Pilot Study - Using Intensive Case Management to Lift Families Out of Poverty. AEA RCT Registry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/rct.722-2.2.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.722-2.2"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Evans, Wiliam N., Shawna Kolka, James X. Sullivan, and Patrick S. Turner. 2025. Data and Code for: \"Fighting Poverty One Family at a Time: Experimental Evidence from an Intervention with Holistic, Individualized, Wraparound Services.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E193743V1."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Fein, David, and Jill Hamadyk. 2018. Bridging the Opportunity Divide for Low-Income Youth: Implementation and Early Impacts of the Year Up Program. Washington, DC: Of ce of the Administration for Children and Families."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs020"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, Andrew, and Kevin M. Stange. 2022. \"Attrition from Administrative Data: Problems and Solutions with an Application to Postsecondary Education.\" NBER Working Paper 30232.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30232"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Goering, Paula, Scott Veldhuizen, Aimee Watson, Carol Adair, Brianna Kopp, Eric Latimer, Geoff Nelson, Eric MacNaughton, David Streiner, and Tim Aubry. 2014. National Final Report: Cross-Site At Home\/Chez Soi Project. Calgary, Canada: Mental Health Commission of Canada."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.723"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2022.2074929"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa006"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671809"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz023"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Loprest, Pamela, and Sheila Zedlewski. 2006. The Changing Role of Welfare in the Lives of Low-Income Families with Children. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737027002157"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Meckstroth, Alicia, Andrew Burwick, Quinn Moore, Michael Ponza, Shawn Marsh, Andrew McGuirk, Tim Novak, and Zhanyun Zhao. 2008. Teaching Self-Sufficiency: An Impact and Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Home Visitation and Life Skills Education Program. Princton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.4.199"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/711227"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Miller, Cynthia, Aletha C. Huston, Greg J. Duncan, Vonnie C. McLoyd, and Thomas S. Weisner. 2008. New Hope for the Working Poor: Effects after Eight Years for Families and Children. New York: MDRC."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.940"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Matthew Sobek, Danica Brockman, Grace Cooper, Stephanie Richards, and Megan Schouweiler. 2023. IPUMS USA: Version 13.0. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.18128\/D010.V13.0."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.5.1864"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/49.2.175"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170430"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Westfall, Peter H., and S. Stanley Young. 1993. Resampling-Based Multiple Testing: Examples and Methods for p-Value Adjustment. New York: John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy029"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:59:52Z","timestamp":1738328392000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200716"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200716","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:52:26Z","timestamp":1766159546404,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Better educated workers accept many more long-distance job offers, and relocate quicker following local shocks. I attribute this to a fundamental feature of their labor market experience, unrelated to geography: large returns to job match quality. If a good offer happens to originate from far away, the match surplus is then more likely to justify the cost of moving. This \u201clubricates\u201d labor markets spatially. Using wage transition data (and a jobs ladder model), I show this can explain the bulk of mobility differentials. These differentials can be closed by subsidizing long-distance matches, and I quantify the cost of doing so. (JEL I26, J24, J41, J61, R23) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:19:51Z","timestamp":1730377191000},"page":"341-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Education and Geographical Mobility: The Role of the Job Surplus"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Amior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Economic Performance, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00020"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Amior, Michael. 2015. \"Why Are Higher Skilled Workers More Mobile Geographically? The Role of the Job Surplus.\" CEP Discussion Paper 1338."},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Amior, Michael. 2024. Data and Code for: \"Education and Geographical Mobility: The Role of the Job Surplus.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E195290V1."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160575"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.3.3"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1553"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2121"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Balgova, M\u00e1ria. 2018. \"Why Don't Less Educated Workers Move? The Role of Job Search in Migration Decisions.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00459.x"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Bartel, Ann P., and George J. Borjas. 1981. \"Wage Growth and Job Turnover: An Empirical Analysis.\" In Studies in Labor Markets, edited by Sherwin Rosen, 65-90. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00328"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Berger, Mark C., John M. Barron, and Dan A. Black. 2001. Value of Worker Training Programs to Small Business. Washington, DC: US Small Business Administration."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534556"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-012-0454-4"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2001.0011"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(92)90003-4"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209949"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"2008","author":"Briggs Brianna","year":"2008","journal-title":"University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2527292"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140095"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae006"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.02.008"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/694153"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhe.2014.09.002"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Center for Microeconomic Data. 2023. \"Survey of Consumer Expectations.\" Federal Reserve Bank of New York. https:\/\/www.newyorkfed.org\/microeconomics\/sce#\/ (accessed March 7, 2023)."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.30.2.179"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425432"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2010.08.001"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Congressional Budget Office. 2021. The Distribution of Major Tax Expenditures in 2019. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Of ce."},{"key":"p_31","first-page":"1940","author":"Costa Dora L","year":"2000","journal-title":"Changes in the Locational Choice of the College Educated"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00379"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130249"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131706"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamond, Rebecca, and Enrico Moretti. 2021. \"Where Is Standard of Living the Highest? Local Prices and the Geography of Consumption.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29533"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676141"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA18582"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Flood, Sarah, Miriam King, Renae Rodgers, Steven Ruggles, and J. Robert Warren. 2018. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 6.0.\" IPUMS. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.18128\/D030.V6.0."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Folger, John K., and Charles B. Nam. 1967. Education of the American Population. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaubert, Cecile, Patrick M. Kline, and Danny Yagan. 2021. \"Place-Based Redistribution.\" NBER Working Paper 28337.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28337"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2022.102292"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregg, Paul, Stephen Machin, and Alan Manning. 2004. \"Mobility and Joblessness.\" In Seeking a Premier League Economy: The Economic Effects of British Economic Reforms, 1980-2000, edited by David Card, Richard Blundell and Richard B. Freeman, 371-410. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226092904.003.0010"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2010.06.003"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20160241"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heise, Sebastian, and Tommaso Porzio. 2022. \"Labor Misallocation across Firms and Regions.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 17494.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30298"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.2873"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Hoynes, Hilary W. 2000. \"The Employment and Earnings of Less Skilled Workers over the Business Cycle.\" In Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform, edited by Rebecca Blank and David Card, 23-71. New York: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/694587"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Institute for Social Research. 2016. \"Panel Study of Income Dynamics.\" University of Michigan. https:\/\/psidonline.isr.umich.edu\/ (accessed May 4, 2016)."},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/700887"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennan, John. 2015. \"Spatial Variation in Higher Education Financing and the Supply of College Graduates.\" NBER Working Paper 21065.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21065"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA4657"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080213-041024"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.07.056"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_55","first-page":"718","volume":"84","author":"Lindenlaub Ilse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2015.11.004"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2014.01.011"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2011.01048.x"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2012.0031"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning, Alan. 2011. \"Imperfect Competition in the Labor Market.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 973-1041. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)02409-9"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Marquis, Kent H., and Jeffrey C. Moore. 2010. Measurement Errors in SIPP Program Reports, No. 9008. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9485.1986.tb00901.x"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X211047887"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.173"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monras, Joan. 2015. \"Economic Shocks and Internal Migration.\" IZA Discussion Paper 8840.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2564973"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, Enrico. 2011. \"Local Labor Markets.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1237-313. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)02412-9"},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"Moretti, Enrico. 2012. The New Geography of Jobs. New York: Houghton Mif in Harcourt."},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297896"},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"National Bureau of Economic Research. 2019. \"Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).\" https:\/\/www.nber.org\/research\/data\/survey-income-and-program-participation-sipp (accessed May 13, 2019)."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"Nimczik, Jan Sebastian. 2023. \"Job Mobility Networks and Data-Driven Labor Markets.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706048"},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Matthew Sobek, Danika Brockman, Grace Cooper, Stephanie Richards, and Megan Schouweiler. 2023. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series USA: Version 13.0.\" IPUMS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V13.0."},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914276"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy056"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15609\/annaeconstat2009.142.0283"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/144917"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260472"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy025"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy001"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261401"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118478"},{"key":"p_82","unstructured":"US Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2023. \"Government Social Bene ts: To Persons: Federal: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).\" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/fred. stlouisfed.org\/series\/TRP6001A027NBEA (accessed October 3, 2023)."},{"key":"p_83","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2022. \"Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Not Seasonally Adjusted.\" US Bureau of Labor Statistics. https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/timeseries\/CUUR0000SA0 (accessed March 8, 2023)."},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2010.0030"},{"key":"p_85","unstructured":"Ziliak, James P. 2019. \"Restoring Economic Opportunity for `The People Left Behind': Employment Strategies for Rural America.\" In Expanding Economic Opportunity for More Americans, edited by Melissa S. Kearney and Amy Ganz, 100-126. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230279","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1730377226000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230279"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230279","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T12:18:36Z","timestamp":1754482716021},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I assess whether the tax code is a viable policy lever for influencing labor supply among older workers. Specifically, using administrative data from Canada, I estimate the earnings responses to a unique reform that lowered tax burdens for couples with a pensioner, using quasi-experimental methods. I find that workers decrease labor supply as tax bills decline but do not respond to changes in marginal tax rates. Hence, while public policy often aims to keep people in the workforce longer, there are conflicting effects of offering tax advantage for seniors on work incentives. I consider implications of these results for age-dependent taxation. (JEL H24, H31, H55, J14, J22) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:08:16Z","timestamp":1706706496000},"page":"228-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Labor Supply Responses to Income Taxation among Older Couples: Evidence from a Canadian Reform"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Derek","family":"Messacar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland; and Retirement and Savings Institute, HEC Montr\u00e9al (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12893"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_2","first-page":"589","volume":"35","author":"Auerbach Alan J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465399558409"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015793"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209937"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5982.t01-1-00001"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakija, Jon M., and Bradley T. Heim. 2008. \"How Does Charitable Giving Respond to Incentives and Income? Dynamic Panel Estimates Accounting for Predictable Changes in Taxation.\" NBER Working Paper 14237.","DOI":"10.3386\/w14237"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Banks, James, and Peter Diamond. 2010. \"The Base for Direct Taxation.\" In Dimensions of Tax Design: The Mirrlees Review, edited by James Mirrlees, Stuart Adam, Timothy Besley, Richard Blundell, Stephen Bond, Robert Chote, Malcolm Gammie, Paul Johnson, Gareth Myles and James Poterba, 548-674. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.08.001"},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"4","volume":"2018","author":"Blomquist S\u00f6ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Uppsala University Department of Economics Working Paper"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00440.x"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15609\/annaeconstat2009.113-114.159"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2012.01.002"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2008.00525.x"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261964"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-005-6694-2"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Carroll, Robert. 1998. \"Do Taxpayers Really Respond to Changes in Tax Rates? Evidence from the 1993 Tax Act.\" US Department of the Treasury Of ce of Tax Analysis Working Paper 79."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.2.31"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9043"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1145"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.1.1"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(93)01409-4"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rds048"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131189"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261994"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465399558391"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Feldstein, Martin, and Jeffrey B. Liebman. 2002. \"Social Security.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 4, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, 1173-249. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-011-9184-x"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00425"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdr041"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2007.4.04"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4284\/sej.2010.77.2.406"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262122"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Gordon, Roger, and Joel Slemrod. 2000. \"Are \"Real\" Responses to Taxes Simply Income Shifting between Corporate and Personal Tax Bases?\" In Does Atlas Shrug? The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich, edited by Joel Slemrod, 240-80. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2012.05.002"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2015.08.003"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00085-8"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.753"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustman, Alan L., and Thomas L. Steinmeier. 2009. \"Integrating Retirement Models.\" NBER Working Paper 15607.","DOI":"10.3386\/w15607"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104074"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20406"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.2.537"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.1.158"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawano, Laura, Caroline E. Weber, and Andrew Whitten. 2016. \"Estimating the Elasticity of Broad Income for High-income Taxpayers.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2852048"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.271"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.12.005"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140233"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.02.005"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Messacar, Derek. 2024. \"Replication Data for: Labor Supply Responses to Income Taxation among Older Couples: Evidence from a Canadian Reform.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E183782V1."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-019-09292-1"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2010.10.005"},{"key":"p_53","first-page":"2016","author":"Milligan Kevin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Version"},{"key":"p_54","first-page":"2016","author":"Milligan Kevin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laurier Centre for Economic Research & Policy Analysis Working Paper"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt, Robert A., and Mark Wilhelm. 1998. \"Taxation and the Labor Supply Decisions of the Af uent.\" NBER Working Paper 6621.","DOI":"10.3386\/w6621"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"OECD Tax Policy Studies. 2011. Taxation and Employment. Paris: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"OECD. 2012. OECD Pensions Outlook 2012. Paris: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"OECD. 2014. OECD Pensions Outlook 2014. Paris: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Olsen, Tore. 2011. \"Bunch Count.\" http:\/\/www.rajchetty.com\/chettyfiles\/bunch_count.zip."},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrovsky, Yuri, and Grant Schellenberg. 2009. \"Pension Coverage, Retirement Status, and Earnings Replacement Rates among a Cohort of Canadian Seniors.\" Ottawa: Statistics Canada Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper 321.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2095380"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrovsky, Yuri, and Grant Schellenberg. 2010. \"A Note on Pension Coverage and Earnings Replacement Rates of Retired Men: A Closer Look at Distributions.\" Ottawa: Statistics Canada Analytical Studies Branch Publication 11F0019M\/326.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2029831"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees-Jones, Alex, and Dmitry Taubinsky. 2016. \"Measuring `Schmeduling.'\" NBER Working Paper 22884.","DOI":"10.3386\/w22884"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.1.3"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00178-5"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2015.06.004"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00128-6"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2011.2.04"},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"Slemrod, Joel, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. 2002. \"Tax Avoidance, Evasion, and Administration.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 3, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, 1423-70. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41792029"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2313"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.05.004"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdr001"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_74","first-page":"603","volume":"55","author":"Woolley Frances","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Tax Journal"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:09:16Z","timestamp":1706706556000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210075"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210075","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T21:30:36Z","timestamp":1775511036469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Almost half of the world\u2019s states provide bilateral development assistance. While previous research takes the set of donor countries as exogenous, this article introduces a new dataset on aid giving that covers all countries in the world, both rich and poor, and explores the determinants of aid donorship. It argues and shows empirically that democratic institutions support the setup of an aid program in richer countries but undermine its establishment in poorer countries. The findings hold in instrumental-variable regressions and the pattern is similar for the amount of aid. (JEL D72, F35, H87, O17, O19)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T11:44:08Z","timestamp":1635507848000},"page":"217-238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Democracy and Aid Donorship"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Angelika J.","family":"Budjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Weber Institute for Economics, Heidelberg University, and Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Goettingen (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Economics and Centre for Modern East Asian Studies, University of Goettingen, and Kiel Institute for the World Economy (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/700936"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6346.2016.07381.x"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(03)00032-6"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"AidData. 2017. \"AidDataCore_ResearchRelease_Level1_v3.1 Research Releases.\" AidData, Williamsburg, VA. https:\/\/www.aiddata.org\/data\/aiddata-core-research-release-level-1-3-1 (accessed April 27, 2016)."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009874203400"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asmus, Gerda, Andreas Fuchs, and Angelika M\u00fcller. 2020. \"BRICS and Foreign Aid.\" In The Political Economy of the BRICS Countries, Vol. 2, edited by Soo Yeon Kim, 139-77. Singapore: World Scienti c.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789811202308_0007"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002715595700"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Banks, Arthur S., and Kenneth A. Wilson. 2016. \"Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive.\" Databanks International. http:\/\/www.cntsdata.com (accessed November 28, 2016)."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Barder, Owen, and Stephan Klasen. 2014. \"Ending the Exaggeration of Aid: A Modest Proposal.\" Center for Global Development, November 14. http:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/blog\/ending-exaggeration-aid-modest-proposal (accessed March 3, 2016)."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381610000204"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2011.07.019"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818317000315"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-019-09345-1"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Bormann, Nils-Christian, Vera Z. Eichenauer, and Simon Hug. 2016. \"Ethnic Winning Coalitions and the Political Economy of Aid.\" Paper presented at the 10th Annual Conference on the Political Economy of International Organizations, Bern, Switzerland, January 12-14."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Budjan, Angelika J., and Andreas Fuchs. 2021. \"Replication data for: Democracy and Aid Donorship.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E120068V1."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002706297696"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818309090109"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. 2005. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400208"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-2680(02)00128-3"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-009-9491-2"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2015.1068294"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2007.08.001"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Frida Andersson, etal 2016. \"V-Dem Codebook v6.\" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, Gothenburg, Sweden. https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/en\/data\/archive\/previous-data\/dataversion-6-2\/ (accessed November 25, 2016)."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Correlates of War Project. 2017. \"State System Membership List, v2016.\" Correlates of War (COW) Project. https:\/\/correlatesofwar.org\/data-sets\/state-system-membership (accessed August 8, 2020)."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/694235"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doucouliagos, Hristos. 2019. \"The Politics of International Aid.\" In Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Vol. 2, edited by Roger D. Congleton, Bernard Grofman, and Stefan Voigt, 697-724. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190469771.013.35"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2010.11.004"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/caje.12166"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2019.04.003"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2018.12.001"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671711"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-008-9286-x"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2011.07.024"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2008.02.003"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1935787"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-017-9267-2"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2007.03.006"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130954"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar, and Marcel P. Timmer. 2019. \"The Next Generation of the Penn World Table: Dataset.\" American Economic Review. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15141\/S5J01T (accessed September 13, 2016)."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2009.09.011"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Freedom House. 2016. \"Freedom in the World: Democracy in Crisis.\" Freedom House, Washington, DC. https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world (accessed October 9, 2016)."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2013.09.004"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.12.012"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343302039005007"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.02.014"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Gulrajani, Nilima, and Liam Swiss. 2017. Why Do Countries Become Donors? Assessing the Drivers and Implications of Donor Proliferation. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute."},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Hicks, Robert L., Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney. 2008. Greening Aid? Understanding the Environmental Impact of Development Assistance. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Human Development Report Office. 2018. Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.01.002"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043887114000045"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2014.01.016"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.02.015"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507155"},{"key":"p_56","first-page":"1949","author":"Lumsdaine David H","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Foreign Aid Regime"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09512740701306881"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0343.00041"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundsgaarde, Erik. 2013. The Domestic Politics of Foreign Aid. London, UK: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203077429"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002718784158"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markoff, John. 1996. Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452234090"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cjip\/poz015"},{"key":"p_63","first-page":"1800","author":"Marshall Monty G","year":"2016","journal-title":"Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0475.2008.00458.x"},{"key":"p_65","first-page":"2011","author":"Mayer Thierry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Centre d'\u00c9tudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (CEPII) Working Paper"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648001"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.2009.00356.x","volume":"22","author":"Milner Helen V","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economics and Politics"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03050629.2013.784090"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713869429"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-017-9270-7"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818300033373"},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"OECD. 2019. \"Creditor Reporting System.\" OECD, Paris, France. https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index. aspx?DataSetCode=CRS1 (accessed March 9, 2019)."},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/isq\/sqz045"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192512111406095"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/isq\/sqaa085"},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"Publish What You Fund. 2018. Aid Transparency Index: 2018. London, UK: Publish What You Fund."},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1385"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3276"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002715604363"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szent-Iv\u00e1nyi, Bal\u00e1zs, and Simon Lightfoot. 2015. New Europe's New Development Aid. London: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203712351"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343313494396"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2011.07.029"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.qref.2009.10.003"},{"key":"p_84","unstructured":"Voeten, Eric, Anton Strezhnev, and Michael Bailey. 2009. \"United Nations General Assembly Voting Data.\" Harvard Dataverse. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/LEJUQZ (accessed September 14, 2016)."},{"key":"p_85","unstructured":"Weidmann, Nils B., and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2016. \"CShapes-GIS Vector Dataset v.0.6.\" http:\/\/nils.weidmann.ws\/projects\/cshapes\/shapefile.html (accessed August 18, 2020)."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_86","first-page":"86","volume":"36","author":"Weidmann Nils B","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.1.2.225"},{"key":"p_88","unstructured":"World Bank. 2016. \"World Development Indicators.\" World Bank Data Catalog. http:\/\/databank. worldbank.org\/data\/download\/WDI_csv.zip (accessed October 17, 2016)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180582","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T23:04:18Z","timestamp":1699743858000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180582"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180582","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:05:46Z","timestamp":1775513146940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We estimate the effects of an educational peer intervention in which previously high- and low-achieving students are randomly paired as deskmates in elementary schools in China. Our treatment boosts the mathematics scores of the low-achieving students. Moreover, the treatment enhances the extraversion and agreeableness of high- and low-achieving students, thereby providing evidence that peers can influence personality traits. The positive treatment effects can be attributed to the deskmate-level peer effects. We document friend network structure changes and present additional evidence on how friendship ties help us better understand the mechanisms behind peer effects. (JEL I21, I26, J24, O15, P36, Z13)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:55:24Z","timestamp":1675173324000},"page":"510-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Student Performance, Peer Effects, and Friend Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Peer Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Shandong University; Weihai Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junsen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, Zhejiang University; Department of Economics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Jinan University; Jinan University\u2013University of Birmingham Joint Institute (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160133"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699007"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6688(199623)15:4<623::AID-PAM7>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_5","first-page":"547","volume":"84","author":"Booij Adam S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2008.12.021"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2009.00235.x","volume":"48","author":"Brunello Giorgio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economic Inquiry"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666653"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00550.x"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150484"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160763"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10168"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.1739"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/689472"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160626"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/712638"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370812447738"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737014003205"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2426"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Jackson, Matthew O. 2008. Social and Economic Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kautz, Tim, James J. Heckman, Ron Diris, Bas ter Weel, and Lex Borghans. 2014. \"Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success.\" OECD Education Working Paper 110.","DOI":"10.3386\/w20749"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/663592"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.12.014"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Li, Eric Mak, and Chunchao Wang. 2020. \"Deskmates: Reconsidering Optimal Peer Assignments within Classroom.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.5299-1.0"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677392"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2005.00615.x"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spl.2016.02.012"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144131"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Westfall, Peter H., and S. Stanley Young. 1993. Resampling-Based Multiple-Testing-Examples and Methods for p-Value Adjustment. New York: John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Wu, Jia, Junsen Zhang, and Chunchao Wang. 2023. \"Replication data for: Student Performance, Peer Effects, and Friend Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Peer Intervention.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E149262V1."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy029"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Z\u00e1rate, Rom\u00e1n Andr\u00e9s. 2019. \"Social and Cognitive Peer Effects: Experimental Evidence from Selective High Schools in Peru.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.05.006"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303762687677"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T23:05:46Z","timestamp":1701817546000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200563"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200563","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T07:11:21Z","timestamp":1775200281711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We characterize welfare gains from government intervention when the private sector provides partial insurance. We analyze models in which adverse selection, pre-existing information, or imperfect optimization create a role for government intervention. We derive formulas that map existing empirical estimates into quantitative predictions for optimal policy. When private insurance generates moral hazard, standard formulas for optimal government insurance must be modified to account for fiscal externalities. In contrast, standard formulas are unaffected by \u201cinformal\u201d private insurance that does not generate moral hazard. Applications to health and unemployment show that formal private market insurance can significantly reduce optimal government benefit rates. (JEL D82, G22, H21, H23, J65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.85","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,19]],"date-time":"2010-05-19T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1274277631000},"page":"85-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Optimal Taxation and Social Insurance with Endogenous Private Insurance"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Raj","family":"Chetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Harvard University, Littauer Center, 1805 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, 549 Evans Hall #3880, Berkeley, CA 94709 and NBER."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1879431"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jeea.2005.3.2-3.755"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(00)00034-9"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(78)90053-1"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(89)90037-6"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(84)90015-X"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(97)00038-8"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2006.00446.x"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.01.004"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1821"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588585"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.142910"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261785"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418945"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209969"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946683"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_19","first-page":"378","volume":"86","author":"Cutler David M","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.315"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_21","first-page":"83","volume":"88","author":"Diamond Peter A","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10258-003-0017-4"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2003.07.003"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"179","author":"Ginsburg Paul B","year":"1988","journal-title":"H. E. Frech"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.487"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_27","first-page":"402","volume":"78","author":"Greenwood Jeremy","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_28","first-page":"192","volume":"87","author":"Gruber Jonathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00056124"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_34","first-page":"251","volume":"77","author":"Manning Willard G","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938349"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2296779"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1881793"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(99)00017-X"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911459"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648863"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.23.3.10"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02386304"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1885326"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00166"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013029325667"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(93)90087-A"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1145"},{"key":"p_52","first-page":"145","author":"Taylor Amy K","year":"1988","journal-title":"H. E. Frech"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951659"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(80)90004-3"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2139667"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(77)90004-7"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(91)90024-H"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa022033"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.85","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:37Z","timestamp":1592423617000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.85"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.2.85"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.85","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T23:24:38Z","timestamp":1769815478821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We take advantage of provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which granted legal resident status to long-time unauthorized residents but created new obstacles to employment for more recent immigrants, to explore how employment opportunities affect criminal behavior. Exploiting administrative data on the criminal justice involvement of individuals in San Antonio, Texas and using a triple-differences strategy, we find evidence of an increase in felony charges filed against residents most likely to be negatively affected by IRCA's employment regulations. Our results suggest a strong relationship between access to legal jobs and criminal behavior. (JEL J15, J18, J61, K37, K42, R23) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T12:37:54Z","timestamp":1524746274000},"page":"117-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Freedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine, 3151 Social Science Plaza, Irvine, CA 92697 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, and Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine, 2340 Social Ecology II, Irvine, CA 92697 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Policy Institute of California, 500 Washington Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94111 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.2.412"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"16A","author":"Associated Press","year":"1988","journal-title":"San Antonio Express-News"},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"9A","author":"Associated Press","year":"1988","journal-title":"San Antonio Express-News"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151041"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979390105400205"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298213"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00337"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2012.01085.x"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151042"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0335.2009.00803.x"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6688(199822)17:3<457::AID-PAM4>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128703254418"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00125533"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061724"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_25","first-page":"523","volume":"74","author":"Donato Katharine M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/658088"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00541.x"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2567043"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00484"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209905"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2547098"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318603"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339611"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061677"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554908"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061678"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_47","first-page":"315","volume":"69","author":"Massey Douglas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sociology and Social Research"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/231037"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140039"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0076"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_52","first-page":"3","volume":"22","author":"Oltman Rick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Contract"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0028"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648111"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150355"},{"key":"p_56","first-page":"1A","author":"Ramirez Wilfredo","year":"1988","journal-title":"San Antonio Express-News"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001480050092"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427884021002003"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_61","first-page":"1","volume":"75","author":"Sorensen Elaine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2547361"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150165","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:29Z","timestamp":1592423369000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150165"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150165","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:02:59Z","timestamp":1777006979449,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electricity regulators often mandate increasing-block pricing (IBP)\u2014i.e., marginal price increases with the customer's average daily usage\u2014to protect low-income households from rising costs. IBP has no cost basis, raising a classic conflict between efficiency and distributional goals. Combining household-level utility billing data with census data on income, I find that IBP in California results in modest wealth redistribution, but creates substantial deadweight loss relative to the transfers. I also show that a common approach to studying income distribution effects by using median household income within census block groups may be misleading. (JEL D31, L11, L51, L94, L98, Q41, Q48)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.56","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]],"date-time":"2012-08-03T12:10:06Z","timestamp":1343995806000},"page":"56-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["The Redistributional Impact of Nonlinear Electricity Pricing"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Severin","family":"Borenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1900."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.6.3.117"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.01.001"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.56"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_10","first-page":"985","volume":"86","author":"Bovenberg A. Lans","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1253"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2088122"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1880558"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(86)90148-5"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2088121"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8400800303"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1994.10524564","volume":"12","author":"Herriges Joseph A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Economic statistics"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2007.122.4.1603"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-9883(03)00033-1"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(95)01535-3"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3003216"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985x.2004.02046_1.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.56","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T03:51:59Z","timestamp":1714276319000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.56"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.3.56"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.56","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:08:39Z","timestamp":1778270919978,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We test a nudge in a field experiment on credit cards. The nudge shrouds the autopay enrollment option for cardholders to automatically pay exactly the credit card minimum payment each month. After six months, the nudge decreases the fraction of cardholders who only pay exactly the minimum by 23 percent. However, the nudge does not significantly reduce credit card debt. Nudged cardholders often choose autopay amounts that are only slightly higher than the minimum payment. The nudge reduces autopay enrollment, which increases missed payments. The nudge reduces manual payments by autopay enrollees. Cardholders frequently lacking liquid cash best explains our results. (JEL C93, D12, D91, G21, G51)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1761741835000},"page":"72-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Semblance of Success in Nudging Consumers to Pay Down Credit Card Debt"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Benedict","family":"Guttman-Kenney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University (email: );"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovations for Poverty Action and London School of Economics (email: );"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keystone Strategy (email: );"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Laibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University and NBER (email: );"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick (email: );"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20190252"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, Paul, Benedict Guttman-Kenney, Lucy Hayes, Stefan Hunt, David Laibson and Neil Stewart. 2022a. The Semblance of Success in Nudging Consumers to Pay Down Credit Card Debt. AEA RCT Registry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/rct.9326-1.1.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.9326-1.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","first-page":"S178","volume":"89","author":"Guttman-Kenney Benedict","year":"2022","journal-title":"Economica"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Adams, Paul, Benedict Guttman-Kenney, Lucy Hayes, Stefan Hunt, David Laibson and Neil Stewart. 2018a. \"The Con ict between Consumer Intentions, Beliefs and Actions to Pay Down Credit Card Debt.\" Financial Conduct Authority Occasional Paper 44."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Adams, Paul, Benedict Guttman-Kenney, Lucy Hayes, Stefan Hunt, David Laibson and Neil Stewart. 2018b. \"The Semblance of Success in Nudging Consumers to Pay Down Credit Card Debt.\" Financial Conduct Authority Occasional Paper 45."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju037"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_7","first-page":"129","volume":"133","author":"Chomsisengphet Souphala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_8","first-page":"1555","volume":"115","author":"Cohen Daniel","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartels, Daniel M., Nicholas Herzog, and Abigail B. Sussman. 2023. \"Distinguishing between Anchors and Targets.\" https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4521038.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4521038"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, Rafael, Ella Mao, and Abigail B. Sussman. 2025. \"Keeping Cash and Revolving Debt: How Consumers' Preference for Spending on Debit versus Credit In uences their Decision to Co-Hold.\" https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5289830.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5289830"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_12","first-page":"6","volume":"2","author":"Daniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beshears, John, James J. Choi, David Laibson, and Brigitte C. Madrian. 2018. \"Behavioral House-Hold Finance.\" In Handbook of Behavioral Economics: Applications and Foundations 1, Vol. 1, edited by B. Douglas Bernheim, Stefano DellaVigna, and David Laibson, 177-276. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hesbe.2018.07.004"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2020.09.001","volume":"161","author":"Kosowsky Harry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.4.1639"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20221576"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju013"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2021. The Consumer Credit Card Market. Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. https:\/\/files.consumerfinance.gov\/f\/documents\/cfpb_consumer-creditcard-market-report_2021.pdf."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA18709"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Financial Conduct Authority. 2014. Credit Card Market Study Terms of Reference. Financial Conduct Authority. https:\/\/www.fca.org.uk\/publication\/market-studies\/ms14-6-1.pdf."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Financial Conduct Authority. 2016a. Credit Card Market Study Annex 4: Behavioural Trials. Financial Conduct Authority. https:\/\/www.fca.org.uk\/publication\/market-studies\/ms14-6-3-credit-cardmarket-study-final-findings-report-annex-4.pdf"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Financial Conduct Authority. 2016b. Credit Card Market Study Final Findings Report. Financial Conduct Authority. https:\/\/www.fca.org.uk\/publication\/market-studies\/ms14-6-3-credit-card-marketstudy-final-findings-report.pdf."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2021.102385"},{"key":"p_25","author":"Olafsson Arna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies, Forthcoming."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3568"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20241737"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20201461"},{"key":"p_29","author":"David","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Guttman-Kenney, Benedict. 2024. \"Essays on Household Finance.\" PhD diss., University of Chicago."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guttman-Kenney, Benedict, Paul Adams, Stefan Hunt, David Laibson, Neil Stewart, and Jesse Leary. 2023. \"The Semblance of Success in Nudging Consumers to Pay Down Credit Card Debt.\" NBER Working Paper 31926.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31926"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Guttman-Kenney, Benedict, Paul Adams, Stefan Hunt, David Laibson, Neil Stewart, and Jesse Leary. 2025. Data and Code for \"The Semblance of Success in Nudging Consumers to Pay Down Credit Card Debt.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E209827V1."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Guttman-Kenney, Benedict, Jesse Leary, and Neil Stewart. 2018. \"Weighing Anchor on Credit Card Debt.\" Financial Conduct Authority Occasional Paper No. 43."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Guttman-Kenney, Benedict., and Andr\u00e9s Shahidinejad. 2025. \"Unraveling Information Sharing in Consumer Credit Markets.\" https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4629496."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11151-015-9473-0"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2014.06.005"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlan, Dean, and Jonathan Zinman. 2012. \"Borrow Less Tomorrow: Behavioral Approaches to Debt Reduction.\" https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2060548.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2060548"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2011.06.003"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2018.09.009"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2020.08.002"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Laibson, David. 2020. Nudges are Not Enough: The Case for Price-Based Paternalism. AEA\/AFA Joint Luncheon."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00536.x"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191777"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"List, John A., Matthias Rodemeier, Sutanuka Roy, and Gregory K. Sun. 2023. \"Judging Nudging: Understanding the Welfare Effects of Nudges Versus Taxes.\" NBER Working Paper 31152.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31152"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747215000232"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265543"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.48"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa108"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.4006"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.1.193"},{"key":"p_51","author":"Salisbury Linda Court","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research 48 (SPL): S60-S77."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Saccardo, Silvia, Hengchen Dai, Maria Han, Naveen Raja, Sitaram Vangala, and Daniel Croymans. 2025. \"Scaling Nudges: Who Moves and How.\" https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3971192."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222437211070589"},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"Schwartz, Daniel. 2024. \"The Rise of a Nudge: Field Experiment and Machine Learning on Minimum and Full Credit Card Payments.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140404"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00465"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02255.x"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Thaler, Richard H. 2017. \"Much Ado about Nudging.\" Behavioral Public Policy Blog. https:\/\/bppblog. com\/2017\/06\/02\/much-ado-about-nudging\/."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380085"},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01264"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Jialan. 2024. \"To Pay or Autopay? Fintech Innovation and Credit Card Payments.\" NBER Working Paper 32332.","DOI":"10.3386\/w32332"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080614-115640"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:44:42Z","timestamp":1761741882000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230568"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230568","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T11:09:52Z","timestamp":1759057792199},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> If online transactions are tax free, increased online shopping may lower tax rates as jurisdictions seek to reduce tax avoidance; but, if online firms remit taxes, online sales may put upward pressure on tax rates because internet sales help enforce destination-based taxes. I find that higher internet penetration generally results in lower municipal tax rates but raises tax rates in some jurisdictions. The latter effect emerges in states where many online vendors remit taxes. A 1 standard deviation increase in internet penetration lowers local sales taxes in large municipalities by 0.15 percentage points, or 16 percent of the average rate. (JEL H25, H26, H71, L81, R51) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T11:44:08Z","timestamp":1635507848000},"page":"1-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Internet as a Tax Haven?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David R.","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Martin School of Public Policy and Department of Economics, University of Kentucky (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2014.09.006"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120360"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Agrawal, David R. 2021. \"Replication data for: The Internet as a Tax Haven?\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E129186V1."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-016-9422-3"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.11.003"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104082"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00316"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2007.4.02"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12687"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-014-0527-7"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339714"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2015.3S.02"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2012.02511.x"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2012.2.05"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1996.0034"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.07.005"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.07.005"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durairajan, Ramakrishnan, and Paul Barford. 2016. \"A Techno-Economic Framework for Broadband Deployment in Underserved Areas.\" In Proceedings of the 2016 Workshop on Global Access to the Internet for All (GAIA '16), 7-12. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2940157.2940159"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durairajan, Ramakrishnan, Paul Barford, Joel Sommers, and Walter Willinger. 2015. \"Inter-Tubes: A Study of the US Long-Haul Fiber-Optic Infrastructure.\" In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM '15), 565-578. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787499"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durairajan, Ramakrishnan, Subhadip Ghosh, Xin Tang, Paul Barford, and Brian Eriksson. 2013. \"Internet Atlas: A Geographic Database of the Internet.\" In Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on HotPlanet (HotPlanet '13), 15-20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2491159.2491170"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160600"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.1.1"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.2.53"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/700760"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2009.02310.x"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554854"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.15.1.13"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.1.131"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.24.4.103"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250026"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2696389"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7699"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, Thomas J., and Ethan Singer. 2018. \"Indivisibilities in Distribution.\" NBER Working Paper 24525.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24525"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houde, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois, Peter Newberry, and Katja Seim. 2017. \"Economies of Density in E-commerce: A Study of Amazon's Ful Ilment Center Network.\" NBER Working Paper 23361.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23361"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00434.x"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2010.04.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_38","first-page":"877","volume":"83","author":"Kanbur Ravi","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970797"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140271"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.4.1535"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.3.549"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2007.1.03"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170511"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9442.00262"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150206"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5850.2007.00867.x"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2008.2.05"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20181437"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.02.010"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.08.004"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson, Betsey. 2009. \"The Internet and Job Search.\" In Studies of Labor Market Intermediation, edited by David H. Autor, 67-86. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226032900.003.0003"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T11:45:56Z","timestamp":1635507956000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170094"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170094","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:45:32Z","timestamp":1760985932525},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study documents two potential biases in recent analyses of UI benefit extensions using boundary-based identification: bias from using county-level aggregates and bias from across-border policy spillovers. To examine the first bias, the analysis uses a regression discontinuity approach that accounts for measurement error in county-level aggregates. These results suggest much smaller effects than previous studies, casting doubt on the applicability of border-based designs. The analysis then shows substantial spillover effects of UI benefit duration on across-border work patterns, consistent with increased tightness in high-benefit states and providing evidence against a dominant vacancy reduction response to UI extensions. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J64, J65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T12:14:06Z","timestamp":1588248846000},"page":"84-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Revisiting the Effects of Unemployment Insurance Extensions on Unemployment: A Measurement\u2011Error\u2011Corrected Regression Discontinuity Approach"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Dieterle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, 31 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH8 9JT (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ot\u00e1vio","family":"Bartalotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 260 Heady Hall, Ames, IA 50011 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Brummet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORC at the University of Chicago, 55 E Monroe St, 31st Floor, Chicago, IL 60603 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA6135","volume":"77","author":"Bai Jushan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300018110"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/688876"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy018"},{"key":"p_11","author":"Chodorow-Reich Gabriel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics. https:\/\/dl.dropboxusercontent.com\/s\/cjcoeo5psamqv2r\/replication.zip?dl=0 (accessed"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt001"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbr007"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA8121"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00039"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"15969","volume":"1902","author":"Dube Arindrajit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics. https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/685449"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.7.2238"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"14","author":"Graham Matthew R","year":"2014","journal-title":"US Census Bureau Center for Economics Studies Working Paper"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250026"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699973"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(92)90056-L"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.013"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131273"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160462"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150088"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.003"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.02.012"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938349"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.4.1721"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(85)90068-5"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979397703000410"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2007.02131.x"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2011.0018"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145646"},{"key":"p_50","author":"Wall Street Journal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20160439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:48:25Z","timestamp":1592423305000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20160439"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20160439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20160439","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:38:39Z","timestamp":1760985519587},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.9.1.346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T15:21:44Z","timestamp":1485876104000},"page":"344-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Vulnerability of Minority Homeowners in the Housing Boom and Bust: Corrigendum"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Bayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Duke University and National Bureau of Economics (NBER), Box 90097, Durham, NC 27708 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (and NBER), 1466 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, 341 Mansfield Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.9.1.346","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:32Z","timestamp":1592423432000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.9.1.346"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.9.1.346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.9.1.346","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:30:07Z","timestamp":1777491007238,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We investigate how individuals alter their educational investments in response to routine-biased technology. We find that individuals growing up in robot-impacted areas are more likely to complete a bachelor\u2019s degree and experience a relative increase in earnings. Changes in the skill premium and opportunity cost appear to drive these effects. To interpret these findings, we estimate a model of endogenous skill acquisition where changes in the demand and supply of skills shape the path of earnings. Counterfactual simulations suggest that the endogenous skill response cannot fully undo the adverse earnings effects of automation unless there are sufficiently generous educational subsidies. (JEL I26, J22, J23, J24, J31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20220407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1753882767000},"page":"236-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Routine-Biased Technological Change and Endogenous Skill Investments"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Danyelle","family":"Branco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sao Paulo School of Economics\u2013FGV (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bladimir","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sao Paulo School of Economics\u2013FGV (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilman","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/702241"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/722565"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, and David Autor. 2011. \"Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1043-171. Elsevier","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)02410-5"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson, and Brendan Price. 2016. Data for: \"Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s.\" University of Chicago Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/682384.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2704415"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, Jonathon Hazell, and Pascual Restrepo. 2020. \"AI and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies.\" NBER Working Paper 28257.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28257"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697242"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. 2020a. Data for: \"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets.\" University of Chicago Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/705716.","DOI":"10.1086\/705716"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/705716"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ad\u00e3o, Rodrigo, Martin Beraja, and Nitya Pandalai-Nayar. 2020. \"Technological Transitions with Skill Heterogeneity across Generations.\" NBER Working Paper 26625.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26625"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz025"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv028"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab050"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2011.06.002"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20160396"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20120901"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/601443"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1553"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2121"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555874"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2023.103745"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, Martha J., and Andrew Goodman-Bacon. 2015. Data and Code for: \"The War on Poverty's Eperiment in Public Medicine: Community Health Centers and the Mortality of Older Americans.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E112871V1.","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20120070"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, Martha J., Shuqiao Sun, and Brenden Timpe. 2021. Data and Code for: \"Prep School for Poor Kids: The Long-Run Impacts of Head Start on Human Capital and Economic Self-Sufficiency.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E146361V1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28268"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398804100306"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20200014"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/712611"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdab030"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Branco, Danyelle, Bladimir Carrillo, and Wilman Iglesias. 2025. Data and Code for: \"Routine-Biased Technological Change and Endogenous Skill Investments.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E199663V1."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20170291"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130081"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706535"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20170036"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20130139"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151604"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Choy, Susan P. 2004. Paying for College: Changes between 1990 and 2000 for Full-Time Dependent Undergraduates. National Center for Education Statistics."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600007519"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvab012"},{"key":"p_37","author":"Di Giacomo Giuseppe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/ jhr.1222-12684R1."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2018.07.003"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2020.102018"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faber, Marius, Andr\u00e9s P. Sarto, and Marco Tabellini. 2022. \"Local Shocks and Internal Migration: The Disparate Effects of Robots and Chinese Imports in the US.\" NBER Working Paper 30048.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30048"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554827"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldin, Claudia Dale, and Lawrence F. Katz. 2009. The Race between Education and Technology. Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjf9x5x"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181047"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman-Bacon, Andrew. 2018. Data for: \"Public Insurance and Mortality: Evidence from Medicaid Implementation.\" University of Chicago Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/695528.","DOI":"10.1086\/695528"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171671"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.1.118"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00754"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2016.02.002"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdab019"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00587"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2020.101996"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.15.4.117"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.1997.0008"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20160164"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979391106400402"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161385"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Horn, Laura, Emily Forrest Cataldi, Anna Sikora, and C. Dennis Carroll. 2005. Waiting to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their Postsecondary Enrollment: Table C-1. National Center for Education Statistics. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2005\/2005152.pdf."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Hoynes, Hilary, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Douglas Almond. 2016. Data and Code for: \"Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E112914V1."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20161150"},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"International Federation of Robotics. 2001. World Robotics: Statistics, Market Analysis, Forecasts, Case Studies and Profitability of Robot Investment. New York, Geneva: United Nations."},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"International Federation of Robotics. 2006. World Robotics - Industrial Robots. International Federation of Robotics."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger, Kirsten. 2016. EU KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts 2017 Release: Description of Methodology and General Notes. The Conference Board Europe. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34894\/8ZJB7D."},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Jaimovich, Nir, and Henry E. Siu. 2019. How Automation and Other Forms of IT Affect the Middle Class: Assessing the Estimates. Brookings Economic Studies."},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"Johnson, Rucker, and C. Kirabo Jackson. 2019. Data and Code for: \"Reducing Inequality through Dynamic Complementarity: Evidence from Head Start and Public School Spending.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E186164V1."},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684856"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118323"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118494"},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"Lavecchia, Adam M., Heidi Liu, and Philip Oreopoulos. 2016. \"Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 5, edited by Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, 1-74. Elsevier."},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150079"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20211063"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/660775"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00366"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/690828"},{"key":"p_75","unstructured":"Shapiro, Doug, Afet Dundar, Faye Huie, Phoebe Khasiala Wakhungu, Xin Yuan, Angel Nathan, and Youngsik Hwang. 2017. Tracking Transfer: Measures of Effectiveness in Helping Community College Students to Complete Bachelor's Degrees (Signature Report No. 13). National Student Clearinghouse Research Center."},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.301"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart, Bryan A. 2022a. Data and Code for: \"The Long-Run Effects of Recessions on Education and Income.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E122001V1.","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180055"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180055"},{"key":"p_79","unstructured":"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER). 2021. SEER*Stat Database: Populations - 19 Age Groups (1969-2020). Katrina\/Rita Adjustment. Linked to County Attributes. Total US, 1969-2020 Counties. https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/popdata.thru.2020\/download.html (accessed March 15, 2021)."},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.58.1.1119-10566R2"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdu044"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20220407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:40:36Z","timestamp":1753882836000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20220407"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20220407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20220407","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:48:06Z","timestamp":1778640486048,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the impact of expanded adult Medicaid eligibility on the enrollment of already-eligible children. We analyze the 2008 Oregon Medicaid lottery, in which some low-income uninsured adults were randomly selected to be allowed to apply for Medicaid. Children in these households were eligible for Medicaid irrespective of the lottery outcome. We estimate statistically significant but transitory impacts of adult lottery selection on child Medicaid enrollment: at three months after the lottery, for every nine adults who enrolled in Medicaid due to winning the lottery, one additional child also enrolled. Our results shed light on the existence, magnitude, and nature of so-called \u201cwoodwork effects.\u201d (JEL G22, H75, I13, I18, I38, J13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1659096933000},"page":"273-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Out of the Woodwork: Enrollment Spillovers in the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Sacarny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NBER, and J-PAL (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Baicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, MIT, NBER, and J-PAL (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, NBER, and J-PAL (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321947119"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizer, Anna, and Jeffrey Grogger. 2003. \"Parental Medicaid Expansions and Health Insurance Coverage.\" NBER Working Paper 9907.","DOI":"10.3386\/w9907"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders, Jenna, and Charlie Rafkin. 2021. \"The Welfare Effects of Eligibility Expansions: Theory and Evidence from SNAP.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4140433"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1453-8"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00019026"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.5.322"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1212321"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Berkobien, Rick. 2008. Background Brief on Oregon Health Plan. https:\/\/www.oregonlegislature.gov\/ citizen_engagement\/Reports\/2004FF_Oregon_Health_Plan.pdf."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121493"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Blumberg, Linda J., John Holahan, Michael Karpman, and Caroline Elmendorf. 2018. Characteristics of the Remaining Uninsured: An Update. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Currie, Janet. 2006. \"The Take-Up of Social Bene ts.\" In Public Policy and the Income Distribution, 80-148, edited by Alan J. Auerbach, David Card, and John M. Quigley. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946683"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180076"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3145"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1812"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00177"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz013"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkelstein, Amy, Sarah Taubman, Heidi Allen, Jonathan Gruber, Joseph P. Newhouse, Bill Wright, Kate Baicker, and the Oregon Health Study Group. 2010. Oregon Health Insurance Experiment Analysis Plan: Evidence from the First Year. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/sites\/default\/ les\/2020-02\/analysis-plan-one-year-2010-12-01.pdf.","DOI":"10.3386\/w17190"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1609533"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs020"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.02.004"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coep.12392"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homonoff, Tatiana, and Jason Somerville. 2020. \"Program Recerti cation Costs: Evidence from SNAP.\" NBER Working paper 27311.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27311"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0347"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2019. \"State Health Facts.\" Trends in Medicaid Income Eligibility Limits. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190703022842\/https:\/\/www.kff.org\/data-collection\/trends-in-medicaid-income-eligibility-limits\/ (accessed August 12, 2019)."},{"key":"p_26","first-page":"2009","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"National Academy for State Health Policy. n.d. State CHIP Fact Sheets-2008: Oregon. National Academy for State Health Policy."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Norman, J., and E. Ferguson. 2009. \"Republican Governors Protest Medicaid `Unfunded Mandate' in Baucus Bill.\" Congressional Quarterly HealthBeat."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Oregon Department of Human Services. 2008a. Oregon Health Plan Annual Report. Gresham, OR: Oregon Department of Human Services. http:\/\/library.state.or.us\/repository\/2010\/201008130926135\/2007-2008.pdf."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Oregon Department of Human Services. 2008b. OHP Standard Reservation List: Application Progress Report. Gresham, OR: Oregon Department of Human Services."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Oregon Department of Human Services. 2008c. \"OHP Client FAQs: Eligibility & Enrollment.\" https:\/\/ web.archive.org\/web\/20081205123307\/http:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/DHS\/healthplan\/data_pubs\/faqs\/ faqclientenroll.shtml#1 (accessed September 11, 2019)."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Oregon Department of Human Services. 2019. \"OHP Client FAQs: Enrollment.\" https:\/\/web. archive.org\/web\/20081205123307\/http:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/DHS\/healthplan\/data_pubs\/faqs\/ faqclientenroll.shtml#1 (accessed September 11, 2019)."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Oregon Division of Medical Assistance Programs (DMAP). 2008. Oregon Health Insurance Experiment Reservation Lists [Dataset]."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Oregon Division of Medical Assistance Programs (DMAP). 2016. Oregon Medicaid Enrollment Data [Dataset]."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Oregon Health Study Group. 2010. The Oregon Health Care Survey [Dataset]. https:\/\/www.nber. org\/programs-projects\/projects-and-centers\/oregon-health-insurance-experiment\/oregon-healthinsurance-experiment-documents."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2006. Oregon Health Plan Medicaid Demonstration Analysis of Calendar Years 2008 & 2009 Average Costs [WWW Document]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/ web\/20100812040809\/http:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/DHS\/healthplan\/data_pubs\/rates-costs\/pcc2007-09report-final.pdf (accessed December 12, 2020)."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Sacarny, Adam, Katherine Baicker, and Amy Finkelstein. 2022. \"Replication Data for: Out of the Woodwork: Enrollment Spillovers in the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E143081V1."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12397"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1104948"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0360"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246183"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.1325"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:17:08Z","timestamp":1659097028000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200172"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200172","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T03:45:45Z","timestamp":1774496745333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study tax loss asymmetry for S corporate owners. These owners use most losses contemporaneously, reducing the tax asymmetry compared to C corporations. However, these owners face distortions due to the progressive individual tax schedule. The value of this asymmetry is approximately $3.5 billion per year. We find that this asymmetry creates disincentives for risky investment and causes allocative inefficiencies among loss and gains owners. Finally, we simulate the effects of certain provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act; we estimate that these provisions\u2014especially section 199A\u2014reduce the behavioral distortions of the asymmetry for S corporate owners. (JEL D22, G32, H25, H32, K34) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:55:24Z","timestamp":1675173324000},"page":"342-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Implications of Tax Loss Asymmetry for Owners of S Corporations"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Goodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of the Treasury (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Saunders-Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Congressional Budget Office (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937819"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297647"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auerbach, Alan J., and James M. Poterba. 1987. \"Tax Loss Carryforwards and Corporate Tax Incentives.\" In The Effects of Taxation on Capital Accumulation, edited by Martin Feldstein, 305-342. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.3386\/w1863"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2010.04.005"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2006.3.16"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2010.1.02"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1983.tb03628.x"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.12.001"},{"issue":"13","key":"p_9","first-page":"1563","volume":"147","author":"DeBacker Jason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tax Notes"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1882847"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson, Victor, Trent Krupa, and Rick C. Laux. 2021. \"Raising the Stakes: How Individual Taxes Affect Risk-Taking by Pass-through Businesses.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3793969"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentry, William M., and R. Glenn Hubbard. 2004. \"`Success Taxes,' Entrepreneurial Entry, and Innovation.\" NBER Working Paper 10551.","DOI":"10.3386\/w10551"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Goodman, Lucas, Elena Patel, and Molly Saunders-Scott. 2023. \"Replication data for: Implications of Tax Loss Asymmetry for Owners of S Corporations.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.38886\/E148483V1."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(95)00857-B"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2007.10.001"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassett, Kevin A., and R. Glenn Hubbard. 2002. \"Tax Policy and Business Investment.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 3, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, 1293-1343. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4420(02)80024-6"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2018.4.04"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4101(03)00019-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_19","first-page":"51","volume":"11","author":"Shevlin Terry","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Taxation Association"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180406"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140855"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T14:02:40Z","timestamp":1675173760000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200311"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200311","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T07:43:49Z","timestamp":1774165429690,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We investigate the use of high-powered incentives for the Colombian military and show that this practice produced perverse side effects. Innocent civilians were killed and misrepresented as guerillas (a phenomenon known in Colombia as \u201cfalse positives\u201d). There were significantly more false positives during the period of high-powered incentives in municipalities with weaker judicial institutions and where a higher share of brigades were commanded by colonels, who have stronger career concerns than generals. In municipalities with a higher share of colonels, the high-powered incentives period also coincided with a worsening of local judicial institutions and no discernible improvement in overall security. (JEL D72, D74, D82, K41, K42, O17) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T12:36:58Z","timestamp":1596026218000},"page":"1-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Perils of High-Powered Incentives: Evidence from Colombia\u2019s False Positives"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daron","family":"Acemoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building E18, Room 269D, Cambridge, MA 02142 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leopoldo","family":"Fergusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A\u201312 Bogot\u00e1, Of. W 812, Colombia (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, 1155 E. Sixtieth Street, Chicago, IL 60637 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Columbia University, 420 West 118th Street, New York, NY 10027 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Universidad del Rosario, Calle 12C No. 4-69, Oficina 315, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewm055"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"2014","author":"Acevedo Karina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Documento Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Econ\u00f3mico"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261831"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118358"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.487"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675910"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/661983"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0120-4483(13)70011-3"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(98)00084-0"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1833"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt008"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx037"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_32","first-page":"378","volume":"87","author":"Dixit Avinash","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.4.1241"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160008"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.2.119"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/7.special_issue.24"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009510107"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698441"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555559"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_59","first-page":"113","volume":"42","author":"Prendergast Canice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Economic and Social Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_60","first-page":"396","volume":"21","author":"Restrepo Jorge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Homo Oeconomicus"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2009942"},{"key":"p_62","first-page":"153","author":"Stulberg Adam N","year":"2013","journal-title":"Managing Defense Transformation-Agency, Culture and Service Change"},{"key":"p_65","first-page":"990","author":"Tilly Charles","year":"1990","journal-title":"AD"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T12:39:11Z","timestamp":1596026351000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180168"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180168","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:12:58Z","timestamp":1774458778253,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We use detailed data from a large retail panel to study the effect of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on the composition and nutrient content of foods purchased for at-home consumption. We find that the effect of SNAP participation is small relative to the cross-sectional variation in most of the outcomes we consider. Estimates from a model relating the composition of a household\u2019s food purchases to the household\u2019s current level of food spending imply that closing the gap in food spending between high- and low-SES households would not close the gap in summary measures of food healthfulness. (JEL D12, H75, I12, I18, L66)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1627387335000},"page":"277-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Effect of SNAP on the Composition of Purchased Foods: Evidence and Implications"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Justine","family":"Hastings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse M.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, Anju, Pablo Monsivais, and Adam Drewnowski. 2012. \"Nutrient Intakes Linked to Better Health Outcomes Are Associated with Higher Diet Costs in the US.\" PLoS ONE 7 (5): Article e37533.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037533"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz015"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Anderson, Patricia M., and Kristin F. Butcher. 2016. The Relationships among SNAP Benefits, Grocery Spending, Diet Quality, and the Adequacy of Low-Income Families' Resources. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.04.035"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00682"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Anonymous Retailer. 2020. \"Retail Panel Data for Replication of Hastings et al. 2020.\" Unpublished data (accessed April 24, 2020)."},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Bartlett, Susan, Jacob Klerman, Lauren Olsho, Christopher Logan, Michelle Blocklin, Marianne Beauregard, Ayesha Enver, Parke Wilde, Cheryl Owens, and Margaret Melhem. 2014. Evaluation of the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP): Final Report. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1246"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aau097"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitler, Marianne P. 2016. \"The Health and Nutrition Effects of SNAP: Selection into the Program and a Review of the Literature on its Effects.\" In SNAP Matters: How Food Stamps Affect Health and Well Being, edited by Judith Bartfeld, Craig Gundersen, Timothy M. Smeeding, and James P. Ziliak, 134-160. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804796873-008"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Blisard, Noel, Hayden Stewart, and Dean Jolliffe. 2004. Low-Income Households' Expenditures on Fruits and Vegetables. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Agricultural Economic Report 833."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Bronchetti, Erin T., Garret Christensen, and Benjamin Hansen. 2017. \"Local Food Prices, SNAP, the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, and Nutritional Outcomes.\" http:\/\/ conference.nber.org\/conf_papers\/f101768.pdf."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2019.102231"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2018.01.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_15","first-page":"47","volume":"39","author":"Carlson Andrea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Clay, Marie, Michele Ver Ploeg, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Howard Elitzak, Christian Gregory, David Levin, Constance Newman, and Matthew P. Rabbitt. 2016. \"Comparing National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) Data with Other National Food Surveys' Data.\" United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin 157."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Condon, Elizabeth, Susan Drilea, Keri Jowers, Carolyn Lichtenstein, James Mabli, Emily Madden, and Katherine Niland. 2015. Diet Quality of Americans by SNAP Participation Status: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2010. Rockville, MD: Walter R. McDonald and Associates, Inc. and Mathematica Policy Research."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12364"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.021"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073395"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Falk, Gene, Karen E. Lynch, and Jessica Tollestrup. 2018. Federal Spending on Benefits and Services for People with Low Income: In Brief. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2013. A Food Labeling Guide: Guidance for Industry. College Park, MD: FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, U.S. Code 7 \u00a7 2011 (2017)."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). 2012. Building a Healthy America: A Profile of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). 2016. \"SNAP Data Tables.\" Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. http:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/pd\/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap (accessed May 25, 2016.)"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). 2017. \"Eligible Food Items.\" Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. http:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/eligible-food-items (accessed January 14, 2017)."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Fox, Mary Kay, William Hamilton, and Biing-Hwan Lin. 2004. Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume 4, Executive Summary of the Literature Review. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report 19-4."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.019"},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"29","author":"Frazao Elizabeth","year":"2007","journal-title":"United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180609"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.101360"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.1.64"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Garasky, Steven, Kassim Mbwana, Andres Romualdo, Alex Tenaglio, and Manan Roy. 2016. Foods Typically Purchased by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Households. Alexandria, VA: United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104054"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Gregory, Christian, Michelle Ver Ploeg, Margaret Andrews, and Alisha Coleman-Jensen. 2013. \" Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Participation Leads to Modest Changes in Diet Quality.\" United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Research Report 147."},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"74","author":"Gregory Christian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ziliak"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Griffith, Rachel, Martin O'Connell, and Kate Smith. 2012. \"The Socioeconomic Gradient in Diet.\" Presentation to the NBER Summer Institute."},{"issue":"6","key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.147173","volume":"105","author":"Grummon Anna H","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.183079"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Gundersen, Craig. 2016. \"SNAP and Obesity.\" In SNAP Matters: How Food Stamps Affect Health and Well Being, edited by Judith Bartfeld, Craig Gundersen, Timothy M. Smeeding, and James P. Ziliak,161-85. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handbury, Jessie, Ilya Rahkovsky, and Molly Schnell. 2016. \"Is the Focus on Food Deserts Fruitless? Retail Access and Food Purchases across the Socioeconomic Spectrum.\" NBER Working Paper 21126.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21126"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912775"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Hansen, Roger Garuth, Bonita W. Wyse, and Ann W. Sorenson. 1979. Nutritional Quality Index of Foods. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing Company."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Hartline-Grafton, Heather. 2013. SNAP and Public Health: The Role of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in Improving the Health and Well-Being of Americans. Washington, DC: Food Research and Action Center."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. 2017. \"Food Assistance Programs.\" https:\/\/www.hsph. harvard.edu\/obesity-prevention-source\/obesity-prevention\/food-environment\/food-assistanceprograms\/#source-list (accessed August 3, 2017)."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Hastings, Justine, Ryan Kessler, and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2021. \"Replication data for: The Effect of SNAP on the Composition of Purchased Foods: Evidence and Implications.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E119105V1."},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20170866"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.4.109"},{"key":"p_48","first-page":"102327","volume":"2020","author":"Hut Stefan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hut, Stefan, and Emily Oster. 2019. \"Changes in Household Diet: Determinants and Predictability. https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/research\/projects\/oster\/sites\/brown.edu.research.projects.oster\/files\/ uploads\/predicting_diet.pdf (accessed May 3, 2021).","DOI":"10.3386\/w24892"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00011"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Information Resources, Inc (IRI). 2016. \"Nutrition Fact Panel and Range Attributes.\" IRI Market Advantage Services. https:\/\/www.iriworldwide.com\/ (accessed July 31, 2016)."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.08.039"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20601"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2012.682828"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Lin, Biing-Hwan, and Joanne Guthrie. 2012. \"Nutritional Quality of Food Prepared at Home and Away from Home, 1977-2008.\" United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin 105."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2012.11.010"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/erae\/jbs012"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Mabli, James, Laura Castner, James Ohls, Mary Kay Fox, Mary Kay Crepinsek, and Elizabeth Condon. 2010. Food Expenditures and Diet Quality among Low-Income Households and Individuals. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research."},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Mancino, Lisa, Jessica E. Todd, and Benjamin Scharadin. 2018. \"USDA's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey: Methodology for Imputing Missing Quantities to Calculate Healthy Eating Index-2010 Scores and Sort Foods into ERS Food Groups.\" United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Technical Bulletin 1947."},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aepp\/ppr023"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Mills, Gregory, Tracy Vericker, Heather Koball, Kye Lippold, Laura Wheaton, and Sam Elkin. 2014. Understanding the Rates, Causes, and Costs of Churning in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Final Report. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Service."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.122333"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2656"},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Nielsen Company, LLC. 2017a. \"Nielsen Homescan Consumer Panel.\" University of Chicago Booth School of Business Kilts Center for Marketing. https:\/\/www.chicagobooth.edu\/research\/kilts\/datasets\/nielsenIQ-nielsen (accessed April 5, 2017)."},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"Nielsen Company, LLC. 2017b. \"Nielsen Homescan Panel Omnibus Survey.\" https:\/\/www.nielsen. com\/us\/en\/solutions\/capabilities\/consumer-panels\/ (accessed April 5, 2017)."},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160232"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004277"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.015560"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.01.019"},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore. 2013. \"Proposals to Ban Purchase of Sugary Drink with Food Stamps Won't Work.\" Christian Science Monitor, March 13. https:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/Commentary\/ Opinion\/2013\/0313\/Proposals-to-ban-purchase-of-sugary-drink-with-food-stamps-won-t-work."},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22113"},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"State of Rhode Island. 2020. \"Rhode Island Administrative Data for Replication of Hastings et al. 2020.\" Unpublished data (accessed April 28, 2020)."},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"Tiehen, Laura, Constance Newman, and John A. Kirlin. 2017. \"The Food-Spending Patterns of Households Participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Findings from USDA's FoodAPS.\" United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin 176."},{"key":"p_74","unstructured":"Todd, Jessica E., and Benjamin Scharadin. 2016. \"Where Households Get Food in a Typical Week: Findings from USDA's FoodAPS.\" United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin 156."},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301970"},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2016. \"QuickFacts: United States.\" United States Census Bureau. http:\/\/www. census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/PST045216 (accessed August 2, 2017)."},{"key":"p_77","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2007. \"Thrifty Food Plan, 2006.\" USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Paper 19."},{"key":"p_78","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service Nutrient Data Laboratory. 2016a. \"Release 28 (Slightly revised).\" USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-researchcenter\/methods-and-application-of-food-composition-laboratory\/mafcl-site-pages\/sr11-sr28\/ (accessed February 17, 2017)."},{"key":"p_79","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2016b. \"User's Guide to Survey Design, Data, Collection, and Overview of Datasets.\" National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS). https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/foodaps-national-household-food-acquisition-andpurchase-survey (accessed April 12, 2017)."},{"key":"p_80","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service Nutrient Data Laboratory. 2018. \"USDA Branded Food Products.\" USDA Branded Food Products Database. https:\/\/data.nal. usda.gov\/dataset\/usda-branded-food-products-database (accessed February 2, 2017)."},{"key":"p_81","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2010. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, DC: USDA and HHS."},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.12.006"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.3422"},{"key":"p_84","unstructured":"Woolf, Steven H., Paula Braveman, and Benjamin F. Evans. 2013. The Health Implications of Reduced Food Stamp Eligibility. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University Center on Human Needs."},{"key":"p_85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2010.05.010"},{"key":"p_86","unstructured":"Yen, Steven T., Panagiotis P. Kasteridis, and John B. Riley. 2012. \"Food Expenditures Away from Home by Elderly Households.\" Paper presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association 2012 Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, August 12-14."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190350","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T14:29:27Z","timestamp":1699280967000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190350"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190350","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1768476521108,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We provide experimental evidence on the impact of specific faculty behaviors aimed at increasing student success for college students from historically underrepresented groups. The intervention was developed after conducting in-person focus groups and a pilot experiment. We find significant positive treatment effects across a multitude of short- and longer-run outcomes. Specifically, underrep-resented students in the treatment report more positive perceptions of the professor and earned higher course grades. These positive effects persisted over the next several years, with students in the treatment more likely to persist in college, resulting in increased credit accumulation and degree completion. (JEL I22, I23, I28, J15, J44) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:16:25Z","timestamp":1698754585000},"page":"113-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["My Professor Cares: Experimental Evidence on the Role of Faculty Engagement"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Carrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kurlaender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Davis School of Education (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22190"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.1.136"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2014.0019"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Astin, Alexander W. 1993. What Matters in College? Four Critical Years Revisited. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_5","first-page":"518","volume":"40","author":"Astin Alexander W","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Development"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athey, Susan, and Guido W. Imbens. 2017. \"The Econometrics of Randomized Experiments Handbook of Economic Field Experiment.\" In Handbook of Economic Field Experiments, Vol. 1, edited by Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee and Esther Du o, 73-140. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hefe.2016.10.003"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery, Christopher, and Thomas J. Kane. 2004. \"Student Perceptions of College Opportunities. The Boston COACH Program.\" In College Choices: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay For It, edited by Caroline M. Hoxby, 355-394. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226355375.003.0009"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2018.3131"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Bailey, Martha J., and Susan M. Dynarski. 2011. \"Inequality in Postsecondary Education.\" In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, 117-132. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212215"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.106.3.410"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2802_3"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.41.3.586"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.4.73"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Barr, Andrew, and Benjamin Castleman. 2017. \"The Bottom Line on College Counseling.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Baum, Sandy, Jennifer Ma, and Kathleen Payea. 2013. Education Pays: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society. New York, NY: The College Board."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2012.05.001"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373713500523"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Bettinger, Eric P. and Bridget Long. 2006. \"The Increasing Use of Adjunct Instructors at Public Institutions: Are we Hurting Students?\" In Assessing Public Higher Education at the Start of the 21st Century, edited by R. Ehrenbergm."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00014"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs017"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2014.04.002"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2018.1429037"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707025"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, Deven E., Felix Elwert, Nicholas Hillman, Alex Schmidt, and Barbara L. Wolfe. 2019. \"The Effects of Financial Aid Grant Offers on Postsecondary Educational Outcomes: New Experimental Evidence from the Fund for Wisconsin Scholars.\" NBER Working Paper 26419.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26419"},{"key":"p_26","author":"Carrell Scott E","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. https:\/\/www.socialscienceregistry.org\/trials\/5875."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrell, Scott E., and Michal Kurlaender. 2020b. \"My Professor Cares: Experimental Evidence on the Role of Faculty Engagement.\" NBER Working Paper 27312.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27312"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Carrell, Scott E., and Michal Kurlaender. 2023. \"Replication data for: My Professor Cares: Experimental Evidence on the Role of Faculty Engagement.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.38886\/E169341V1."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.3.1101"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20150530"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653808"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21743"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2018.1517849"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XL.3.647"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.8.2567"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00529"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2009.0024"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Holzer, Harry J., and Sandy Baum. 2017. Making College Work: Pathways to Success for Disadvantaged Students. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2013.0000"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline, and Sarah Turner. 2013. \"Expanding College Opportunities.\" Education Next 13 (4)."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/rhe.2001.0005"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555253"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Leonhardt, David. 2014. \"Is College Worth It? Clearly, New Data Say.\" New York Times, May 27. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/05\/27\/upshot\/is-college-worth-it-clearly-new-data-say.html."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.2.221"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10772989"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-018-09597-5"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, M. C., Maithreyi Gopalan., Evelyn R. Carter, Katherine Emerson, Bette Bottoms, and Gregory Walton. 2020. \"A Customized Belonging Intervention Improves Retention of Socially Disadvantaged Students at a Broad-Access University.\" Science Advances 6 (29).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba4677"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. 2020. \"Table 326.10.\" Digest of Education Statistics. https:\/\/ nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_326.10.asp."},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oreopoulos, Philip, and Uros Petronijevic. 2019. \"The Remarkable Unresponsiveness of College Students to Nudging and What We Can Learn from It.\" NBER Working Paper 26059.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26059"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2020.01.009"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2014. The Rising Cost of Not Going to College. Washington DC: Pew Research Center."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, Meredith. and Reber, Sarah. 2019. \"Does Virtual Advising Increase College Enrollment? Evidence from a Random Assignment College Access Field Experiment.\" NBER Working Paper 26509.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26509"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212486"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.07.009"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Ran, Florence Xiaotao, and Di Xu. 2017. \"How and Why do Adjunct Instructors Affect Students' Academic Outcomes? Evidence from Two-Year and Four-Year Colleges.\" Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment Working Paper."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Ray, Julie, and Stephanie Marken. 2014. Life in College Matters for Life After College. Washington, DC: Gallup."},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01191156"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0895904802016004010"},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Snyder, Thomas D., and Sally A. Dillow. 2013. \"Digest of Education Statistics 2012 (NCES 2014-015).\" National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences. https:\/\/nces. ed.gov\/pubs2014\/2014015.pdf."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele, Claude M. 1988. \"The Psychology of Self-Af rmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self.\" In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 21, edited by Leonard Berkowitz, 261-99. New York: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60229-4"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613518349"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strayhorn, Terrell. 2012. College Students' Sense of Belonging: A Key to Educational Success for all Students. New York: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203118924"},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New London, CN: Yale University Press."},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinto, Vincent. 1993. Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Curses of Student Attrition. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226922461.001.0001"},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"Turner, Sarah. 2018. The Policy Imperative: Policy Tools Should Create Incentives for College Completion. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute."},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-004-1598-1"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Walton, Gregory M., and Shannon Brady. 2017. \"The Many Questions of Belonging.\" In Handbook of Competence and Motivation 2nd Edition, edited by Andrew Elliot, Carol Dweck, and David Yeager, 272-93). New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198364"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654311405999"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524360113"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1698754711000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210699"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210699","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:08:38Z","timestamp":1767830918576,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper studies racial segregation in schools using data on student friendships from Add Health. I estimate an equilibrium model of friendship formation, with preferences allowing both homophily and heterophily in direct and indirect ties. I find that homophily goes beyond direct links: students also prefer racially homogeneous indirect friends, while there is heterophily in income. I simulate policies reallocating students across schools. Race-based policies have nonlinear effects on within-school segregation and other network features such as clustering and centrality. Policies increasing diversity through reallocations based on income have less impact on racial segregation. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T12:14:06Z","timestamp":1588248846000},"page":"228-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Does School Desegregation Promote Diverse Interactions? An Equilibrium Model of Segregation within Schools"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Mele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Carey Business School, 100 International Drive, Baltimore, MD 21202 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdr004"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"1981","volume":"9","author":"Airoldi Edoardo M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556269"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554935"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_5","first-page":"1483","volume":"19","author":"Amemiya Takeshi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.2.34"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828043052169"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2006.01115.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00999.x","volume":"36","author":"Besag Julian","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1993.1023"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iere.12101"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12096","volume":"20","author":"Boucher Vincent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econometrics Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.09.004","volume":"33","author":"Caimo Alberto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00550.x"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10168"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2009.08.003"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.35"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7528"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555361"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.2.241"},{"key":"p_26","first-page":"268","author":"DePaula \u00c1ureo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Eleventh World Congress (Econometric Society Monographs)"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA13564","volume":"86","author":"DePaula \u00c1ureo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.441"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212198"},{"issue":"395","key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478342","volume":"81","author":"Frank Ove","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/004912417800600401","volume":"6","author":"Freeman Linton C","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sociological Methods and Research"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198523567.003.0038","volume":"5","author":"Gelman A., G.O.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bayesian Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1992.tb01443.x","volume":"54","author":"Geyer Charles J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"p_35","author":"Golub Benjamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Economics and Statistics."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA12679"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1909757"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2426"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_40","first-page":"299","volume":"14","author":"Jackson Matthew O","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seoul Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1996.0108"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2015.04.001"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1080\/00949650902882162","volume":"80","author":"Liang Faming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Computing and Simulation"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.2.130"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10400","volume":"85","author":"Mele Angelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1996.0044"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338954"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00448.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2016.2.5.03","volume":"2","author":"Reardon Sean F","year":"2016","journal-title":"Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences"},{"key":"p_60","author":"Snijders Tom A.B.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Social Structure 3 (2)."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00240"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00169"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_63","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Wainwright Martin J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:06:22Z","timestamp":1722816382000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170604"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170604","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:11:55Z","timestamp":1772010715073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Men and women tend to hold different jobs. Are these differences present already in the types of jobs men and women apply for? Using administrative data on job applications made by the universe of Danish unemployment insurance recipients, we provide evidence on gender differences in applied-for jobs for the broader labor market. Across a range of job characteristics, we find large gender gaps in the share of applications going to different job types even among observationally similar men and women. In a standard decomposition, gender differences in applications can explain more than 70 percent of the residual gender wage gap. (JEL J16, J31, J64, J65, J71) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1714564556000},"page":"182-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Gender Application Gap: Do Men and Women Apply for the Same Jobs?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Fluchtmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University; OECD (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita M.","family":"Glenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaj A.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Maibom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, IZA, and ECONAU (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00020"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Ahmed, Ali, Mark Granberg, and Shantanu Khanna. 2020. \"Gender Discrimination in Hiring: An Experimental Reexamination of the Swedish Case.\" OSF. November 13. doi:10.17605\/OSF.IO\/ PJRF5."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Granberg Mark","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Ahrens, Achim, Christian B. Hansen, and Mark E. Schaffer. 2018. \"PDSLASSO: Stata Module for Post-Selection and Post-Regularization OLS or IV Estimation and Inference.\" Statistical Software Components."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahrens, Achim, Christian B. Hansen, and Mark E. Schaffer. 2019a. \"Lassopack: Model Selection and Prediction with Regularized Regression in Stata.\" IZA Discussion Papers 12081.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3323196"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Ahrens, Achim, Christian B. Hansen, and Mark E Schaffer. 2019b. \"LASSOPACK: Stata Module for Lasso, Square-Root Lasso, Elastic Net, Ridge, Adaptive Lasso Estimation and Cross-Validation.\" Statistical Software Components."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666536"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2007.00533.x"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and Brigham Frandsen. 2022. \"Machine Labor.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1086\/717933"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080217-053433"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banfi, Stefano, Sekyu Choi, and Benjamin Villena-Roldan. 2019. \"Deconstructing Job Search Behavior.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3323545"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2022.104128"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1120.0757"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt044"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2015.1102733"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_16","first-page":"393","volume":"5","author":"Acabbi Edoardo Maria","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Economic Review: Insights"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20160995"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979390205600106"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.02.011"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv038"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt006"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_22","first-page":"1220","volume":"83","author":"Loury Glenn","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortes, Patricia, Jessica Pan, Laura Pilossoph, and Basit Zafar. 2020. \"Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from Business Majors.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3851823"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcy020"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Danish Economic Council. 2014. Danish Economy, Autumn Report. Horsens, Denmark: Danish Economic Council."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171954"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2088328"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Engman, Theis Stenholt. 2019. M\u00e6nd F\u00e5r Oftere Job Gennem Netv\u00e6rk Og Bliver Lidt Oftere Headhuntet end Kvinder. Copenhagen: Statistics Denmark."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-012-9132-2"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Flinn, Christopher, Petra Todd, and Weilong Zhang. 2020. \"Personality Traits, Job Search and the Gender Wage Gap.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_31","first-page":"122","volume":"82","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Fluchtmann, Jonas, Anita M. Glenny, Nikolaj A. Harmon, and Jonas Maibom. 2024. \"Replication Data for: The Gender Application Gap: Do Men and Women Apply for the Same Jobs?\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E192369V1."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortin, Nicole, Thomas Lemieux, and Sergio Firpo. 2011. \"Decomposition Methods in Economics.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. 4, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1-102. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)00407-2"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"58","author":"Lesner Rune V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Labour Economics 56 (C)"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_35","first-page":"2077","volume":"65","author":"Laura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx006"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1091"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.4.715"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Harmon, Nikolaj. 2015. \"Are Workers Better Matched in Large Labor Markets?\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotz, V. Joseph, Per Johansson, and Arizo Karimi. 2018. \"Parenthood, Family Friendly Workplaces, and the Gender Gaps in Early Work Careers.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3236426"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180010"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.36.4.81"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, Peter, Kailing Shen, and Shuo Zhang. 2018. \"Gender-Targeted Job Ads in the Recruitment Process: Evidence from China.\" IZA Discussion Paper 12022.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25365"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180652"},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Larsen, Mona, and Malene Rode Larsen. 2018. \"Forskelle Mellem Kvinders og M\u00e6nds Timel\u00f8n.\" VIVE-The Danish Center for Social Science Research. https:\/\/www.vive.dk\/da\/udgivelser\/ forskelle-mellem-kvinders-og-maends-timeloen-3x8rpyvo\/."},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa033"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_47","first-page":"340","volume":"73","author":"Startz Richard","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141467"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maestas, Nicole, Kathleen Mullen, David Powell, Till von Wachter, and Jeffrey Wenger. 2019. \"The Value of Working Conditions in the United States and Implications for the Structure of Wages.\" NBER Working Paper 25204.","DOI":"10.7249\/WR1287"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahlstedt, Robert, Alexander Sebald, Sofie Cairo, and Steffen Altmann. 2019. \"Complexity and the Effectiveness of Public Policy.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.2666"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_51","first-page":"607","volume":"64","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Economic Review"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa037"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_53","first-page":"535","volume":"38","author":"Wolthoff Ronald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.87"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumark, David. 2004. Sex Differences in Labor Markets. London: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203799918"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20161309"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1067"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080614-115329"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00080"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rich, Judith. 2014. \"What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted Since 2000.\" IZA Discussion Paper 8584","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2517887"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Rousille, Nina. 2021. \"The Central Role of the Ask Gap in Gender Pay Inequality.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2018.3107"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"STAR. 2019. Data on Joblog job applications delivered April 2019"},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark. 2022. BFL, Employment Statistics for Employees (accessed November, 2022)."},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark. 2022. DREAM, Event History in Public Transfer Programs (accessed November, 2022)."},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark. 2022. IDA, Integrated Database for Labor Market Research (accessed November, 2022)."},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark. 2022. ILME, E-income data for non-employed (accessed November, 2022)."},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urminsky, Oleg, Christian Hansen, and Victor Chernozhukov. 2016. \"Using Double-Lasso Regression for Principled Variable Selection.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2733374"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx035"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:57:46Z","timestamp":1714564666000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210607"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210607","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T18:24:14Z","timestamp":1778955854101,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In theory, regulators concerned about inequality will deviate from efficient two-part tariffs, charging lower-than-efficient fixed monthly fees and higher-than-efficient per-kilowatt-hour prices. To quantify that relationship, we develop a measure of the redistributive extent of utility tariffs: the \u201celectric Gini.\u201d Utilities with higher electric Ginis shift more costs from households using relatively little electricity to households using more. In practice, US utilities whose ratepayers have more unequal incomes have higher electric Ginis. But electricity demand is only loosely correlated with income, which means that electricity prices are an indirect and ineffective policy for countering income inequality. (JEL D31, L11, L94, L98) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T12:30:55Z","timestamp":1651235455000},"page":"341-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Electric Gini: Income Redistribution through Energy Prices"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Arik","family":"Levinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilson","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Bonbright, James C., Albert L. Danielsen, and David R. Kamerschen. 1988. Principles of Public Utility Rates. 2nd ed. Arlington, VA: Public Utilities Reports, Inc."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.56"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2016.07.013"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein, Severin, and James B. Bushnell. 2018. \"Do Two Electricity Pricing Wrongs Make a Right? Cost Recovery, Externalities, and Ef ciency.\" NBER Working Paper 24756.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24756"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/661958"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brolinson, Becka. 2020. \"Does Increasing Block Pricing Decrease Energy Use? Evidence from the Residential Electricity Market.\" http:\/\/beckabrolinson.georgetown.domains\/Brolinson_IBPs.pdf.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2020.105076"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.41.1.sbur"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2549764"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3325474"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feger, Fabian, and Doina Radulescu. 2018. \"Redistribution through Income Taxation and Public Utility Pricing in the Presence of Energy Ef ciency Considerations.\" CESifo Working Paper 7195.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3275367"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1880558"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907054"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.2.537"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.02.017"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojima, Masami, and Jace Jeesun Han. 2017. Electricity Tariffs for Nonresidential Customers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/ handle\/10986\/26571\/114848-BRI-PUBLIC-LWLJfinalOKR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.","DOI":"10.1596\/26571"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/701186"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00736"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Levinson, Arik, and Emilson Silva. 2022. \"Replication data for: The Electric Gini: Income Redistribution through Energy Prices.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E130803V1."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). 2015. \"State Low-Income Energy Assistance Snapshots.\" U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/liheapch.acf.hhs.gov\/ snapshots.htm (accessed December 16, 2020)."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"MIT Election Data and Science Lab. 2010-2020. \"County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2020.\" Harvard Dataverse, V9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/VOQCHQ (accessed July 24, 2019)."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1981-2010. \"U.S. Climate Normals.\" National Centers for Environmental Information. https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/data-access\/landbased-station-data\/land-based-datasets\/climate-normals\/1981-2010-normals-data (accessed December 27, 2020)."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2015. \"U.S. Electric Utility Companies and Rates: Look-up by Zipcode (2014).\" https:\/\/data.openei.org\/submissions\/445 (accessed July 2019)."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2019. \"Electric Utility Rates.\" Utility Rate Database. openei. org\/wiki\/Utility_Rate_Database (accessed July 2, 2019)."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. \"American Community Survey.\" U.S. Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census. gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/news\/data-releases.2015.html (accessed February 22, 2019)."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration. 1990-2017. \"Annual Electric Power Industry Report, Form EIA-861 Detailed Data Files\" U.S. Energy Information Administration. www.eia.gov\/electricity\/ data\/eia861\/ (June 5, 2018)."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2009 and 2015. \"Residential Energy Consumption Survey\" U.S. Energy Information Administration. www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992-2018. \"Green Book.\" U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/green-book\/green-book-data-download (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.02.025"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200543","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T17:12:57Z","timestamp":1651252377000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200543"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200543","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T11:06:46Z","timestamp":1759057606851},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper studies the relationship between operational costs and state ownership in Indian railways between 1874 and 1912. We find the move to state ownership significantly decreased working expenses. The cost declines are not driven by anticipation effects, changes in reporting standards, or long run trends. Rather, the evidence suggests the colonial Government of India reduced operational costs by cutting labor costs. Our surprising results can be explained by the undemocratic colonial nature of the Government of India, a fiscal system heavily reliant on railways for revenues, and a regulatory environment under private ownership that weakened incentives to lower costs. (JEL L32, L51, L92, N45, N75, O18, R41) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.1.28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T16:22:45Z","timestamp":1328113365000},"page":"28-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Regulation, Ownership, and Costs: A Historical Perspective from Indian Railways"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Bogart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, University of California, Irvine, 3151 Social Science Plaza, University of California-Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-5100."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Latika","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Economics, Scripps College, 1030 Columbia Avenue, #4072, Claremont, CA 91711."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050700096297"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050710000318"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhn014"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.1.28"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2235248"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499547"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"1951","author":"Caves Douglas W","year":"1980","journal-title":"Railroads"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050709000400"},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"1859","author":"Derbyshire Ian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Financing and Managing the Railways of Colonial North India"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.1.320"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/002205102760273788"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/10.1.75"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.3.729"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.3.699"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4983(75)90004-2"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556250"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1366-5545(01)00003-5"},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"1860","author":"McAlpin Michelle Burge","year":"1974","journal-title":"India"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.39.2.321"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(97)00092-2"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.12.4.133"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2941731"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.1.28","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:39Z","timestamp":1592423559000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.1.28"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.1.28"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.1.28","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1768812216710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> For households that face a possibility of moving across MSAs, the risk of home owning depends on the covariance of the sale prices of their current houses with the purchase prices of their likely future houses. We find empirically that households tend to move between highly correlated MSAs, significantly increasing the distribution of expected correlations in real house price growth across MSAs, and so raising the \u201cmoving-hedge\u201d value of owning. Own\/rent decisions are sensitive to this hedging value, with households being more likely to own when their hedging value is greater due to higher expected correlations and likelihoods of moving. JEL (D14, R21, R23, R31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.2.282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T19:00:55Z","timestamp":1367434855000},"page":"282-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Can Owning a Home Hedge the Risk of Moving?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Todd","family":"Sinai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wharton School-University of Pennsylvania, 1465 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Souleles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wharton School-University of Pennsylvania, 2300 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0335.2008.00708.x"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2005.10.016"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_6","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Case Karl E","year":"2005","journal-title":"B. E. Journal Of Macroeconomics: Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_7","first-page":"125","volume":"79","author":"Case Karl E","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3905\/jpm.1993.409441"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.2000.2205"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.05.002"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2005.04.001"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2009.10.007"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015775"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_16","first-page":"71","volume":"12","author":"Geltner David","year":"1995","journal-title":"real Estate Finance Journal"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303772815763"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_18","first-page":"255","volume":"87","author":"Genesove David","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265561"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhq088"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/mcb.2005.0009"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4616.2007.00071.x"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2005.00759.x"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2011.02.004"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.1994.1015"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-1377(02)00100-6"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2006.383_1.x"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2011.11.001"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2006.01.006"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.10.006"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553053970197"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.2.282"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118444"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.5.2.282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:59Z","timestamp":1592423579000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.5.2.282"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.5.2.282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.5.2.282","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:42:55Z","timestamp":1774935775855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Leaded gasoline is still used globally for aviation and automotive racing. Exploiting regulatory exemptions and a novel quasi-experiment, we find that leaded gasoline use in racing increases ambient lead, elevated blood lead rates, and elderly mortality. The mortality estimates indicate that each gram of lead added to gasoline exceeds $1,100 in damages. Our setting allows us to rule out potential confounders, such as correlated pollutants or socioeconomic status. We provide the first causal estimates linking adult mortality to leaded gasoline, highlight the value of banning on-road leaded gasoline, and present policy-relevant cost estimates at the lowest ambient levels to date. (JEL I12, J14, L71, Q51, Q53) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1627387335000},"page":"345-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Effect of Leaded Gasoline on Elderly Mortality: Evidence from Regulatory Exemptions"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Hollingsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"O\u2019Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Rudik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"153","volume":"7","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, Peter, Michael D. Hurd, Daniel L. McFadden, Angela Merrill, and Tiago Ribeiro. 2004. \"Chapter 11-Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? Tests for Direct Causal Paths between Health and Socioeconomic Status.\" In Perspectives on the Economics of Aging, edited by David A. Wise, 415-518. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226903286.003.0012"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2018. \"Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Lead Toxicity.\" https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/csem\/lead\/docs\/CSEM-Lead_toxicity_508. pdf."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00814"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160404"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, Diane, and Hannes Schwandt. 2019. \"The Impact of Car Pollution on Infant and Child Health: Evidence from Emissions Cheating.\" IZA Discussion Paper 12427.","DOI":"10.21033\/wp-2019-04"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721640115"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Associated Press. 2006. \"NASCAR Of cials Pleased with First Unleaded Test.\" The Oklahoman, August 17. https:\/\/oklahoman.com\/article\/2823432\/nascar-pleased-with-unleaded-fuel-test."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.6.2687"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210293271805"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Bay Area News Group. 2006. \"NASCAR to Begin Phasing in Unleaded Fuel.\" East Bay Times, June 19. https:\/\/www.eastbaytimes.com\/2006\/06\/19\/nascar-to-begin-phasing-in-unleaded-fuel\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_12","first-page":"50","volume":"82","author":"Marc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Belson, Ken. 2011. \"Gentlemen, Start Conserving.\" New York Times, September 12. https:\/\/www. nytimes.com\/2011\/09\/13\/sports\/autoracing\/for-nascar-going-green-is-good-business.html."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Bernstein, Viv. 2006. \"NASCAR Plans to Switch to Unleaded Fuel in '08.\" New York Times, January 20. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/01\/20\/sports\/othersports\/nascar-plans-to-switch-tounleaded-fuel-in-08.html."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.07.006"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160056"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. CDC Response to Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Recommendations in \"Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children: A Renewed Call of Primary Prevention.\" Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/lead\/acclpp\/cdc_response_lead_exposure_recs.pdf."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen, Peter, David A. Keiser, and Gabriel E. Lade. 2019. \"Economic Effects of Environmental Crises: Evidence from Flint, Michigan.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3420526"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen, Peter, Ignacio Sarmiento-Barbieri, and Christopher Timmins. 2020. \"Housing Discrimination and the Toxics Exposure in the United States: Evidence from the Rental Market.\" NBER Working Paper 26805.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26805"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clay, Karen, Margarita Portnykh, and Edson Severnini. 2018. \"Toxic Truth: Lead and Fertility.\" NBER Working Paper 24607.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24607"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2019.03.001"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00396"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Collins, Sam. 2012. \"Formula 1 and the Environment.\" Racecar Engineering, June 23. https:\/\/www. racecar-engineering.com\/tech-explained\/formula-1-and-the-environment\/."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.1.87"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121656"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305774268219"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803322655563"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.1.65"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Cutler, David M. 2004. Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America's Health Care System. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutler, David M., Adriana Lleras-Muney, and Tom Vogl. 2012. \"Chapter 7-Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms.\" In The Oxford Handbook of Health Economics, edited by Sherry Glied and Peter C. Emith, 124-163. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199238828.013.0007"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-006-6666-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_34","first-page":"4178","volume":"109","author":"Heutel Garth","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. 2020. \"Fact Sheet-Leaded Aviation Fuel and the Environment.\" US Department of Transportation, November 20. https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/news\/fact_sheets\/news_story. cfm?newsId=14754."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2016.03.002"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2011.09.003"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.07.012"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Fryer, Jenna. 2006. \"NASCAR Pleased with Unleaded Fuel Test.\" Washington Post."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Fryer, Jenna. 2008. \"Lower Levels Get Hit a Lot Harder by Skyrocketing Fuel Prices.\" ESPN, May 7. https:\/\/www.espn.co.uk\/racing\/nascar\/icons\/news\/story?id=3385901."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Garza, Anibal, Rosario Vega, and Enrique Soto. 2006. \"Cellular Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity.\" Medical Science Monitor 12 (3): RA57-65."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Gazze, Ludovica. 2016. \"Lead Policies, Lead Poisoning, and Government Spending.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazze, Ludovica. 2020. \"The Price and Allocation Effects of Targeted Mandates: Evidence from Lead Hazards.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2021.103345"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800408"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342808"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.10.3038"},{"key":"p_47","first-page":"4","volume":"2017","author":"Nilsson J. Peter","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFAU-Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy Working Paper"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110563"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00831-0"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.03.018"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Hollingsworth, Alex, and Ivan Rudik. 2021. \"Replication data for: The Effect of Leaded Gasoline on Elderly Mortality: Evidence from Regulatory Exemptions.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E120128V1."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Howard, Scripps. 2005. \"EPA Asked NASCAR to Switch Six Years Ago.\" ESPN, March 1. https:\/\/ www.espn.com\/racing\/news\/story?id=2002571."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021100599"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.03.009"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_56","first-page":"A54","volume":"121","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"10","key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140360","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140360","volume":"10","author":"Ryoo Jae-Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Kitman, Jamie Lincoln. 2000. \"The Secret History of Lead.\" The Nation, March 2, https:\/\/www. thenation.com\/article\/archive\/secret-history-lead\/."},{"key":"p_59","first-page":"2019","author":"Mason Henry","year":"2019","journal-title":"US EPA Environmental Economics Working Paper"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00548"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003066"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7688"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30025-2"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1991.10466820"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11241"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg014"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovei, Magda. 1998. Phasing out Lead from Gasoline-An Examination of Policy Approaches in Different Countries. Paris: OECD.","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-4157-X"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Lundgren, Lars J. 2010. Sweden's Environment-Problems and Protection: 1960-2010. 1st ed. Stockholm: Naturv\u00e5rdsverket."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_69","first-page":"144","volume":"8","author":"Lennart","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.21.2443"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meara, Ellen. 2001. \"Why Is Health Related to Socioeconomic Status?\" NBER Working Paper 8231.","DOI":"10.3386\/w8231"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628321"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8061755"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.988"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_75","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"Sherry","year":"2017","journal-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports"},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"Newell, Richard G., and Kristian Rogers. 2003. \"The US Experience with the Phasedown of Lead in Gasoline.\" https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/ckolstad\/www\/Newell.pdf."},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(90)90318-O"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2017019"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620500471221"},{"key":"p_80","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, Nikolas C., Eleftheria G. Hatzidaki, Stamatis Belivanis, George N. Tzanakakis, and Aristidis M. Tsatsakis. 2005. \"Lead Toxicity Update. A Brief Review.\" Medical Science Monitor 11 (10): RA329-36."},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2018.1462710"},{"key":"p_82","unstructured":"Pell, M.B., and Joshua Schneyer. 2016. \"Special Report: Thousands of U.S. Areas Af icted with Lead Poisoning beyond Flint's.\" Reuters, December 19. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-leadtesting-specialreport\/special-report-thousands-of-u-s-areas-afflicted-with-lead-poisoning-beyondflints-idUSKBN1481BT."},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persico, Claudia, and Joanna Venator. 2018. \"The Effects of Local Industrial Pollution on Students and Schools.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3218789"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113995"},{"key":"p_85","unstructured":"Polacek, Micheal A., and Daniel P. Collins. 1968. \"Lead Intoxication in Automotive Sports.\" American Association for Automotive Medicine 12th Annual Symposium. Unpublished."},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390801985117"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00372-3"},{"key":"p_88","author":"Wolpaw Jessica","year":"2007","journal-title":"B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 7 (1): Article 51."},{"key":"p_89","first-page":"11","author":"Jessica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, New England Public Policy Center Working Paper"},{"key":"p_90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12202"},{"key":"p_91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000094995.23808.7b"},{"key":"p_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmalensee, Richard, and Robert N. Stavins. 2018. \"Policy Evolution under the Clean Air Act.\" NBER Working Paper 25309.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25309"},{"key":"p_93","unstructured":"Smith, Chris. 2020. \"Nascar Team Values Flatline as Series Struggles, but Its Leaders Aim to Shift into a Higher Gear.\" Forbes, February 13. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/chrissmith\/2020\/02\/13\/nascarteam-values-flatline-but-series-leaders-aim-to-shift-into-a-higher-gear\/?sh=3d632759371d."},{"key":"p_94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-018-0707-y"},{"key":"p_95","unstructured":"Stock Car Racing. 2009. \"ARCA at 50.\" https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120210074742\/http:\/\/www. stockcarracing.com\/thehistoryof\/51758_50_years_arca\/index.html."},{"key":"p_96","unstructured":"Sunoco. 2018. \"Sunoco Race Fuel 101: Lead and Leaded Racing Fuels.\" Sunoco, April 18. https:\/\/ www.sunocoracefuels.com\/tech-article\/race-fuel-101-lead-leaded-racing-fuels."},{"key":"p_97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.eg.20.110195.001505"},{"key":"p_98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2008.0015"},{"key":"p_99","unstructured":"UN Environment Programme. 2020. \"The Lead Campaign.\" UN Environment Programme. https:\/\/ www.unep.org\/explore-topics\/transport\/what-we-do\/partnership-clean-fuels-and-vehicles\/leadcampaign."},{"key":"p_100","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1989. \"Final Rule: Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends Sold in Calendar Years 1989 and Beyond. 54 FR 11868.\""},{"key":"p_101","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1990. \"Final Rule: Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends Sold in Calendar Years 1992 and Beyond. 55 FR 23658.\""},{"key":"p_102","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1994. \"Automobile Emissions: An Overview. Fact Sheet OMS-5.\""},{"key":"p_103","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2006. Air Quality Criteria for Lead (Final Report, 2006). Washington, DC: US EPA."},{"key":"p_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wusz, Tim. 1994. \"Gasoline for NASCAR Stock Car Racing: 1951-1994.\" SAE International Technical Paper 942539.","DOI":"10.4271\/942539"},{"key":"p_105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-012-0280-z"},{"key":"p_106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691686"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190654","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:03:20Z","timestamp":1627387400000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190654"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190654","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T21:12:49Z","timestamp":1775509969174,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Increasing the attractiveness of voting is often seen as a remedy for unequal participation and the influence of special-interest groups on public policy. However, lower voting costs may also bring less informed citizens to the poll, thereby inviting efforts to sway these voters. We substantiate this argument in a probabilistic voting model with campaign contributions. In an empirical analysis for the 26 Swiss cantons, we find that lower voting costs due to postal voting are related to higher turnout, lower average education and political knowledge of participants as well as lower government welfare expenditures and lower business taxation. (JEL D72, H25, H75, I20, I38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T19:26:58Z","timestamp":1422559618000},"page":"141-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Effects of Voting Costs on the Democratic Process and Public Finances"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Hodler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen, Bodanstrasse 8, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Luechinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Lucerne, Frohburgstrasse 3, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alois","family":"Stutzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Basel, Peter Merian-Weg 6, 4002 Basel, Switzerland (e-mail: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2944880"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PUCH.0000024161.44798.ef"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970706"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041464443"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1542476042782251"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.1993.tb00066.x"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.380"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00548.x"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2011.02451.x"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12031"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2013.5"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0950-0804.2004.00229.x"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297852"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262065"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2008.05.004"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/660731"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0092-5853.2005.00113.x"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2952255"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1662-6370.2007.tb00075.x"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01047803"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261013"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00234"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2001.2793"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1953324"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0343.00057"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.1.229"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00284"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_42","first-page":"617","volume":"141","author":"Stutzer Alois","year":"2005","journal-title":"Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6435.2010.00473.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20120383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:05Z","timestamp":1592423525000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20120383"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20120383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20120383","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T18:49:13Z","timestamp":1763837353085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I estimate the impact of a Louisiana state policy that mandated Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) applications as a high school graduation requirement. I find significant increases in FAFSA completion rates (19\u00a0percentage points), and my estimates imply an increase of 1\u20132\u00a0percentage points in college enrollment. There is suggestive evidence that these effects were more concentrated among lower-income students\/schools, and merit-based state financial aid applications also increased. The design of this mandate implies that pushing students into action may be more effective than informational nudges and that localized support systems such as counselors are important for the success of a top-down policy. (JEL D91, H75, I21, I22, I23, I28) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1690805642000},"page":"465-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["College Enrollment and Mandatory FAFSA Applications: Evidence from Louisiana"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christa","family":"Deneault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.05.004"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery, Christopher, Benjamin L. Castleman, Michael Hurwitz, Bridget T. Long, and Lindsay C. Page. 2020. \"Digital Messaging to Improve College Enrollment and Success.\" NBER Working Paper 27897.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27897"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery, Christopher, and Caroline M. Hoxby. 2003. \"Do and Should Financial Aid Packages Affect Students' College Choices?\" NBER Working Paper 9482.","DOI":"10.3386\/w9482"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524674"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, Peter, Jeffrey T. Denning, and Dayanand Manoli. 2017. \"Broken Tax Breaks? Evidence from a Tax Credit Information Experiment with 1,000,000 Students.\" IZA Discussion Paper 10997.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3037903"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22131"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22133"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs017"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2020.12.022"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20150530"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2011.618214"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.05.010"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12032"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.12.008"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.51.2.0614-6458R"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21743"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/506485"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Deneault, Christa. 2023. \"Replication Data for: College Enrollment and Mandatory FAFSA Applications: Evidence from Louisiana.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E161021V1."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dynarski, Susan. 2000. \"Hope for Whom? Financial Aid for the Middle Class and Its Impact on College Attendance.\" NBER Working Paper 7756.","DOI":"10.3386\/w7756"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455287"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20200451"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651217"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dynarski, Susan M., and Judith E. Scott-Clayton. 2006. \"The Cost of Complexity in Federal Student Aid: Lessons from Optimal Tax Theory and Behavioral Economics.\" NBER Working Paper 12227.","DOI":"10.3386\/w12227"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Federal Student Aid. 2015-2020. Data Center. https:\/\/studentaid.gov\/data-center (accessed August 3, 2020)."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Felton, Emmanuel . 2019. \"How Louisiana's TOPS Program Lets State's Richest Students Go to School, while Poor Students Are Often Left Out.\" The Lens, October 30. https:\/\/thelensnola.org\/2019\/10\/30\/ how-louisianas-tops-program-lets-states-richest-students-go-to-school-while-poor-stud."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2017.05.005"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"12","author":"Hoxby Caroline","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M., and Christopher Avery. 2012. \"The Missing `One-Offs': The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low Income Students.\" NBER Working Paper 18586.","DOI":"10.3386\/w18586"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00206"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22155"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Kaufman, Julia H., Jill S. Cannon, Shelly Culbertson, Maggie Q. Hannan, Laura S. Hamilton, and Sophie Meyers. 2018. Raising the Bar. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Louisiana Board of Regents. 2019. TOPS Report: Analysis of the TOPS Program from 2009-2018. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Board of Regents. https:\/\/regents.la.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/2019-TOPS-Report-October.pdf."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Louisiana Department of Education. 2011-2020. Data Center. https:\/\/www. louisianabelieves.com\/ resources\/library\/data-center (accessed August 3, 2020)."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Louisiana Department of Education. 2019a. \"Financial Aid Calendar of Events.\" http:\/\/www. louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/default-source\/course-choice\/financial-aid-calendar-of-events. pdf?sfvrsn=2."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Louisiana Department of Education. 2019b. \"Financial Aid Funding My Future.\" https:\/\/www. louisianabelieves.com\/courses\/financialaid."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Louisiana Department of Education. 2020. \"FAFSA Data Frequently Asked Questions.\" https:\/\/www. louisianabelieves.com\/docs\/default-source\/course-choice\/fafsa-faqs.pdf?sfvrsn=2."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Louisiana Office of Student Financial Assistance (LOSFA). 2018. 2018-2019 Tops Questions and Answers. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Board of Regents."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2013.0001"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Ma, Jennifer, Matea Pender, and Meredith Welch. 2019. Education Pays 2019. New York: College Board."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"March, Segann. 2016. \"No FAFSA, No Diploma for Louisiana Students.\" Shreveport Times, January 15. https:\/\/www.shreveporttimes.com\/story\/news\/2016\/01\/13\/fafsa-requirements-changinglouisiana\/78686226\/."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Mattana, Elena. 2018. \"Literature Review on Financial Aid to University Students.\" https:\/\/dors.dk\/ files\/media\/rapporter\/2018\/F18\/kapitel_3\/literaturereview.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_44","first-page":"309","volume":"81","author":"McPherson Michael S","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_45","first-page":"22","author":"Mulhern Christine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annenberg Institute at Brown University EdWorkingPaper"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.185"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Office of Federal Student Financial Aid. 2019. \"FAFSA\u00ae Completion by High School and Public School District.\" https:\/\/studentaid.ed.gov\/sa\/about\/data-center\/student\/application-volume\/fafsacompletion-high-school (accessed August 3, 2020)."},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22115"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373719876916"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, Lindsay C., and Hunter Gehlbach. 2017. \"How an Arti cially Intelligent Virtual Assistant Helps Students Navigate the Road to College.\" AERA Open 3 (4).","DOI":"10.1177\/2332858417749220"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2016.02.009"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Roderick, Melissa, Jenny Nagaoka, Vanessa M. Coca, Eliza Moeller, Karen Roddie, Jamiliyah Gilliam, and Desmond Patton. 2008. From High School to the Future: Potholes on the Road to College. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research at the University of Chicago."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Smalley, Andrew. 2019. \"States Looking at Ways to Promote FAFSA Completion.\" https:\/\/www.ncsl. org\/blog\/2019\/12\/10\/states-looking-at-ways-to-promote-fafsa-completion.aspx."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:14:35Z","timestamp":1690805675000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210360"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210360","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1945-7731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-774X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:52:32Z","timestamp":1765993952061},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We model the reaction of a PAYG pension system to demographic shocks. We compare the ex ante first best and second best solution of a Ramsey planner with full commitment to the outcome under simple third best rules. The model is calibrated to the German economy. We find that the German system comes relatively close to the second-best solution, and that the recent baby-boom\/baby-bust cycle leads to welfare losses of about 5 percent of lifetime consumption for some cohorts. We argue that it is crucial for all our results to correctly model the labor market distortions arising from the pension system. (JEL D91, E62, H55, J11) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.4.83","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]],"date-time":"2010-10-27T14:03:18Z","timestamp":1288188198000},"page":"83-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Sharing Demographic Risk\u2014Who Is Afraid of the Baby Bust?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Macroeconomic Research (CMR), University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Department of Economics & Finance, Stumpergasse 56, 1060 Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2231925"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2006.12.010"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344650"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jedc.2005.08.009"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297753"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226092560.003.0007"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2009.06.010"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0335.2006.00526.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_13","first-page":"643","volume":"145","author":"Breyer Friedrich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of institutional and Theoretical Economics"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424740"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.1998.0039"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.1999.0067"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001990100199"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2001.2877"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518741"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_22","first-page":"357","volume":"52","author":"Fenge Robert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Finanzarchiv"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001810000048"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00781.x"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2007.10.005"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(88)90070-9"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2354.2004.00138.x"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2005.10.020"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.3.737"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2006.12.016"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"194","author":"Kuhle Wolfgang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA) Research Paper"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10480177"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_39","first-page":"2","volume":"28","author":"Prescott Edward C","year":"2004","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Bank of minneapolis Quarterly Review"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2008.07.005"},{"key":"p_41","author":"R\u00edos-Rull Jos\u00e9-V\u00edctor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of macroeconomics: Advances in macroeconomics, 1: article 7."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2008.05.011"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1968.tb01180.x"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jedc.2005.09.017"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020517101123"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262120"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2296058"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.4.83","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:45Z","timestamp":1592423625000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.4.83"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.4.83"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.4.83","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T20:15:47Z","timestamp":1767212147764},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The early work of Stigler (1971) treats the regulatory process as the arbitration of conflicting economic and political interests rather than a pure welfare-maximizing effort. This paper builds on these ideas and models the regulatory process as a game where the industry-lobby, consumers-voters, and a regulator-politician interact to define the regulated price, in alternating electoral and non-electoral periods. The equilibrium that emerges consists of a fully rational political price cycle in a regulated industry. Using monthly data for regulated gasoline and electricity prices from Brazil, we find strong evidence pointing towards the existence of electoral price cycles in both markets. (JEL D72, L51, L71, L78, L94, L98, O14) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.1.94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T13:52:33Z","timestamp":1359035553000},"page":"94-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Political Price Cycles in Regulated Industries: Theory and Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo M. S","family":"Moita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insper Institute, Rua Quata, 300, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 04546-042."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University Channel Islands, 1 University Dr., Carmarillo, CA 93012."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1886017"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/154247603770383424"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1074070800021866"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol17-No3-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_5","first-page":"833","volume":"84","author":"Grossman Gene M","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1961490"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.1261"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.1.94"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2296528"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-750X(96)00066-6"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/466865"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261904"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_17","first-page":"21","volume":"80","author":"Rogoff Kenneth","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297526"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1882010"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3003160"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912934"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.5.1.94","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:39Z","timestamp":1592423559000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.5.1.94"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.5.1.94"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.5.1.94","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T19:28:34Z","timestamp":1770060514696,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Panel data on reported marginal propensity to consume in the 2010 and 2016 Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth uncover a strong negative relationship between cash on hand and MPC. Even though the relationship is attenuated when using regression methods that control for unobserved heterogeneity, the amount of bias is moderate. MPC estimates are used to evaluate the effectiveness of revenue-neutral fiscal policies targeting different parts of the distribution of household resources. (JEL E21, E62, G51) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T12:15:52Z","timestamp":1604060152000},"page":"275-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Reported MPC and Unobserved Heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tullio","family":"Jappelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinzia, Monte S. Angelo, Napoli 80146, Italy, Center for Studies in Economics and Finance, and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Pistaferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, 579 Jane Lathrop Way, Stanford, CA 94305, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, NBER, and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Bank of Italy. 2020. \"Survey of Household Income and Wealth.\" Banca D'Italia-Eurosistema. https:\/\/ www.bancaditalia.it\/statistiche\/tematiche\/indagini-famiglie-imprese\/bilanci-famiglie\/index.html?com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1 (accessed January 16, 2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.00063","volume":"22","author":"Bruine de Bruin Wandi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Risk Analysis: An International Journal"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2017.11.007"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180070"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.15.3.23"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/QE694"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uez013"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938366"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2012.0001"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Elmendorf, Douglas W., and Jason Furman. 2008. \"If, When, How: A Primer on Fiscal Stimulus.\" https:\/\/www.urban.org\/sites\/default\/ les\/publication\/31076\/1001127-If-When-How-A-Primer-on-Fiscal-Stimulus.PDF."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Fuster, Andreas, Greg Kaplan, and Basit Zafar. 2018. \"What Would You Do With $500? Spending Responses to Gains, Losses, News and Loans.\" NBER Working Paper 24386."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman, Michael. 2019. \"What Drives Heterogeneity in the Marginal Propensity to Consume? Temporary Shocks vs Persistent Characteristics.\" https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/michaelgelman\/research\/ mpc_heterogeneity_gelman.pdf?attredirects=0.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2020.03.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_13","first-page":"189","volume":"11","author":"Gideon Michael","year":"2017","journal-title":"Survey Research Methods"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giustinelli, Pamela, Charles F. Manski, and Francesca Molinari. 2018. \"Tail and Center Rounding of Probabilistic Expectations in the Health and Retirement Study.\" NBER Working Paper 24559.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24559"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140065"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(86)90058-8"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.142933"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.6.4.107"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. 2017. The Economics of Consumption-Theory and Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199383146.001.0001"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. 2020. \"Replication Data for: Reported MPC and Unobserved Heterogeneity.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E116762V1."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10528"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy014"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20150331"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20180333"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahm, Claudia R., Matthew D. Shapiro, and Joel Slemrod. 2010. \"Household Response to the 2008 Tax Rebates: Survey Evidence and Aggregate Implications.\" In Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 24, edited by Jeffrey R. Brown, 69-110. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.1086\/649829"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.216"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahm, Claudia R., Matthew D. Shapiro, and Joel Slemrod. 2015. \"Balance-Sheet Households and Fiscal Stimulus: Lessons from the Payroll Tax Cut and Its Expiration.\" NBER Working Paper 21220.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21220"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_28","first-page":"274","volume":"85","author":"Shapiro Matthew D","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455368"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.2.374"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T12:34:02Z","timestamp":1604061242000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180420"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180420","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:44:07Z","timestamp":1773290647975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We provide the first estimates of the effect of statutes requiring English as the language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws on the school enrollment, work, literacy, and English fluency of immigrant children during the Americanization period (1910\u20131930). English-only statutes moderately increased the literacy of certain foreign-born children, particularly those living in cities or whose parents were not fluent in English. However, these laws had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes or measures of social integration (from 1940 census and WWII enlistment records). Only laws regulating the age when children could work significantly affected immigrant outcomes. (JEL I21, I26, I28, J13, J15, N31, N32) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T15:08:23Z","timestamp":1438182503000},"page":"258-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Did the Americanization Movement Succeed? An Evaluation of the Effect of English-Only and Compulsory Schooling Laws on Immigrants"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Lleras-Muney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Los Angeles, 9373 Bunche Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Shertzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, 4901 WW Posvar Hall, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2006.06.004"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"325","volume":"7","author":"Arington Michele","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Politics"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"1820","author":"Bleakley Hoyt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Education and Income in the United States"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.08.008"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/801410"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2009.04.003"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/369723"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050700020544"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_13","first-page":"689","volume":"23","author":"Gompers Samuel","year":"1916","journal-title":"American Federationist"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262014"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/212969"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340393"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2710551"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1945729"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"1917","author":"Ross William G","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nativism, Education, and the Constitution"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"39","volume":"54","author":"Ruppenthal Jacob Christian","year":"1920","journal-title":"American Law review"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373711398127"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1777"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/368519"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2712260"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209965"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"1890","author":"Zimmerman Jonathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Immigrants and Foreign-Language Instruction"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20120219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:15Z","timestamp":1592423475000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20120219"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20120219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20120219","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T19:14:04Z","timestamp":1776280444894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We model optimal e-cigarette regulation and estimate key parameters. Using tax changes and scanner data, we estimate relatively elastic demand. A demographic shift-share identification strategy suggests limited substitution between e-cigarettes and cigarettes. We field a new survey of public health experts who report that vaping is more harmful than previously believed. In our model\u2019s average Monte Carlo simulation, these results imply optimal e-cigarette taxes are higher than recent norms. However, e-cigarette subsidies may be optimal if vaping is a stronger substitute for smoking and is safer than our experts report, or if consumers overestimate the health harms from vaping. (JEL D12, D18, D61, H21, H23, I12, I18) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T14:33:17Z","timestamp":1666967597000},"page":"1-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Optimal Regulation of E-cigarettes: Theory and Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hunt","family":"Allcott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Rafkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.03.003"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abouk, Rahi, Scott Adams, Bo Feng, Johanna Catherine Maclean, and Michael F. Pesko. 2019. \"The Effect of E-Cigarette Taxes on Pre-Pregnancy and Prenatal Smoking.\" NBER Working Paper 26126.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26126"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/696229"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Alcohol Policy Information System. 2020a. \"Changes over Time: Beer.\" Alcohol Policy Information System. https:\/\/alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov\/apis-policy-topics\/beer\/30\/changes-over-time."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Alcohol Policy Information System. 2020b. \"Policies on a Speci c Date: Beer.\" Alcohol Policy Information System. https:\/\/alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov\/apis-policy-topics\/beer\/30."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz017"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Allcott, Hunt, and Charlie Rafkin. 2022. \"Replication data for: Optimal Regulation of E-cigarettes: Theory and Evidence.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E146462V1."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131564"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"American National Election Studies. 2001. \"2000 Time Series Study.\" American National Elections Studies. https:\/\/electionstudies.org\/data-center\/2000-time-series-study\/."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation. 2021. Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws. Berkeley, CA: American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3040"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartik, Timothy J. 1991. Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies? Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.","DOI":"10.17848\/9780585223940"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828043052222"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernheim, B. Douglas, and Dmitry Taubinsky. 2018. \"Behavioral Public Economics.\" In Handbook of Behavioral Economics: Foundations and Applications 1, edited by B. Douglas Bernheim, Stefano DellaVigna, and David Laibson, 381-516. New York: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hesbe.2018.07.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_15","first-page":"e187794","volume":"2","author":"Kaitlyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Jean Olivier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Bour, Norm. 2019. \"Vaping Trends: Early Adopters and Future Directions.\" Vape Mentors. https:\/\/ vapementors.com\/vaping-trend-early-adapters-and-future-directions\/."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706588114"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_19","first-page":"374","volume":"29","author":"Huang Jidong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015-2019a. \"Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.\" https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss\/index.html."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015-2019b. \"National Health Interview Survey.\" US Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhis\/index.htm."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015-2019c. \"National Youth Tobacco Survey.\" https:\/\/ www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/surveys\/nyts\/data\/index.html."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. \"Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with E-cigarette Use, or Vaping.\" US Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ tobacco\/basic_information\/e-cigarettes\/severe-lung-disease.html."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaloupka, Frank J., Matthew R. Levy, and Justin S. White. 2019. \"Estimating Biases in Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Field Experiment.\" NBER Working Paper 26522.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26522"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-052022"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, Kshitij, Bashar Alzghoul, Ayoub Innabi, and Nikhil Meena. 2016. \"Is Vaping a Gateway to Smoking: A Review of the Longitudinal Studies.\" International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 30 (3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijamh-2016-0033.","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2016-0033"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151108"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.10.002"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotti, Chad D., Charles J. Courtemanche, Johanna Catherine Maclean, Erik T. Nesson, Michael F. Pesko, and Nathan Tefft. 2021. \"The Effects of E-Cigarette Taxes on E-Cigarette Prices and Tobacco Product Sales: Evidence from Retail Panel Data.\" NBER Working Paper 26724.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3856776"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2018.08.001"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2015.44"},{"key":"p_32","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50 (5 S1): S20-26."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3854"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeCicca, Philip, Donald Kenkel, Feng Liu, and Hua Wang. 2017. \"Behavioral Welfare Economics and FDA Tobacco Regulations.\" In Human Capital and Health Behavior, edited by Kristian Bolin et al., 143-179. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S0731-219920170000025005"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeCicca, Philip, Donald S. Kenkel, and Michael F. Lovenheim. 2020. \"The Economics of Tobacco Regulation: A Comprehensive Review.\" NBER Working Paper 26923.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26923"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20201080"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699976"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DellaVigna, Stefano, and Devin Pope. 2019. \"Stability of Experimental Results: Forecasts and Evidence.\" NBER Working Paper 25858.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25858"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_39","first-page":"526","volume":"4","author":"Peter","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160240"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305424"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106337"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Euromonitor International. 2005-2020. \"Euromonitor Passport Cigarette Database.\""},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Euromonitor International. 2009-2020. \"E-Vapour Products Database.\""},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151079"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Federation of Tax Administrators. 2020. \"Cigarette Tax Increases 2000-2022.\" Federation of Tax Administrators. https:\/\/www.taxadmin.org\/cigarette-tax-increases."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2015.10.003"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.3.713"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul, Isaac Sorkin, and Henry Swift. 2019. \"Bartik Instruments: What, When, Why, and How.\" NBER Working Paper 24408.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24408"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00494.x"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Gottlieb, Scott. 2018. \"Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on New Steps to Address Epidemic of Youth E-Cigarette Use.\" US Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda. gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-new-stepsaddress-epidemic-youth-e-cigarette-use."},{"key":"p_52","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Medical Journal 366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l5275."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265570"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.06.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_55","first-page":"4","volume":"5","author":"Mullainathan Sendhil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00417.x"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808779"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartwell, Greg, Sian Thomas, Matt Egan, Anna Gilmore, and Mark Petticrew. 2017. \"E-Cigarettes and Equity: A Systematic Review of Differences in Awareness and Use between Sociodemographic Groups.\" Tobacco Control 26 (e2): e85-91.","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053222"},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Hausman, Jerry. 1996. \"Valuation of New Goods under Perfect and Imperfect Competition.\" In Economics of New Goods: Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 58, edited by Timothy F. Bresnaham and Robert J. Gordon, 209-48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.04.024"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2014.1"},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2020. \"Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map.\" https:\/\/ www.kff.org\/medicaid\/issue-brief\/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map\/."},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Kenkel, Donald S., Sida Peng, Michael F. Pesko, and Hua Wang. 2019. \"Mostly Harmless Regulation? Electronic Cigarettes, Public Policy and Consumer Welfare.\" NBER Working Paper 23710."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8950"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054446"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/ajhe_a_00091"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx196"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Marijuana Policy Project. 2020. Marijuana Policy Project. https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/states\/."},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"McNeill, Ann, Leonie S. Brose, Robert Calder, Linda Bauld, and Debbie Robson. 2018. Evidence Review of E-cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products 2018: A Report Commissioned by Public Health England. London: Public Health England."},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-111809-125033"},{"key":"p_71","unstructured":"National Academy of Sciences. 2018. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press."},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303765299792"},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"NielsenIQ. 2014-2018. \"Retail Measurement Services.\" https:\/\/nielseniq.com\/global\/en\/solutions\/ retail-measurement-services-rms\/."},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360220"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.03.001"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu060"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_77","first-page":"86","volume":"26","author":"Evanthia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-020-09330-9"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2019.05.003"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14119"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.02.001"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesko, Michael F., and Casey Warman. 2017. \"The Effect of Prices on Youth Cigarette and E-Cigarette Use: Economic Substitutes or Complements?\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3077468"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340779"},{"key":"p_84","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2008. \"May 2008: Cloud Computing, Politics and Adult Social Networking.\" Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/dataset\/may-2008-cloud-computingpolitics-and-adult-social-networking\/."},{"issue":"22","key":"p_85","first-page":"410","volume":"61","author":"Town Machell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2019.02.003"},{"key":"p_87","unstructured":"Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. 2021. \"Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Training and Technical Assistance Center.\" https:\/\/www.pdmpassist.org\/State."},{"issue":"11","key":"p_88","first-page":"1018","volume":"169","author":"Brian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics"},{"key":"p_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees-Jones, Alex, and Kyle T. Rozema. 2020. \"Price Isn't Everything: Behavioral Response around Changes in Sin Taxes.\" NBER Working Paper 25958.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25958"},{"key":"p_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffer, Henry, Daniel Dench, Dhaval Dave, and Michael Grossman. 2018. \"E-Cigarettes and Adult Smoking.\" NBER Working Paper 24212.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24212"},{"key":"p_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffer, Henry, Daniel L. Dench, Michael Grossman, and Dhaval M. Dave. 2019. \"E-Cigarettes and Adult Smoking: Evidence from Minnesota.\" NBER Working Paper 26589.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26589"},{"key":"p_92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JEM-140383"},{"key":"p_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, Frank A., Jan Ostermann, Christopher Conover, Donald H. Taylor Jr., and Gabriel Picone. 2004. The Price of Smoking. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5530.001.0001"},{"issue":"8","key":"p_94","first-page":"788","volume":"171","author":"Barrington-Trimis Jessica L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics"},{"key":"p_95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw109"},{"key":"p_96","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2005-2019. \"National Survey on Drug Use and Health.\" National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https:\/\/nsduhweb.rti.org\/respweb\/ homepage.cfm."},{"key":"p_97","unstructured":"Tax Foundation. 2018. \"Vapor Taxes by State, 2018.\" https:\/\/taxfoundation.org\/vapor-taxes-2018\/\/."},{"key":"p_98","unstructured":"Tax Foundation. 2019. \"How High Are Vapor Excise Taxes in Your State?\" https:\/\/taxfoundation.org\/ state-vapor-taxes-2019\/."},{"key":"p_99","unstructured":"Tax Policy Center. 2018. \"State Cigarette Taxes, 2018.\""},{"key":"p_100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261611"},{"key":"p_101","unstructured":"Truth Initiative. 2020. \"E-Cigarettes: Facts, Stats and Regulations.\" https:\/\/truthinitiative.org\/ research-resources\/emerging-tobacco-products\/e-cigarettes-facts-stats-and-regulations."},{"key":"p_102","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2021a. \"Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average.\" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/ CPIAUCSL."},{"key":"p_103","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2021b. \"State Unemployment Rates over the Last 10 Years, Seasonally Adjusted.\" https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/charts\/state-employment-and-unemployment\/stateunemployment-rates-animated.htm."},{"key":"p_104","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2020. \"County Population Totals: 2010-2019.\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/ tables\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/2010s-counties-total.html."},{"key":"p_105","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"p_106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261733"},{"key":"p_107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/AJHE_a_00042"},{"key":"p_108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-020-09328-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_109","first-page":"181","volume":"172","author":"Lea Shannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_110","first-page":"115","volume":"28","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"p_111","unstructured":"Zeller, Mitch. 2019. \"The Federal Response to the Epidemic of E-Cigarette Use, Especially among Children, and the Food and Drug Administration's Compliance Policy.\" Testimony before the House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy, US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, December 3, 2019. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/ congressional-testimony\/federal-response-epidemic-e-cigarette-use-especially-among-childrenand-food-and-drug."},{"key":"p_112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3384"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T14:34:42Z","timestamp":1666967682000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200805"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200805","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:10:14Z","timestamp":1776399014018,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper provides new evidence on the interaction between patient information and physician financial incentives. Using rich microdata on childbirth, we compare the treatment of physicians when they are patients with that of comparable nonphysicians. We also exploit the presence of HMO-owned hospitals to determine how the treatment gap varies with providers\u2019 financial incentives. Consistent with induced demand, physicians are approximately 10 percent less likely to receive a C-section, with only a quarter of this effect attributable to differential sorting. While financial incentives affect the treatment of nonphysicians, physician-patients are largely unaffected. Physicians also have better health outcomes. (JEL D83, I11, J16, J44) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T11:48:41Z","timestamp":1473248921000},"page":"115-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Physicians Treating Physicians: Information and Incentives in Childbirth"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management, 77 Massachusetts Ave.E62-523, Cambridge, MA 02139 and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Marit","family":"Rehavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, 6000 Iona Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 and Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00655.x"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000237116.72011.f3"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1082389"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70017-6"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewq017"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.w355"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv024"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197405092901905"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00104.x"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1320"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(86)90006-8"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.2.795"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300005420"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1988.tb01494.x"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(94)90004-3"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(99)00004-1"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(86)90002-0"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.08.003"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145247"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(99)00009-0"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555794"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.10.004"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)76016-5"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(82)90002-9"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2009.0563"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520069"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.1030"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.4.599"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.18.2411"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.2.69"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(91)90022-F"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000293625"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_41","first-page":"283","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen Nguyen Xuan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Services research"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91266-9"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145565"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199507000-00006"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.91"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(98)00024-1"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20140160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:09Z","timestamp":1592423469000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20140160"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20140160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20140160","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:47:38Z","timestamp":1778507258977,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study provides plausibly causal estimates of the effect of public insurance coverage on the employment of non-elderly, nondisabled adults without dependent children (\u201cchildless adults\u201d). We take advantage of the sudden imposition of an enrollment cap in Wisconsin, comparing the labor supply of enrollees to eligible applicants placed on a waitlist using a regression discontinuity design and difference-in-differences methods. We find enrollment into public insurance leads to sizable and statistically meaningful reductions in employment, with an estimated effect size of just over 5 percentage points, a 12 percent decline. Confidence intervals rule out positive and large negative effects. (JEL G22, H75, I13, I18, I38, J22) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T13:53:25Z","timestamp":1493214805000},"page":"124-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Effect of Public Insurance Coverage for Childless Adults on Labor Supply"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Dague","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, 4220 TAMU, College Station, TX 77845 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"DeLeire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, N.W., 100 Old North, Washington, DC 20057, and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Leininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematica Policy Research, 111 East Wacker Drive, Suite 920, Chicago, IL 60601 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505049"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.5.322"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12225"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677233"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_5","first-page":"482","volume":"79","author":"Bound John","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.02.008"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12233"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911698"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.016"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/AJHE_a_00011"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2669919"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465302317331982"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.09.005"},{"key":"p_17","first-page":"119","author":"Ellwood David T","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Care Financing review (Supplement)"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.09.003"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7560"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.291"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju005"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3325174"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(96)01590-3"},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"2001","author":"Ham John","year":"2001","journal-title":"Williams College Department of Economics Working Paper"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2012-0048"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.04.003"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.23.13416"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2971733"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00451"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(96)01579-4"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.08.006"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.272"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.014"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2001.tb00062.x"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1797"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802320191642"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2109375"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00026.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_45","first-page":"1419","volume":"81","author":"Parsons Donald O","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2234196"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146227"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2004.04.011"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2481"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.02.002"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946644"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2005.08.002"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1592423457000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150059"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150059","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:02:59Z","timestamp":1779879779513,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>I study optimal carbon taxation in an analytic quantitative integrated assessment model (IAM) that links IAM components, parametric assumptions, and calibration approaches directly to their policy impacts. I show how temperature\u2019s tax impact differs from that of previously analytically modeled carbon dynamics. Novel to analytic IAMs are a general economy, energy sectors including capital, varying degrees of substitutability across energy sources, an approximation of capital persistence, objective functions that include CES preferences and population weighting, and an explicit model of the greenhouse effect and ocean-atmosphere temperature dynamics. The paper enables economists to develop better-informed opinions about the social cost of carbon. (JEL H23, H43, Q54, Q58)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1690805642000},"page":"372-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["ACE\u2014Analytic Climate Economy"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christian P.","family":"Traeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Oslo and ifo Institute for Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, Philippe Aghion, Lint Barrage, and David H\u00e9mous. 2019. \"Climate Change, Directed Innovation, and Energy Transition: The Long-Run Consequences of the Shale Gas Revolution.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.131"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2021.105503"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"13","author":"Anderson Evan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Center for Robust Decision Making on Climate and Energy Policy Working Paper"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Anthoff, David, and Richard Tol. 2014. \"The Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation, and Distribution (FUND), Version 3.9.\" http:\/\/www.fund-model.org (accessed )."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrow, Kenneth J. 2007. \"Global Climate Change: A Challenge to Policy.\" Economists' Voice 4 (3): https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2202\/1553-3832.1270.","DOI":"10.2202\/1553-3832.1270"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2004.00670.x"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12110"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.2.542"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/104.00000005"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2016.07.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_12","first-page":"1","volume":"87","author":"Barrage Lint","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosetti, Valentina. 2021. \"Integrated Assessment Models for Climate Change.\" Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.013.572.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.013.572"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-VolSI2006-NoSI2-2","volume":"27","author":"Bosetti Valentina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Journal"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-018-0219-y"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2017.03.003"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(72)90135-4"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0034.1"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac020"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/QE97"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130392"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/713977"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2019.04.003"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180760"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160240"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drupp, Moritz A., Frikk Nesje, and Rober Schmidt. 2022. \"Pricing Carbon.\" CESifo Working Paper 9608.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4054113"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Economist. 2017. \"The EPA Is Rewriting the Most Important Number in Climate Economics,\" November 16. http:\/\/www.economist.com\/united-states\/2017\/11\/16\/the-epa-is-rewriting-the-mostimportant-number-in-climate-economics."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmerling, Johannes, Laurent Drouet, Lara Aleluia Reis, Michela Bevione, Loic Berger, Valentina Bosetti, Samuel Carrara, et al. 2016. \"The WITCH 2016 Model-Documentation and Implementation of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.\" FEEM Working Paper 2016.42.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2800970"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121365"},{"key":"p_30","author":"Feenstra Robert C","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Review. http:\/\/www.ggdc.net\/pwt\/."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00195.1"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12436"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvx010"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10217"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2020.103642"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2021.103490"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0833-x"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Hardy, G. H., J. E. Littlewood, and G. Polya. 1964. Inequalities. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2012.01082.x"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/715849"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Hassler, John, Per Krusell, Conny Olovsson, and Michael Reiter. 2018. \"Integrated Assessment in a Multi-region World with Multiple Energy Sources and Endogenous Technical Change.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12133"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Heal, Georey. 1984. \"Interactions between Economy and Climate: A Framework for Policy Design under Uncertainty.\" In Advances in Applied Microeconomics, vol. 3, edited by V. Kerry Smith and Ann Dryden White, 151-68. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Hepburn, Cameron. 2006. \"Discounting Climate Change Damages: Working Note for the Stern Review.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-7655(02)00014-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_46","first-page":"19","volume":"6","author":"Hope Chris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integrated Assessment Journal"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-017-0166-z"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Inklaar, Robert, and Marcel P. Timmer. 2013. \"Capital, Labor and TFP in PWT8.0.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Carbon. 2013. Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis under Executive Order 12866. Washington, DC: United States Government."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Stocker, Thomas F., Dahe Qin, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Melinda M. B. Tignor, Simon K. Allen, Judith Boschung, Alexander Nauels, Yu Xia, Vincent Bex, and Pauline M. Midgley, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Solomon, Susan, Dahe Qin, Martin Manning, Melinda Marquis, Kristen Averyt, Melinda M. B. Tignor, Henry LeRoy Miller, Jr., and Zhenlin Chen, eds. Cambridge UK: Cambridge, University Press."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund. 2020. \"World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund, October 2020.\" https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2020\/October."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdaa048"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12731"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Jensen, Svenn, and Christian Traeger. 2013. \"Optimally Climate Sensitive Policy under Uncertainty & Learning.\" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/conference\/2014\/retrieve.php?pd d=1200."},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, Charles I. 2016. \"The Facts of Economic Growth.\" In Handbook of Macroeconomics, vol. 2, edited by John B. Taylor and Harald Uhlig, 3-69. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hesmac.2016.03.002"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2793-2013"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12458"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2005.09.006"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199-010-0561-y"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1889(98)00034-7"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12241"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luderer, Gunnar, Marian Leimbach, Nico Bauer, Elmar Kriegler, Lavinia Baumstark, Christoph Bertram, Anastasis Giannousakis, et al. 2015. \"Description of the REMIND Model (Version 1.6).\" SSRN Working Paper 2697070.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2697070"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190089"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08047"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier, Felix, and Christian P. Traeger. 2022. \"SolACE - Solar Geoengineering in an Analytic Climate Economy.\" http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3958821.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3958821"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-1417-2011"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rew014"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2481"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20150250"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.5.3.35"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt032"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-0696(02)00016-5"},{"key":"p_75","unstructured":"Nordhaus, William D. 1994. Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of the Greenhouse Effect. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.45.3.686"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordhaus, William D. 2008. A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1npzkh"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676035"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609244114"},{"key":"p_80","unstructured":"Nordhaus, William, and Paul Sztorc. 2013. DICE2013R: Introduction and User's Manual, Second Edition. http:\/\/acdc2007.free.fr\/dicemanual2013.pdf."},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.51.3.860"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2019.02.003"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-7655(99)00005-6"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05224-9"},{"key":"p_85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/686294"},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691910"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2012.08.006"},{"key":"p_88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rem024"},{"key":"p_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern, Nicholas. 2007. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817434"},{"key":"p_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stokey, Nancy L., and Robert E. Lucas. 1989. Recursive Economic Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjnrt76"},{"key":"p_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traeger, Christian P. 2012. \"Once upon a Time Preference-How Rationality and Risk Aversion Change the Rationale for Discounting.\" CESifo Working Paper 3793.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2045990"},{"key":"p_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traeger, Christian P. 2015. \"Closed-Form Integrated Assessment and Uncertainty.\" CESifo Working Paper 5464.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2643293"},{"key":"p_93","unstructured":"Traeger, Christian P. 2021a. \"IAMs and CO2 Emissions-An Analytic Discussion.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traeger, Christian P. 2021b. \"Uncertainty in the Analytic Climate Economy.\" CEPR Discussion Paper DP16065.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3832735"},{"key":"p_95","unstructured":"Traeger, Christian P. 2023. \"Replication Data for: ACE-Analytic Climate Economy.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E154141V1."},{"key":"p_96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2016.01.005"},{"key":"p_97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180517"},{"key":"p_98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-017-2132-8"},{"key":"p_99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2021.102522"},{"key":"p_100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321947399"},{"key":"p_101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.45.3.703"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T04:48:55Z","timestamp":1702874935000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210297"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210297","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:31:16Z","timestamp":1779301876255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Previous research has demonstrated that benefit recipients decrease expenditures on, and consumption of, food throughout the benefit month. Using detailed grocery store scanner data, we ask two questions: whether cycling is due to a desire for variety that leads to within-month substitution across product quality, and whether cycling is driven by countercyclical retail pricing. We find that the decrease in food expenditures is largely driven by reductions in quantity, not quality, and that prices for foods purchased by benefit households vary pro-cyclically with demand, implying that households could save money by delaying their food purchases until later in the month. (JEL D12, I38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,19]],"date-time":"2010-05-19T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1274277631000},"page":"142-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["The First of the Month Effect: Consumer Behavior and Store Responses"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Justine","family":"Hastings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, Department of Economics, Box 208264, New Haven, CT 06520 and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebonya","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, Department of Economics, Box 208264, New Haven, CT 06520 and NBER."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.49"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.10.3.185"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Altonji Joseph G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455142"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.1999.tb00071.x"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.315"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553041382111"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.3.694"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430286"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.04.007"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/002205102320161311"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2006.121.2.505"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297103"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.11.003"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555253"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212161"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6451.00111"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.05.003"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455386"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2006.01106.x"},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"108","author":"U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ways and Means Committee Prints (WMCP)"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118442"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0002-9092.00016"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:39Z","timestamp":1592423619000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.142"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.2.142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.142","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:41:21Z","timestamp":1771846881368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We empirically examine the Capital Purchase Program (CPP) used by the US government to bail out distressed banks and its implications for regulatory policy. We find strong evidence that a feature of the CPP\u2014the government\u2019s ability to appoint independent directors on the board of an assisted bank that missed six dividend payments to the Treasury\u2014had a significant effect on bank behavior. Banks were averse to these appointments\u2014the empirical distribution of missed payments exhibits a sharp discontinuity at five. Director appointments by the Treasury were associated with improved bank performance and lower CEO pay. (JEL G21, G28, G32, G34, G35, G38, H81) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:19:51Z","timestamp":1730377191000},"page":"415-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Carrot and the Stick: Bank Bailouts and the Disciplining Role of Board Appointments"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fccke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESCB Business School (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loriana","family":"Pelizzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE e.V., Goethe University Frankfurt, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pezone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjan","family":"Thakor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, ECGI, FTG, and MIT LFE (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya, Viral V., Irvind Gujral, Nirupama Kulkarni, and Hyun Song Shin. 2011. \"Dividends and Bank Capital in the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009.\" NBER Working Paper 16896.","DOI":"10.3386\/w16896"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfi.2016.08.004"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfi.2006.06.001"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691701"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdac039"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju003"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20120079"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Bair, Sheila. 2015. The Bullies of Wall Street: This Is How Greed Messed Up Our Economy. New York: Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhr121"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr.2002.77.3.547"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2010.01589.x"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rcfs\/cfab003"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2013.02.008"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"20","author":"Berger Allen N","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Finance Institute Working Paper"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Berger, Allen N., and Raluca A. Roman. 2020. TARP and other Bank Bailouts and Bail-Ins around the World: Connecting Wall Street, Main Street, and the Financial System. London: Academic Press."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2004.10.011"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121524"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.2.53"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","first-page":"479","volume":"91","author":"Casey Anthony J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Notre Dame Law Review"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150157"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2008.01391.x"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clayton, Christopher, and Andreas Schaab. 2020. \"Bail-Ins, Optimal Regulation, and Crisis Resolution.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3455684"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(98)00058-0"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs056"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.09.005"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12042"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802320188961"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2014.03.005"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs114"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.60"},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"2020","author":"Faulkender Michael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Of ce of Economic Policy Working Paper"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2011.01706.x"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Geithner, Timothy F. 2014. Stress Test: Reflections on Financial Crises. New York: Crown."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2016.08.002"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12512"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2017.0020"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297689"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_39","first-page":"96","volume":"88","author":"Hermalin Benjamin E","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfi.2019.01.006"},{"key":"p_41","first-page":"04056","volume":"2022","author":"Huang Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Management Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.4.1414"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdv044"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4101(02)00059-9"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt015"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine, Ross. 2005. \"Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence.\" In Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1A, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, 865-934. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0684(05)01012-9"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Mace, Myles L. 1971. Directors: Myth and Reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_49","first-page":"85","volume":"22","author":"Macey Jonathan R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Economic Policy Review"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2018.02.014"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehran, Hamid, Alan Morrison, and Joel Shapiro. 2011. \"Corporate Governance and Banks: What Have We Learned from the Financial Crisis?\" Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report 502.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1880009"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4266(77)90015-2"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"M\u00fccke, Christian, Loriana Pelizzon, Vincenzo Pezone, and Anjan Thakor. 2024. Data and Code for: \"The Carrot and the Stick: Bank Bailouts and the Disciplining Role of Board Appointments.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E195481V1."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2010.07.004"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2012.01793.x"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.1"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac044"},{"key":"p_58","first-page":"2012","volume":"25","author":"Silver-Greenberg Jessica","year":"2012","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfs.2018.03.009"},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Thakor, Anjan V. 2018b. The Purpose of Banking: Transforming Banking for Stability and Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.29"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfi.2018.06.007"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022109015000459"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfs.2011.02.002"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:20:31Z","timestamp":1730377231000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230313"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230313","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:24:36Z","timestamp":1777411476287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the 2011 Austrian pay transparency law, which requires firms above a size threshold to publish internal reports on the gender pay gap. Using an event-study design, we show that the policy had no discernible effects on male and female wages, thus leaving the gender wage gap unchanged. The effects are precisely estimated, and we rule out that the policy narrowed the gender wage gap by more than 0.4 p.p.. Moreover, we do not find evidence for wage compression within establishments. We discuss several possible reasons why the reform did not reduce the gender wage gap. (JEL J16, J31, J71, K31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T11:59:39Z","timestamp":1682683179000},"page":"236-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Does Pay Transparency Affect the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from Austria"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Gulyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mannheim (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester and ZEW Mannheim (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sourav","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00020"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Arbeiterkammer. 2014. \"Einkommensberichte - Erfahrung aus Sicht der Betriebsr\u00e4tInnen.\" Arbeitskammer Online Publications."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Arbeitsmarktdatenbank. 2021. \"Wages (hv_bmg), social security (hv_epi_stamm), workers information (hv_pn), establishments (hv_dg_konto).\" https:\/\/ arbeitsmarktdatenbank. at\/ index_ start. htm? userName= AMDBAMS1."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babcock, Linda, and Sara Laschever. 2003. \"Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide.\" Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691212845"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, Michael, Yosh Halberstam, Kory Kroft, Alexandre Mas, and Derek Messacar. 2019. \"Pay Transparency and the Gender Gap.\" NBER Working Paper 25834.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25834"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20160995"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blundell, Jack. 2020. \"Wage Responses to Gender Pay Gap Reporting Requirements.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3584259"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10663-020-09492-4"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6heim, Ren\u00e9, and Sarah Gust. 2021. \"The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap.\" CESifo Working Paper 8960.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3812077"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx041"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-232X.2008.00525.x"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00665.x"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2981"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv038"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(95)01564-7"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02236.x"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12079"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullen, Zoe B., and Bobak Pakzad-Hurson. 2019. \"Equilibrium Effects of Pay Transparency in a Simple Labor Market.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1145\/3328526.3329645"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/717891"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Deloitte. 2015. Einkommenstransparenz-Gleiches Entgelt f\u00fcr gleiche und gleichwertige Arbeit. Vienna, Austria: Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Frauen."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160232"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Duchini, Emma, Stefania Simion, and Arthur Turrell. 2020. \"Pay Transparency and Cracks in the Glass Ceiling.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Glassdoor. 2016. Global Salary Transparency Survey-Employee Perceptions of Talking Pay. San Francisco: Glassdoor."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2015.07.003"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldfarb, Avi, and Catherine Tucker. 2011. \"Technology, Age, and Shifting Privacy Concerns.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1976321"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Gulyas, Andreas, and Krzysztof Pytka. 2020. \"Understanding the Sources of Earnings Losses After Job Displacement: A Machine-Learning Approach.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Gulyas, Andreas, Sebastian Seitz, and Sourav Sinha. 2023. \"Replication data for: Does Pay Transparency Affect the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from Austria.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E149943V1."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Lamadon, Thibaut, Magne Mogstad, and Bradley Setzler. 2020. \"Income Volatility, Taxation and the Functioning of the U.S. Labor Market.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305774268255"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Mas, Alexandre. 2016. \"Does Disclosure Affect CEO Pay Setting? Evidence from the Passage of the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/693137"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Morchio, Iacopo, and Christian Moser. 2019. \"The Gender Gap: Micro Sources and Macro Consequences.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160256"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00377"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Rege, Mari, and Ingeborg F. Solli. 2015. \"Lagging Behind the Joneses: The Impact of Relative Earnings on Job Separation.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Schmidt, Cornelius. 2012. \"Does Transparency Increase Executive Compensation?\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy025"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zweim\u00fcller, Josef, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, Rafael Lalive, Andreas Kuhn, Jean-Philippe Wuellrich, Oliver Ruf, and Simon B\u00fcchi. 2009. \"Austrian Social Security Database.\" IEW Working Paper 410, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1399350"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T12:01:30Z","timestamp":1682683290000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210128"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210128","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:19:12Z","timestamp":1777508352953,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is widely believed that the presence of a large informal sector increases the efficiency cost of social programs in developing countries. We evaluate such claims for the case of unemployment insurance (UI) by combining an optimal UI framework with comprehensive data from Brazil. Using quasi-experimental variation in potential UI duration, we find clear evidence for the usual moral hazard problem that UI reduces incentives to return to a formal job. Yet, the associated efficiency cost is lower than it is in the United States, and it is lower in labor markets with higher informality within Brazil. This is because formal reemployment rates are lower to begin with where informality is higher, so that a larger share of workers would draw UI benefits absent any moral hazard. In sum, efficiency concerns may actually become more relevant as an economy formalizes. (JEL J65, O15, O17, E26, D82, J46)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1627387335000},"page":"167-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Informal Labor and the Efficiency Cost of Social Programs: Evidence from Unemployment Insurance in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Gerard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Gonzaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250084"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Acevedo, Germ\u00e1n, Patricio Eskenazi, and Carmen Pag\u00e9s. 2006. \"Unemployment Insurance in Chile: A New Model of Income Support for Unemployed Workers.\" World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper 0612."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.4.3.64"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13043\/dys.71.1"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.07.004"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(78)90053-1"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.04.015"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104313"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683849"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.71"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2010.01.005"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657127"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lht028"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.2.113"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140495"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2017.10.016"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1031594737"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.01.004"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588585"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.2.31"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty, Raj, and Amy Finkelstein. 2013. \"Chapter 3-Social Insurance: Connecting Theory to Data.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 5, edited by Alan J. Auerbach, Raj Chetty, Martin Feldstein, and Emmanuel Saez, 111-93. Amsterdam: North-Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53759-1.00003-0"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.07.002"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.831"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.11.004"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20170537"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2015.02.004"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1514-0326(09)60012-X"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/QE1079"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Gerard, Fran\u00e7ois, and Gustavo Gonzaga. 2021. \"Replication data for: Informal Labor and the Ef ciency Cost of Social Programs: Evidence from Unemployment Insurance in Brazil.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E123461V1."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rozada, Mart\u00edn, Lucas Ronconi, and Hern\u00e1n Ruffo. 2011. \"Protecting Workers against Unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Argentina.\" Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Working Paper 268."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.06.001"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.04.001"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209877"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzmann, Robert, Yann Pouget, Milan Vodopivec, and Michael Weber. 2012. \"Severance Pay Programs around the World: History, Rationale, Status, and Reforms.\" In Reforming Severance Pay: An International Perspective, edited by Robert Holzmann and Milan Vodopivec, 17-120. Washington, DC: World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/9780821388495_CH02"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"IBGE. 2004. \"CAGED e PME: Diferen\u00e7as Metodol\u00f3gicas e Possibilidades de Compara\u00e7\u00e3o.\" Nota T\u00e9cnica MTE - IBGE. https:\/\/ftp.ibge.gov.br\/Trabalho_e_Rendimento\/Pesquisa_Mensal_de_ Emprego\/Notas_Tecnicas\/notamte.pdf."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(92)90056-L"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.06.011"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdw009"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592839"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130248"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150088"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Landais, Camille, and Johannes Spinnewijn. 2019. \"The Value of Unemployment Insurance.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 13624."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150079"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Levy, Santiago. 2008. Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes-Social Policy, Informality and Economics Growth in Mexico. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121110"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160658"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150528"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, Guillermo E., Willam F. Maloney, Omar S. Arias, Pablo Fajnzylber, Andrew D. Mason, and Jaime Saavedra-Chanduvi. 2007. Informality-Exit and Exclusion. Washington, DC: World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-7092-6"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robalino, David A., Milan Vodopivec, and Andr\u00e1s Bodor. 2009. \"Savings for Unemployment in Good or Bad Times: Options for Developing Countries.\" IZA Discussion Paper 4516.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1501932"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171026"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs010"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141745"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499976"},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez, Mario. 2010. \"Seguros de Desempleo y Reformas Recientes en Am\u00e9rica Latina.\" Macroeconom\u00eda del desarrollo (United Nations): 99. https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ publication\/files\/5465\/S2009413_es.pdf."},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-9004-2-1"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T16:30:58Z","timestamp":1672936258000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180072"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180072","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:41:24Z","timestamp":1776933684757,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We show that the fiscal authorities of high-tax countries can lack the incentives to combat profit shifting to tax havens. Instead, they have incentives to focus their enforcement efforts on relocating profits booked by multinationals in other high-tax countries, crowding out the enforcement on transactions that shift profits to tax havens, and reducing the global tax payments of multinational companies. The predictions of our model are motivated and supported by the analysis of two new datasets: the universe of transfer price corrections conducted by the Danish tax authority, and new cross-country data on international tax enforcement. (JEL E62, F23, H25, H26, H87, K34) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T11:59:39Z","timestamp":1682683179000},"page":"497-525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Externalities in International Tax Enforcement: Theory and Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"T\u00f8rsl\u00f8v","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danmarks National Bank (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludvig","family":"Wier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zucman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris School of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, NBER and EU Tax Observatory (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Auerbach, Alan J. 2010. A Modern Corporate Tax. Washington, DC: Hamilton Project."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez-Mart\u00ednez, Mar\u00eda T., Salvador Barrios, Diego d'Andria, Maria Gesualdo, Ga\u00ebtan Nicod\u00e8me, and Jonathan Pycroft. 2018. \"How Large is the Corporate Tax Base Erosion and Pro t Shifting? A General Equilibrium Approach.\" CESifo Working Paper Series 6870.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3144296"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Avi-Yonah, Reuven S., and Kimberly A. Clausing. 2007. \"Reforming Corporate Taxation in a Global Economy: A Proposal to Adopt Formulary Apportionment.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, Johannes, and Ronald B. Davies. 2014. \"A Negotiation-Based Model of Tax-Induced Transfer Pricing.\" CESifo Working Paper No. 4892.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2479813"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, Johannes, Niels Johannesen, and Nadine Riedel. 2018. \"Taxation and the Allocation of Risk Inside the Multinational Firm.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3206613"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard, Andrew B., J. Bradford Jensen, and Peter K. Schott. 2006. \"Transfer Pricing by US-Based Multinational Firms.\" NBER Working Paper No. 12493.","DOI":"10.3386\/w12493"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/c4f9fd3c-en"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00015-4"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2016.4.09"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130407"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Danish Inland Revenue 2017a. \"Transfer Price Corrections for the Years 2009, 2014-15.\""},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Danish Inland Revenue 2017b. \"Mutual Agreement Procedures Involving Denmark for the Years 2009, 2014-15.\""},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Danish Inland Revenue 2017c. \"Court Cases Following Transfer Price Corrections Involving Denmark for the Years 2009, 2014-15.\""},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Danish State Auditors (Rigsrevisionen). 2014. \"Beretning til Statsrevisorerne om SKATs indsats P\u00e5transfer Pricingomr\u00e5det.\" http:\/\/www.rigsrevisionen.dk\/ (accessed January 1, 2017)."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00673"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Devereux, Michael P., and John Vella. 2017. \"Implications of Digitalization for International Corporate Tax Reform.\" Oxford Center for Business Taxation Working Paper No. 17\/07."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dharmapala, Dhammika. 2014. \"What Do We Know About Base Erosion and Pro t Shifting? A Review of the Empirical Literature.\" CESIFO Working Paper No. 4612.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2398285"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-012-9265-5"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.02.005"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum. 2011. \"2011 Statistics on the Number of MAP Pending Cases under the AC.\" https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/taxation_customs\/system\/files\/2016-09\/map_ac_statistic_2011.pdf (accessed January 1, 2017)."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Eurostat. Accessed 2019. \"Foreign Af liate Statistics - Table BOP FDI6 INC.\" https:\/\/appsso.eurostat. ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?dataset=bop_fdi6_inc&lang=en (accessed May 19, 2019)."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"EY. 2014. 2014 Global Transfer Pricing Tax Authority Survey. London, UK: EY."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Fonte, Rick. 2022. \"Linkedin Data on the Number of Transfer Pricing Specialists Worldwide.\" Linkedin, August 16. https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/transfer-pricing-survival-guide-life-sciences-industryrick-fonte?trk=pulse-article_more-articles_related-content-card."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-020-09639-w"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Glassdoor. n.d. \"Salary of Transfer Pricing Specialists.\" https:\/\/www.glassdoor.com\/Salaries\/transferpricing-salary-SRCH_KO0,16.htm (accessed January 4, 2020)."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2018.04.007"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebous, S., and N. Johannesen. 2015. \"At Your Service! The Role of Tax Havens in International Trade with Services.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2627083"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/caje.12283"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118431"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2009.06.006"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.11.002"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2007.05.006"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-019-09547-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_34","first-page":"877","volume":"83","author":"Kanbur Ravi","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"KPMG2015. \"Corporate Tax Rates Table.\" https:\/\/home.kpmg\/dk\/en\/home\/insights\/2016\/11\/taxrates-online\/corporate-tax-rates-table.html (accessed November 1, 2016)."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Li, Tim Schmidt-Eisenlohr, and Dongxian Guo. 2017. \"International Transfer Pricing and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Linked Trade-Tax Statistics in the UK.\" FRB International Finance Discussion Paper No. 1214.","DOI":"10.17016\/IFDP.2017.1214"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9779.2008.00360.x"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"ORBIS. 2012. \"Ownership Links between Multinational Enterprises Present in Denmark and Their Foreign Af liates.\" Bureau Van Dijk. https:\/\/orbis.bvdinfo.com\/version-202262\/Orbis\/Companies (accessed September 1, 2015)."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2018. \"OECD MAP Statistics.\" OECD Publishing. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/tax\/dispute\/mutual-agreement-procedure-statistics.htm (accessed April 2, 2019)."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2010. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010. Paris, France: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2015. Base Erosion and Pro t Shifting, Final Report. Paris, France: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019a. Public Consultation Document - Secretariat Proposal for a `Uni ed Approach' under Pillar One. Paris, France: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019b. Public Consultation Document - Global Anti-base Erosion Proposal (\"GloBE\") - Pillar Two. Paris, France: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2020. Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation - Economic Impact Assessment. Paris, France: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Saez, Emmanuel, and Gabriel Zucman. 2019. The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay. New York: W.W. Norton and Company."},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.08.004"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"T\u00f8rsl\u00f8v, Thomas R., Ludvig S. Wier, and Gabriel Zucman. 2020a. \"The Missing Pro ts of Nations.\" NBER Working Paper No. 24701."},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"T\u00f8rsl\u00f8v, Thomas R., Ludvig S. Wier, and Gabriel Zucman. 2020b. \"The Missing Pro ts of Nations: Dataset.\" NBER Working Paper No. 24701."},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"T\u00f8rsl\u00f8v, Thomas R., Ludvig S. Wier, and Gabriel Zucman. 2023. \"Replication data for Externalities in International Tax Enforcement: Theory and Evidence.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.38886\/E146321V1."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"UNCTAD2015. World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104153"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Wis\u00e9en, P\u00e4r Magnus. 2017. \"Improved Dispute Solution within the EU Regarding Double Taxation.\" PWC, June 7. https:\/\/blogg.pwc.se\/taxmatters-en\/."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.4.121"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1682683355000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200200"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200200","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T03:32:35Z","timestamp":1777001555167,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the long-run effects of Russia\u2019s anti-alcohol campaign, which dramatically altered the relative supply of hard and light alcohol in the late 1980s. We find that this policy shifted young men\u2019s long-run preferences from hard to light alcohol decades later, and we estimate the age at which consumers form their tastes. We show that the large beer market expansion in the late 1990s had similar effects on young consumers\u2019 tastes, while older consumers\u2019 tastes remained largely unchanged. We then link these long-run changes in alcohol consumption patterns to changes in male mortality. The shift from hard to light alcohol reduced incidences of binge drinking substantially, leading to fewer alcohol-related deaths. We conclude that the resulting large cohort differences in current alcohol consumption shares explain a significant part of the recent decrease in male mortality. Simulations suggest that mortality will continue to decrease by another 23 percent over the next 20 years due to persistent changes in consumer tastes. Program impact evaluations that focus only on contemporaneous effects can therefore severely underestimate the total effect of such public policies that change preferences for goods. (JEL D12, H25, H31, I12, I18, L66, P36) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T15:57:34Z","timestamp":1612281454000},"page":"294-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Long-Run Effects of a Public Policy on Alcohol Tastes and Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Kueng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana (USI Lugano), Swiss Finance Instutute (SFI), Northwestern University, NBER, and CEPR, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano TI, Switzerland (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Economic School and IZA, Skolkovskoe Shosse 45, Skolkovo, Moscow 143026, Russia (email )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.4.1507"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140297"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261558"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11374"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.2.232"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2000.2678"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_7","first-page":"75","volume":"36","author":"Bowles Samuel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0895330053147921"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2472"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118418"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Center for Demographic Research at the New Economic School. 1989-2014. \"Mortality Rates by Age and Sex.\" Russian Fertility and Mortality Database. http:\/\/demogr.nes.ru\/index.php\/en\/%20 demogr_indicat (accessed June 17, 2017)."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7416"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.142910"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, Philip J., and Michael J. Moore. 2000. \"Alcohol.\" In Handbook of Health Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse, 1629-73. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0064(00)80043-8"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, Francisco, and Fran\u00e7ois Gerard. 2018. \"Hysteresis and the Welfare Effect of Corrective Policies: Theory and Evidence from an Energy-Saving Program.\" NBER Working Paper 24608.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24608"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danilova, Inna, Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, Dmitri A. Jdanov, France Mesl\u00e9, and Jacques Vallin. 2016. \"Identifying Potential Differences in Cause-of-Death Coding Practices across Russian Regions.\" Population Health Metrics 14 (1): Article 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0078-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_17","first-page":"18","volume":"27","author":"Dawson Deborah A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Research and Health"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Dhami, Sanjit. 2016. The Foundations of Behavioral Economic Analysis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA14634"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Federal State Statistics Service. 1998-2001. \"Indicators of Social Development of the Russian Federation and Its Regions.\" https:\/\/uisrussia.msu.ru\/stat\/Publications\/Publications.htm."},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Federal State Statistics Service. 2002-2017a. \"Regions of Russia: Socio-economic Indicators.\" Rosstat. http:\/\/old.gks.ru\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/rosstat_main\/rosstat\/ru\/statistics\/publications\/catalog\/ doc_1138623506156 (accessed September 4, 2018)."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Federal State Statistics Service. 2002-2017b. \"Regions of Russia: The Main Characteristics of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation.\" Rosstat. http:\/\/old.gks.ru\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/rosstat_ main\/rosstat\/ru\/statistics\/publications\/catalog\/doc_1138625359016 (accessed September 4, 2018)."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140533"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilova, Natalia S., Victoria G. Semyonova, Elena Dubrovina, Galina N. Evdokushkina, Alla E. Ivanova, and Leonid A. Gavrilov. 2008. \"Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics.\" Population Research and Policy Review 27 (5): Article 551.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-008-9085-6"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.4.213"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265570"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.2.23"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2295773"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951583"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Ivanova, Alla E., T.P. Sabgayda, V.G. Semenova, V.G. Zaporozhchenko, E.V. Zemlyanova, and S.Yu. Nikitina. 2013. \"Factors Distorting Structure of Death Causes in Working Population in Russia.\" Sotsial'nye Aspekty Zdorov'ia Naseleniia 32 (4): Article 1."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Kueng, Lorenz, and Evgeny Yakovlev. 2021. \"Replication data for: The Long-Run Effects of a Public Policy on Alcohol Tastes and Mortality.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/ E117443V1."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx020"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjq004"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"National Research University Higher School of Economics. 1994-2011. \"Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey.\" Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. https:\/\/www.hse.ru\/en\/rlms (accessed July 20, 2012)."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Nemtsov, Alexandr V. 2011. A Contemporary History of Alcohol in Russia. Huddinge, Sweden: S\u00f6dert\u00f6rns H\u00f6gskola."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_36","first-page":"174","volume":"35","author":"Rehm J\u00fcrgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_37","first-page":"76","volume":"67","author":"Stigler George J","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stock, James H., and Motohiro Yogo. 2005. \"Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression.\" In Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg, edited by Donald W.K. Andrews, James H. Stock, and Thomas J. Rothenberg, 80-108. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614491.006"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"University of California, Berkeley, and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. 1959-2014. \"Russia, Life Tables (period 1x1).\" Human Mortality Database. https:\/\/www.mortality.org\/cgi-bin\/ hmd\/country.php?cntr=RUS&level=1 (accessed June 25, 2014)."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"White, Stephen. 1996. Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State and Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20130170"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T16:00:03Z","timestamp":1612281603000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180439"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180439","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:23:38Z","timestamp":1778088218895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study documents the presence of local protectionism and quantifies its impacts on market competition and social welfare in the context of China\u2019s automobile market. A salient feature of China\u2019s auto market is that vehicle models by joint ventures and state-owned enterprises command much higher market shares in their headquarter provinces than at the national level. Through county border analysis, falsification tests, and a consumer survey, we uncover protectionist policies such as subsidies to local brands as the primary contributing factor to the observed home bias. We then set up and estimate a market equilibrium model to quantify the impact of local protection, controlling for other demand and supply factors. Counterfactual analysis shows that local protection leads to significant consumer choice distortions and results in 21.9\u00a0billion yuan of consumer welfare loss, amounting to 41 percent of total subsidy. Provincial governments face a prisoner\u2019s dilemma: local protection reduces aggregate social welfare, but provincial governments have no incentive to unilaterally remove local protection. (JEL L24, L32, L62, O14, O18, P25, R12) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T11:44:08Z","timestamp":1635507848000},"page":"112-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Local Protectionism, Market Structure, and Social Welfare: China\u2019s Automobile Market"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Panle Jia","family":"Barwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Cornell University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengmao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Stanford University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iere.12071"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(03)00070-9"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Jie, Panle Barwick, Shengmao Cao, and Shanjun Li. 2020. \"Quid Pro Quo, Knowledge Spillover and Industrial Quality Upgrading.\" NBER Working Paper 27644.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27644"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Jie, and Jiahua Liu. 2019. \"The Impact of Intranational Trade Barriers on Exports: Evidence from a Nationwide VAT Rebate Reform in China.\" NBER Working Paper 26581.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26581"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_5","first-page":"128","volume":"75","author":"Ballard Charles L","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Barwick, Panle Jia, Shengmao Cao, and Shanjun Li. 2021. \"Replication data for: Local Protectionism, Market Structure, and Social Welfare: China's Automobile Market.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.38886\/E125703V1."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9027"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171802"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.3.400"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2012.10.002"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2472"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20140145"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2017.11.001"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitropoulos, Alexandros, Jos N. van Ommeren, Paul Koster, and Piet Rietveld. 2014. \"Welfare Effects of Distortionary Tax Incentives under Preference Heterogeneity: An Application to Employer-Provided Electric Cars.\" Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 12-064\/VIII.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2445304"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080213-041015"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20101199"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00039"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajgelbaum, Pablo D., Eduardo Morales, Juan Carlos Suez Serrato, and Owen Zidar. 2018. \"State Taxes and Spatial Misallocation.\" NBER Working Paper 21760.","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy050"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_19","first-page":"222","volume":"81","author":"French Kenneth","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, Amit, and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Houde. 2019. \"Measuring Substitution Patterns in Differentiated Products Industries.\" NBER Working Paper 26375.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26375"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00191"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Guriev, Sergei, Evgeny Yakovlev, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. 2007. \"Inter-regional Trade and Lobbying.\" Centre for Economic and Financial Research at New Economic School Working Paper w0100."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagedorn, Marcus, Iourii Manovskii, and Kurt Mitman. 2016. \"The Impact of Unemployment Bene t Extensions on Employment: The 2014 Employment Miracle?\" NBER Working Paper 20884.","DOI":"10.3386\/w20884"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Head, Keith, and Thierry Mayer. 2015. \"Brands in Motion: How Frictions Shape Multinational Production.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 10797."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250026"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdv008"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.3.599"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.4.1403"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.11.008"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J046v11n04_02"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2013.03.003"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroft, Kory, Jean-William P. Lalibert\u00e9, Ren\u00e9 Leal-Vizca\u00edno, and Matthew J. Notowidigdo. 2020. \"Salience and Taxation with Imperfect Competition.\" NBER Working Paper 27409.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27409"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Lei, Yu-Hsiang. 2016 \"Can Governments Harvest Connections with Firms? Evidence from China.\" https:\/\/conference.nber.org\/conf_papers\/f90038.pdf."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jems.12116"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_35","first-page":"615","volume":"85","author":"McCallum John","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340779"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9396.2005.00514.x"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141449"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300555024"},{"key":"p_40","author":"Yu Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T11:46:25Z","timestamp":1635507985000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180513"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180513","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:13:09Z","timestamp":1778209989579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Simultaneity complicates the estimation of the causal effect of police on crime. We overcome this obstacle by focusing on a mass layoff of Oregon State Police in February of 2003. Due solely to budget cuts, 35 percent of the roadway troopers were laid off, which dramatically reduced citations. The subsequent decrease in enforcement is associated with a significant increase in injuries and fatalities. The effects are similar using control groups chosen either geographically or through data-driven methods. Our estimates suggest that a highway fatality can be prevented with $309,000 of expenditures on state police. (JEL H76, K42, R41) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T14:15:09Z","timestamp":1398867309000},"page":"231-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Life and Death in the Fast Lane: Police Enforcement and Traffic Fatalities"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"DeAngelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Texas Tech University, 252 Holden Hall, Lubbock, TX 79409-1014 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Oregon, 435 PLC, 1285 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08746"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7015"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379932"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/259394"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_10","first-page":"772","volume":"84","author":"Card David","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303772815754"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.231"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0335.00198"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508030"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260058"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.05.014"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1937887"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_20","first-page":"932","volume":"79","author":"Graves Phillip E","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518810"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0020-6598.2004.00284.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_25","first-page":"270","volume":"87","author":"Levitt Steven D","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344777"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.105856"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_28","first-page":"87","volume":"7","author":"Makinen Tuija","year":"1980","journal-title":"Scandinavian Studies in criminology"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.509"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/659260"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.3.783"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261221"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344768"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593141"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_37","first-page":"880","volume":"69","author":"Polinsky A. Mitchell","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025598106257"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.6.2.231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:37Z","timestamp":1592423497000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.6.2.231"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.6.2.231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.6.2.231","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:43:13Z","timestamp":1778197393796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Using a rich dataset that merges student-level school records with birth records, and leveraging a student fixed effects design, we explore how a Florida private school choice program affected public school students\u2019 outcomes as the program matured and scaled up. We observe growing benefits (higher standardized test scores and lower absenteeism and suspension rates) to students attending public schools with more preprogram private school options as the program matured. Effects are particularly pronounced for lower-income students, but results are positive for more affluent students as well. Local and district-wide private school competition are both independently related to student outcomes. (JEL H75, I21, I22, I28) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:16:25Z","timestamp":1698754585000},"page":"255-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Maturing Private School Choice Programs on Public School Students"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"David N.","family":"Figlio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester and National Bureau of Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandra M. D.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, University of California, Davis (email:)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Karbownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Emory University, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Abdulkadiroglu, Atila, Parag A. Pathak, and Christopher R. Walters. 2015. \"School Vouchers and Student Achievement: Evidence from the Louisiana Scholarship Program.\" NBER Working Paper 21839."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556061"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Arsen, David and Yongmei Ni. 2008. The Competitive Effect of School Choice Policies on Traditional Public Schools. Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170571"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartik, Timothy J. 1991. Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies? Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute.","DOI":"10.17848\/9780585223940"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecca.12130"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdab030"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/704497"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732219862573"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.06.009"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr041"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21677"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7757(97)00040-X"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465304323023750"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22135"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"EdChoice. 2019. \"School Choice in America Dashboard.\" School Choice. https:\/\/www.edchoice.org\/ school-choice\/school-choice-in-america\/# (accessed on February 12 2019)."},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"14","author":"Egalite Anna J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Paper"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0161956X.2016.1207436"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20150679"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.12.3921"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.1.133"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figlio, David N., Cassandra M. D. Hart, and Krzysztof Karbownik. 2020. \"Effects of Scaling Up Private School Choice Programs on Public School Students.\" NBER Working Paper 26758.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26758"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Figlio, David N., Cassandra M. D. Hart, and Krzysztof Karbownik. 2023. \"Replication Data for: Effects of Maturing Private School Choice Programs on Public School Students.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E171381V1."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Figlio, David N., and Krzysztof Karbownik. 2016. Evaluation of Ohio's EdChoice Scholarship Program: Selection, Competition, and Performance Effects. Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Institute."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. 2009. FTC Scholarship Program Quarterly Report, October 2009. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Education."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. 2013. Fact Sheet on the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program, September 2013. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Education."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. 2018. Fact Sheet on the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program, September 2018. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Education."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.a. \"Class Size Reduction-Averages.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/www. doe.org\/ nance\/budget\/class-size\/class-size-reduction-averages.stml (accessed May 22, 2022)."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.b. \"Data Publication and Reports: Teacher Salary, Experience, and Degree Level.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/www.fldoe.org\/accountability\/ data-sys\/edu-info-accountability-services\/pk-12-public-school-data-pubs-reports\/archive.stml (accessed May 10, 2022)."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.c. \"FCAT Historical.\" Assessments and Publications Archive. http:\/\/www. doe.org\/accountability\/assessments\/k-12-student-assessment\/archive\/fcat\/ (accessed February 3, 2019)."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.d. \"Florida Education Research Data Files.\" Florida Department of Education. (accessed April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.e. \"Florida School Grades Archives.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/www. doe.org\/accountability\/accountability-reporting\/school-grades\/archives. stml (accessed May 17, 2022)."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.f. \"Florida Tax Credit Scholarships: Quarterly Reports. Fall Report Used for Each Year 2005-2018.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/www. doe. org\/schools\/school-choice\/k-12-scholarship-programs\/ftc\/quarterly-reports.stml (accessed May 2, 2022)."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.g. \"Master School ID Files.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/eds. doe.org\/EDS\/MasterSchoolID\/ (accessed May 22, 2022)."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.h. \"NAEP Florida, 1992-2015 NAEP Scores: Math, Grade 4.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/cdn.fldoe.org\/core\/fileparse.php\/7667\/urlt\/ Trends9215Gr4Math.pdf (accessed February 26, 2022)."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.i. \"NAEP Florida, 1992-2015 NAEP Scores: Math, Grade 8.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/www.fldoe.org\/core\/fileparse.php\/7667\/urlt\/ Trends9015Gr8Math.pdf (accessed February 26, 2022)."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.j. \"NAEP Florida, 1992-2015 NAEP Scores: Reading, Grade 4.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/cdn.fldoe.org\/core\/fileparse.php\/7667\/urlt\/ Trends9215Gr4Read.pdf (accessed February 26, 2022)."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.k. \"NAEP Florida, 1992-2015 NAEP Scores: Reading, Grade 8.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/www.fldoe.org\/core\/fileparse.php\/7667\/urlt\/ Trends9815Gr8Read.pdf, (accessed February 26, 2022)."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Florida Department of Education. n.d.l. \"Student Enrollment: State Level.\" Florida Department of Education. https:\/\/edstats.fldoe.org\/SASWebReportStudio\/gotoReportSection.do?sectionNumber=1 (accessed January 31, 2019)."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health. n.d. \"Florida Birth Record Data Files.\" Florida Department of Health. (accessed April 25, 2018)."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Florida Government. 2001. Florida Statute 220.187: Credits for Contributions to Nonprofit Scholarship-Funding Organizations. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Government."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Florida Government. 2010. Florida Statute 1002.395: Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Government."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs048"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190573"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200531"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181047"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_49","first-page":"83","volume":"11","author":"Greene Jay P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X15580102"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.11.009"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2012.02514.x"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psj.12229"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline Minter. 1994. \"Do Private Schools Provide Competition for Public Schools?\" NBER Working Paper 4978.","DOI":"10.3386\/w4978"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline Minter. 2003. \"School Choice and School Productivity: Could School Choice Be a Tide That Lifts All Boats?\" In The Economics of School Choice, edited by Caroline Minter Hoxby, 287-341. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226355344.003.0009"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2005.11.002"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373715577447"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1190(02)00530-2"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2009.0008"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2020.101960"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556052"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00194"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737017002195"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.55.2.0217.8574R2"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2005.00413.x"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373717693109"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373717693108"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv013"},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. 2013. \"Table 205.50. Private Elementary and Secondary Enrollment, Number of Schools, and Average Tuition, by School Level, Orientation, and Tuition: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2011-12.\" Digest of Education Statistics. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ programs\/digest\/d13\/tables\/dt13_205.50.asp (accessed April 7, 2020)."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. n.d. \"Elementary\/Secondary Information System, Common Core of Data.\" Institute of Education Sciences. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ccd\/elsi\/ (accessed May 10, 2022)."},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911408"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.2.251"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-071813-104217"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.03.004"},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"Totenberg, Nina, and Brian Naylor. 2020. \"Supreme Court: Montana Can't Exclude Religious Schools from Scholarship Program.\" National Public Radio, June 30."},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urquiola, Miguel. 2016. \"Competition among Schools: Traditional Public and Private Schools.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, 209-237. Amsterdam: Elsevier","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63459-7.00004-X"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22086"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210710","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:18:22Z","timestamp":1698754702000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210710"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210710","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T07:04:21Z","timestamp":1778828661343,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between the management of development aid and violent conflict in Africa. I exploit variation in World Bank project management quality driven by the assignment of project leaders of varying ability, combined with geo-coded data on all projects linked to performance report cards. I find that better project management reduces violent conflict across subnational aid receiving regions. Poorly managed projects increase conflict while well-managed projects do the opposite. Project monitoring is particularly important, and management matters most in regions with a recent history of warfare and for large projects that involve the transfer of appropriable resources. (JEL D74, F35, O17, O19, O22)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20220219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1761741835000},"page":"228-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Management of Aid and Conflict in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Moscona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"AidData. 2017. World Bank Geocoded Research Release Level 1_v1.4.2 Geocoded Dataset. http:\/\/ aiddata.org\/research-datasets (accessed December 1, 2017)."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, Mary B. 1999. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace-or War. Lynne Rienner Publishers.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781685854065"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2009.12.001"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080218-025643"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke. 2008. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4j72"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1278"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.4.73"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Beath, Andrew, Fotini Christia, and Ruben Enikolopov. 2017. \"Can Development Programs Counter Insurgencies? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergeron, Augustin, Pedro Bessone, John Kabeya Kabeya, Gabriel Z. Tourek, and Jonathan L. Weigel. 2022. \"Optimal Assignment of Bureaucrats: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Tax Collectors in the DRC.\" NBER Working Paper 30413.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30413"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, Michael Carlos, Jonas Hjort, and David Szakonyi. 2017. \"Individuals and Organizations as Sources of State Effectiveness, and Consequences for Policy.\" NBER Working Paper 23350.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23350"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs044"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.24.1.203"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380592"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.4.847"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2593"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12076"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10242690214335"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002705277551"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1833"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2015.08.005"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Darden, Jessica Trisko. 2020. Aiding and Abetting: US Foreign Assistance and State Violence. Stanford University Press."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, Jonathan M. V., Jonathan Guryan, Kelly Hallberg, and Jens Ludwig. 2017. \"The Economics of Scale-Up.\" NBER Working Paper 23925.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23925"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2008.03.005"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decarolis, Francesco, Leonardo M. Giuffrida, Elisabetta Iossa, Vincenzo Mollisi, and Giancarlo Spagnolo. 2018. \"Bureaucratic Competence and Procurement Outcomes.\" NBER Working Paper 24201.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24201"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1583"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677756"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/679021"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Easterly, William. 2002. \"The Cartel of Good Intentions: Bureaucracy versus Markets in Foreign Aid.\" Center for Global Development Working Paper 4.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.999981"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041916-015516"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.916"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002705277545"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.3.863"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.01.006"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueab008"},{"key":"p_35","author":"Look Anne","year":"2014","journal-title":"VOA News"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1797"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Marx, Benjamin. 2017. \"Elections as Incentives: Project Completion and Visibility in African Politics.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131311"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Moscona, Jacob. 2025. Data and Code for: \"The Management of Aid and Conflict in Africa.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E216541V1."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Moyo, Dambisa. 2009. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911408"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1630"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638191003749783"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Polman, Linda. 2010. The Crisis Caravan: What's Wrong with Humanitarian Aid? Metropolitan Books."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prendergast, John. 1996. Frontline Diplomacy: Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781685858049"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_46","first-page":"26","volume":"35","author":"Pritchett Lant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Finance and Development"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080614-115553"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343310378914"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343304043773"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.9.081304.161338"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). 2018. Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund: The World Bank Needs to Improve How It Monitors Implementation, Shares Information, and Determines the Impact of Donor Contributions. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0343.00062"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Vermehren, Andrea. 2017. \"Interview with Andrea Vermehren, a World Bank Task Team Leader (TTL).\" Interview by Jacob Moscona, November 2017."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2006. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808654"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.1.2.225"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"World Bank. 2003. World Bank Annual Report 2003. World Bank."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"World Bank. 2013. Task Team Leader Toolkit: Investment Project Financing - the Project Cycle. World Bank."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"World Bank. 2022. World Bank Annual Report 2022. World Bank."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2022.104112"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20220219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:45:14Z","timestamp":1761741914000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20220219"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20220219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20220219","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:45:50Z","timestamp":1780350350013,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We examine the differential response of establishments to the recent global financial crisis with particular emphasis on the role of foreign ownership. Using a worldwide establishment panel dataset, we investigate how multinational subsidiaries around the world responded to the crisis relative to local establishments. We find that, first, multinational subsidiaries fared on average better than local counterfactuals with similar economic characteristics. Second, among multinational subsidiaries, establishments sharing stronger vertical production and financial linkages with parents exhibited greater resilience. Finally, in contrast to the crisis period, the effect of foreign ownership and linkages on establishment performance was insignificant in noncrisis years. (JEL F23, G01, L22, M16) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]],"date-time":"2012-08-03T12:10:06Z","timestamp":1343995806000},"page":"30-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Surviving the Global Financial Crisis: Foreign Ownership and Establishment Performance"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Alfaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Business School and NBER, Morgan Hall 263, Boston, MA 02163."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie Xiaoyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, 2115 G Street, NW, Suite 367, Washington, DC 20052."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2009.01464.x"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.3.605"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(03)00081-3"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.5.2096"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303322552829"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.3.1171"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383099"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/imfer.2010.15"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.2.193"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.2.487"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6261.00513"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(98)00104-4"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(97)00033-0"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2005.00757.x"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhm017"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6261.00527"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2109799"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5606(99)00023-6"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9957.00331"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3878(93)90072-U"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2003.10.002"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261236"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041464605"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/imfer.2010.11"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20075298"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(84)80001-X"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648877"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_36","first-page":"559","volume":"88","author":"Rajan Raghuram G","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0106.2010.00507.x"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2010.12.006"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhq078"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.30","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:03Z","timestamp":1592423583000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.30"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.3.30"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.30","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:18:58Z","timestamp":1780327138588,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":2,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Researchers often estimate average treatment effects of programs without investigating heterogeneity across units. Yet, individuals, firms, regions, or countries vary in their ability to utilize transfers. We analyze Objective 1 transfers of the EU to regions below a certain income level by way of a regression discontinuity design with systematically varying heterogeneous treatment effects. Only about 30 percent and 21 percent of the regions\u2014those with sufficient human capital and good-enough institutions\u2014are able to turn transfers into faster per capita income growth and per capita investment, respectively. In general, the variance of the treatment effect is much bigger than its mean. (JEL C21, F35, H23, H77, R11) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.4.29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T18:50:12Z","timestamp":1383245412000},"page":"29-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Absorptive Capacity and the Growth and Investment Effects of Regional Transfers: A Regression Discontinuity Design with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sascha O","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick, Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), CESifo, Ifo, and Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Polytechnical Institute (ETH), Z\u00fcrich, KOF, Weinbergstrasse 35, WEH E6, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland and CAGE, CEPR, CESifo, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Leverhulme Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy (GEP) at the University of Nottingham, and Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation (OUCBT)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"von Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern, Schanzeneckstrasse 1, 3001 Bern, Switzerland and Center for Regional Economic Development (CRED) and CESifo."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214508000000841"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-0133.2003.00195.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.5.4.29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:24Z","timestamp":1592423544000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.5.4.29"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"references-count":2,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.5.4.29"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.5.4.29","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T19:12:53Z","timestamp":1686078773914},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.1.iii","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]],"date-time":"2009-02-12T23:40:08Z","timestamp":1234482008000},"page":"iii-iii","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Editor's Note"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"1","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.1.1.iii","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T18:45:03Z","timestamp":1686077103000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.1.1.iii"}},"editor":[{"given":"Alan J","family":"Auerbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.1.1.iii"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.1.1.iii","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:23:27Z","timestamp":1761747807699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.17.4.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1761741835000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.17.4.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:45:25Z","timestamp":1761741925000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.17.4.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.17.4.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.17.4.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:52:48Z","timestamp":1765961568701},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Fundraising interventions may lift donations and\/or shift their composition and timing. Using data rich in both the charity space and time dimensions, we find that major fundraising appeals lift donations to the appeal charity and that this increase is not offset by lower donations later in time. Strikingly, major appeals also forward-shift donations to other (nonappeal) charities that are offset by lower donations later. To understand these response patterns, we introduce a two-period, two-charity \u201c lift-shift\u201d model. The model indicates that the observed response patterns are possible only if warm glow is substitutable, both intertemporally and between charities. (JEL D64, H12, H41, L31, Q54) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1659096933000},"page":"296-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lift and Shift: The Effect of Fundraising Interventions in Charity Space and Time"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Scharf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Birmingham (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of Bristol (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ottoni-Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, IUPUI (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.01.002"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.11.004"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreoni, James, and A. Abigail Payne. 2013. \"Charitable Giving,\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 5, edited by Alan J. Auerbach, Raj Chetty, Martin Feldstein, and Emmanuel Saez, 1-50. Amsterdam: North Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53759-1.00001-7"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691703"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2021.104391"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekkers, Ren\u00e9. 2015. \"When and Why Matches are More Effective Subsidies than Rebates.\" In Research in Experimental Economics: Replication in Experimental Economics, Vol. 18, edited by Cary A. Deck, Enrique Fatas, and Tanya Rosenblat. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.","DOI":"10.1108\/S0193-230620150000018007"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uez008"},{"key":"p_8","author":"Bernstein Elizabeth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, Nicole, Elaine De Gruyter, Dennis Petrie, and Sarah Smith. 2020. \"Altruism Born of Suffering? The Impact of an Adverse Health Shock on Pro-Social Behaviour.\" CEPR Discussion Paper DP15535.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.09.038"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2012.08.005"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2011.01.028"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.04.005"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519499"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Charities Aid Foundation. 2014. \"Charity Accounts Transaction Records, 2009-2014.\" Kent, UK: CAF."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Charities Aid Foundation and National Council for Voluntary Organisations. 2010. UK Giving 2010. London: Charities Aid Foundation and National Council for Voluntary Organisations."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2232704"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.11.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_18","first-page":"127","volume":"65","author":"De Alessi Louis","year":"1975","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deaton, Angus, and John Muellbauer. 1980. Economics and Consumer Behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805653"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr050"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200230"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Diewert, Erwin W. 2011. \"Microeconomic Theory: A Dual Approach.\" https:\/\/econ.sites.olt.ubc.ca\/ les\/2014\/02\/pdf_course_erwin-diewert-ECON581Ch4.pdf"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2016.05.006"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-008-9198-0"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.017"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.693"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.01.007"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613490748"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00800.x"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fidrmuc, Jan, Sugata Ghosh, and Weonho Yang. 2015. \"Natural Disasters, Government Spending, and the Fiscal Multiplier.\" CESifo Working Paper 5665.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2722449"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvy011"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_32","first-page":"277","volume":"88","author":"Harbaugh William T","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Harwell, Haley, Daniel Meneses, Chris Moceri, Marc Rauckhorst, Adam Zindler, and Catherine Eckel. 2015. \"Did the Ice Bucket Challenge Drain the Philanthropic Reservoir?\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.2494"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.10.005"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1774"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2921(76)90057-X"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0143814X15000203"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2016.04.009"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2006.121.2.747"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.958"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2354.2007.00449.x"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Lange, Andreas, and Andrew Stocking. 2012. \"The Complementarities of Competition in Charitable Fundraising.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.2.157"},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"List, John A. 2014. \"Welcome Remarks.\" Speech, 2nd Science of Philanthropy Initiative Annual Conference 2014, Chicago, IL, November 7, 2014."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"MacAskill, William. 2021. \"The Cold, Hard Truth About the Ice Bucket Challenge.\" Quartz, September 3. https:\/\/qz.com\/249649\/the-cold-hard-truth-about-the-ice-bucket-challenge\/."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2016.11.009"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2007.5.6.1203"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00153"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00154"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.002"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.2487"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Riley, Tess. 2014. \"ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is not a Catalyst for Long-Term Behaviour Change.\" Guardian, September 5. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/2014\/sep\/05\/als-icebucket-challenge-long-term-behaviour-change."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0899764020977661"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1880754"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Salamon, Lester M., and Helmut K. Anheier. 1996. The Emerging Nonprofit Sector: An Overview. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Scharf, Kimberley A., and Sarah Smith. 2009. Gift Aid Donor Research. Exploring Options for Reforming Higher-rate Relief. London: Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Scharf, Kimberley, Sarah Smith, and Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm. 2022. \"Replication data for: Lift and Shift: The Effect of Fundraising Interventions in Charity Space and Time.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E149945V1."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2009.02267.x"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, Sarah, Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm, and Kimberly Scharf. 2018. \"The Donation Response to Natural Disasters.\" In Economics of Philanthropy: Donations and Fundraising, edited by Kimberley Scharf and Mirco Tonin, 239-261. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.1920\/wp.ifs.2017.W1719"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Solnit, Rebecca. 2009. A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities that Arise in Disaster. New York, NY: Penguin Books."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134705"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071663"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11238-013-9360-9"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.09.004"},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"University of Kent. 2017 Coutts Million Pound Donor Report. Canterbury, UK: University of Kent Centre for Philanthropy."},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.46.1.120"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180679","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:17:41Z","timestamp":1659097061000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180679"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180679","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:17:08Z","timestamp":1745986628091,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We develop a framework to bound the welfare impacts of arbitrarily large reforms to notches using two sufficient statistics: the change in the number of households located below the new notch and the change in the number of households located below the old notch. Our bounds hold in a wide class of models, highlighting a new way to use reduced-form bunching evidence for welfare analysis without making strong assumptions on the economic environment. We estimate these two statistics using a difference-in-difference strategy for a reform to the antipoverty program Bolsa Fam\u00edlia, finding that the reform\u2019s MVPF is between 0.90\u20131.12. (JEL D12, D91, H83, I32, I38, O12) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1745932251000},"page":"122-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Welfare Analysis of Changing Notches: Evidence from Bolsa Fam\u00edlia"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katy","family":"Bergstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Dodds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"02926","volume":"1710","author":"Abadie Alberto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preprint, arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180564"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Bastagli, Francesca. 2008. \"The Design, Implementation and Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers Targeted on the Poor: An Evaluation of Brazil's Bolsa Fam\u00edlia.\" PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104313"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104330"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2023.104948"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Bergstrom, Katy, William Dodds, and Juan Rios. 2025. Data and Code for: \"Welfare Analysis of Changing Notches: Evidence from Bolsa Fam\u00edlia.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E200743V1."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683849"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_9","first-page":"656","volume":"87","author":"Best Michael Carlos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdx032"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Bilinski, Alyssa, and Laura A. Hatfield. 2019. \"Nothing to See Here? Non-Inferiority Approaches to Parallel Trends and Other Model Assumptions.\" Preprint, arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ arXiv.1805.03273."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Carril, Rodrigo. 2022. \"Rules versus Discretion in Public Procurement.\" BSE Working Paper 1232."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz014"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1821"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.142910"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/680092"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00759"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"2020","author":"Fruttero Anna","year":"2020","journal-title":"IMF Working Paper"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Gazola Hellmann, Aline. 2015. \"How Does Bolsa Familia Work? Best Practices in the Implementation of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean.\" Inter-American Development Bank Technical Note 856."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180072"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerard, Fran\u00e7ois, Joana Naritomi, and Joana Silva. 2021. \"Cash Transfers and Formal Labor Markets: Evidence from Brazil.\" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9778.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-9778"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.32.4.201"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa006"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00552"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Imbens, Guido W., and Donald B. Rubin. 2021. Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080315-015234"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-060220-023547"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt004"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Lindert, Kathy, Anja Linder, Jason Hobbs, and B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte de la Bri\u00e8re. 2007. \"The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Fam\u00edlia Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context.\" World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper 39853."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-020-09589-3"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00296"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio do Desenvolvimento e Assist\u00eancia Social. 2016. Cadastro Unico (SolicitaCad). Minist\u00e9rio do Desenvolvimento e Assist\u00eancia Social. https:\/\/www.gov.br\/pt-br\/servicos\/solicitar-cessao-dedados-identificados-do-cadastro-unico (accessed December 15, 2016)."},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"12","author":"Mora Ricardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"UC3M Economic Series Working Paper"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_34","first-page":"158","volume":"37","author":"Outreville J. Fran\u00e7ois.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Insurance Issues"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdad018"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X19830877"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"issue":"8","key":"p_38","first-page":"1253","volume":"171","author":"Saving Jason L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tax Notes Federal"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_39","first-page":"259","volume":"11","author":"Slemrod Joel","year":"2013","journal-title":"eJournal of Tax Research"},{"issue":"21","key":"p_40","first-page":"55","volume":"46","author":"Veras Soares Fabio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1802"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"World Bank. 2024. Poverty and Inequality Platform (version 20240326_2017_01_02_PROD). pip. worldbank.org (accessed April 15, 2024)."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946644"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy029"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:12:37Z","timestamp":1745932357000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230024"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230024","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T17:15:27Z","timestamp":1756574127835},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In US environmental court cases, a cash penalty can be mitigated if a defendant volunteers to undertake an in-kind project, such as retrofitting school buses or building a public park. A goal of the policy is to address environmental justice concerns for low-income and minority populations, yet the historical record shows in-kind settlements most likely occur in cases involving high-income, majority-White communities. A choice experiment reveals that the public prefers in-kind settlements over cash, and a randomized survey reveals in-kind settlements improve the public\u2019s view of a violating firm, consistent with our finding of positive stock market reactions to in-kind settlements. (JEL D63, H23, J15, K32, Q53, Q58) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:08:16Z","timestamp":1706706496000},"page":"415-446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Addressing Environmental Justice through In-Kind Court Settlements"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Campa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SITE and Misum, Stockholm School of Economics (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucija","family":"Muehlenbachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary and Resources for the Future (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joie.12016"},{"key":"p_2","author":"Aldridge James","year":"2015","journal-title":"San Antonio Business Journal"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022109017000461"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armour, John, Colin Mayer, and Andrea Polo. 2019. \"Naming and Shaming: Evidence from Event Studies.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3447363"},{"issue":"10","key":"p_5","first-page":"4601","volume":"58","author":"Arrow Kenneth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.843"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.33.1.185"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-100518-094131"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160555"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumol, William J., and Wallace E. Oates. 1988. The Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173513"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.2.67"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_13","first-page":"691","volume":"78","author":"Blackorby Charles","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irle.2018.12.007"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00069-9"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"1991","volume":"15","author":"Burtraw Dallas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2018.07.007"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Campa, Pamela, and Lucija Muehlenbachs. 2020. \"Cash versus In-Kind Punishment: Evidence from Environmental Enforcement Cases.\" OSF Registries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/7J42U (accessed October 15, 2020)."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Campa, Pamela, and Lucija Muehlenbachs. 2024. \"Replication Data for: Addressing Environmental Justice through In-Kind Court Settlements.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E182764V1."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-007-9124-5"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011128332243"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/720140"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Clark, Jeffrey Bossert. 2020. \"Supplemental Environmental Projects (`SEPs') in Civil Settlements with Private Defendants.\" Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/enrd\/file\/1257901\/download."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_24","first-page":"675","volume":"30","author":"Cropper Maureen L","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.46.2.333"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121656"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chaisemartin, Cl\u00e9ment, and Xavier D'Haultf\u0153uille. 2022a. \"Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertemporal Treatment Effects.\" NBER Working Paper 29873.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29873"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chaisemartin, Cl\u00e9ment, and Xavier D'Haultf\u0153uille. 2022b. \"Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects: A Survey.\" NBER Working Paper 29691.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29734"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171330"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.8.4.45"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitri, Nicola, Gustavo Piga, and Giancarlo Spagnolom, eds. 2006. Handbook of Procurement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511492556"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr030"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.05.002"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"1","volume":"113","author":"Gaubert Cecile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Anuual Meeting of the National Tax Association"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2003.01.001"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3325435"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2021.102552"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Heath, Michelle. 2015. \"Valero Proposes Vegetable Garden near Port Arthur Re nery.\" Beaumont Enterprise. April 6. https:\/\/www.beaumontenterprise.com\/news\/article\/Valero-proposes-vegetablegarden-near-Port-Arthur-6178071.php."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rey024"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. 1990-2017. \"IPUMS: National Historical Geographic Information System.\" IPUMS NHGIS. https:\/\/data2.nhgis.org\/main (accessed May 4, 2018)."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, Robin R., and Kelly B. Maguire. 2012. \"An Examination of the Correlation between Race and State Hazardous and Solid Waste Taxes.\" In Political Economy of Environmental Justice, edited by H. Spencer Banzhaf, 249-266. Stanford: Stanford University Press.","DOI":"10.11126\/stanford\/9780804780612.003.0010"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691697"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-0696(92)90019-S"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430806"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.1.51"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00346530151143815"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20404"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac1225"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.51.4.1007"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2010.01.001"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180325"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/719402"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.08.001"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00525"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Mitchell, Robert Cameron, and Richard T. Carson. 1989. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-082508-094348"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Natsu, Jennifer. 2019. \"Seafood Giant Agrees to $23M in Upgrades to Reduce Coolant Leaks, EPA Says.\" Environment+Energy Leader, February 20. https:\/\/www.environmentenergyleader. com\/2019\/02\/179412\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_58","first-page":"372","volume":"72","author":"Nichols Albert L","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings"},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"OECD. 2009. Ensuring Environmental Compliance: Trends and Good Practices. Paris: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Orbis. 1997-2017. \"Orbis.\" Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing. https:\/\/www.bvdinfo.com\/en-us\/ our-products\/data\/international\/orbis (accessed November 29, 2018)."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/711583"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2021.102431"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Pham, Linh, and Travis Roach. 2021. \"Spillover Bene ts of Carbon Dioxide Cap and Trade: Evidence from the Toxic Release Inventory.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-091912-151821"},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1988-2019. \"CPI for All Urban Consumers.\" Consumer Price Index. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cpi\/data.htm (accessed June 23, 2019)."},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 1990-2017. \"United States Census Bureau Cartographic Boundary Files-Shapele.\" US Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geographies\/mapping-files\/time-series\/geo\/ carto-boundary-file.html (accessed November 24, 2018)."},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. 2015 Update to the 1998 US EPA Supplemental Environmental Projects Policy. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 1988-2020. \"RSEI Geographic Microdata.\" Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/rsei\/rsei-geographic-microdata-rsei-gm (accessed October 20, 2022)."},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 1990-2017. \"EPA Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring Data Download: ICIS FE&C Data Set.\" Enforcement and Compliance History Online. https:\/\/echo. epa.gov\/tools\/data-downloads#downloads (accessed March 10, 2018)."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. \"Issuance of Final Supplemental Environmental Projects Policy.\" Of cial memorandum. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. https:\/\/ www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/fnlsup-hermn-mem.pdf."},{"key":"p_71","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 2003a. \"Expanding the Use of Supplemental Environmental Projects.\" Of cial memorandum. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. https:\/\/ www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/ les\/2018-10\/documents\/seps-expandingusetab7.pdf."},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 2003b. Notice. \"Interim Guidance for Community Involvement in Supplemental Environmental Projects.\" Federal Register 68 (116) (June 17, 2003): 35884-88. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2003-06-17\/pdf\/03-15260.pdf."},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"Wharton Research Data Service. 1963-2019. \"CRSP.\" WRDS https:\/\/wrds-www.wharton.upenn. edu\/login\/?next=\/pages\/support\/data-overview\/wrds-overview-crsp-us-stock-database\/ (accessed March 3, 2019)."},{"key":"p_74","unstructured":"Williams, Jean E. 2021. \"Withdrawal of Memoranda and Policy Documents.\" Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/ d9\/2023-07\/enrd_withdrawal_memo.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_75","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Wolverton Ann","year":"2009","journal-title":"BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3340"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-009-9230-z"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210432","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:10:34Z","timestamp":1706706634000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210432"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210432","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:40:51Z","timestamp":1772728851082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>What is the effect of politicians\u2019 wages on corruption in the presence of criminal groups that use both bribes and violence? With a regression discontinuity design and three distinct proxies for corruption, we show that better-paid Italian politicians are more likely to promote transparency and competition in procurement but also more likely to incur criminal attacks. The effects of wages, which subside after three years, are driven by changes in incumbents\u2019 behavior rather than improved selection. These findings show how higher wages may curb corruption, but also foster the use of violence as an alternative tool to influence policymaking. (JEL D72, D73, J31, K42)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20240383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:33:41Z","timestamp":1769697221000},"page":"190-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plata y Plomo: How Higher Wages Expose Politicians to Criminal Violence"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Pulejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roma Tre University and BAFFI, Bocconi University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Querub\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilf Family Department of Politics, New York University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy036"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 Nazionale Anticorruzione (ANAC). 2017. Analisi istruttoria per l'individuazione di indicatori di rischio corruzione e di prevenzione e contrasto nelle amministrazioni pubbliche coinvolte nella politica di coesione. ANAC."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 Nazionale Anticorruzione (ANAC). 2019. La corruzione in Italia (2016-2019): Numeri, luoghi e contropartite del malaffare. ANAC."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104085"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2024.04.027"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.01.002"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467507"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946699"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2234340"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002238161300145X"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02172.x"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caneppele, Stefano, and Sara Martocchia. 2014. \"Italian Ma as, Public Procurement and Public Works in Southern Italy.\" In Organized Crime, Corruption and Crime Prevention: Essays in Honor of Ernesto U. Savona, edited by Stefano Caneppele and Francesco Calderoni, 293-299. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01839-3_33"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Castillo-Quintana, Mart\u00edn, and Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Enr\u00edquez. 2024. \"A Theory of Criminal Bribes and Punishment in Elections.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1801800115"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjad054"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2018.06.006"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Coviello, Decio, Andrea Guglielmo, Clarissa Lotti, and Giancarlo Spagnolo. 2022. \"Procurement with Manipulation.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 17063."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curzi, Candida. 2018. \"Blood and Fear in Italy.\" In Journalists in Peril, edited by Nancy J. Woodhull and Robert W. Snyder, 101-106. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203787878-15"},{"key":"p_20","first-page":"2019","author":"D'Andrea Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BAFFI CAREFIN Centre Working Paper"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055406061995"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376951"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2017.07.021"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.08.004"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewac002"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/732957"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150551"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-052715-111917"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decarolis, Francesco, Raymond Fisman, Paolo Pinotti, and Silvia Vannutelli. 2021. \"Rules, Discretion, and Corruption in Procurement: Evidence from Italian Government Contracting.\" NBER Working Paper 28209.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28209"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewab041"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewab015"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345578"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/730729"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"DNA. 2019. \"Relazione annuale sulle attivit\u00e0 svolte.\" https:\/\/www.avvisopubblico.it\/home\/home\/ cosa-facciamo\/informare\/documenti-tematici\/mafie\/relazione-2019-della-direzione-nazionaleantimafia-e-antiterrorismo\/."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Enr\u00edquez, Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n. 2022. \"Democracy under Assault: Electoral Reform and Political Violence.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.2.703"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraz, Claudio, and Frederico Finan. 2009. \"Motivating Politicians: The Impacts of Monetary Incentives on Quality and Performance.\" NBER Working Paper 14906.","DOI":"10.3386\/w14906"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.4.1274"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12141"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12002"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2024.02.014"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002715600756"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00942"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.004"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.01.004"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20201015"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2235324"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X221124553"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12238"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12235"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Pulejo, Massimo, and Pablo Querub\u00edn. 2026. Data and Code for: \"Plata y Plomo: How Higher Wages Expose Politicians to Criminal Violence.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E225801V1."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139175098"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_55","first-page":"433","volume":"74","author":"Shapiro Carl","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Span\u00f3, Laura. 2024. \"Favignana Ancora al Centro di Inchieste per Appalti Pilotati e Tangenti.\" Giornale di Sicilia, April 18. https:\/\/trapani.gds.it\/articoli\/archivio\/2024\/04\/18\/favignana-ancora-alcentro-di-inchieste-per-appalti-pilotati-e-tangenti-6fe0e070-d4eb-40bc-9d78-9eeae6d59653\/."},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/089533005774357860"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Transcrime. 2013. Gli investimenti delle mafie. Transcrime."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewae009"},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Unioncamere. 2013. La misurazione dell'economia illegale: sintesi delle principali esperienze sul tema."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3878(01)00139-0"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannutelli, Silvia. 2022. \"From Lapdogs to Watchdogs: Random Auditor Assignment and Municipal Fiscal Performance.\" NBER Working Paper 30644.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30644"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20240383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:33:48Z","timestamp":1769697228000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20240383"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20240383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20240383","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T19:54:48Z","timestamp":1771358088240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We investigate heterogeneity in responsiveness to reminder letters among New York City parking ticket recipients. Using variation in the timing of letters, we find a strong aggregate response. But we find large differences across individuals: those with a low baseline propensity to respond to tickets\u2014a natural nudge target\u2014react least to letters. These low-response types, who incur significant late penalties, disproportionately come from already disadvantaged groups. They do react strongly to traditional, incentive-based interventions. We discuss how accounting for response heterogeneity might change one\u2019s approach to policy and how one might use our analysis to target interventions at low-response types. (JEL D04, D12, D91, H71) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T14:33:17Z","timestamp":1666967597000},"page":"343-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reminders Work, but for Whom? Evidence from New York City Parking Ticket Recipients"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ori","family":"Heffetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bogen Family Department of Economics and Federmann Center for Rationality, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and S. C. Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"O\u2019Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Cornell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry S.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephen J. R. Smith School of Business, Queen\u2019s University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"p_1","first-page":"1","volume":"81","author":"George","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617702501"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2019.02.001"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadena, Ximena, and Antoinette Schoar. 2011. \"Remembering to Pay? Reminders vs. Financial Incentives for Loan Payments.\" NBER Working Paper 17020.","DOI":"10.3386\/w17020"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2499"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2019.3.01"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Consumer Reports. 2019. \"Luxury Cars.\" Consumer Reports. https:\/\/www.consumerreports.org\/cro\/ cars\/luxury-cars.htm (accessed March 23, 2021)."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/713096"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA18709"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.01005.x"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2019.104616"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911491"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Heffetz, Ori, Ted O'Donoghue, and Henry S. Schneider. 2022a. \"Replication data for: Reminders Work, but for Whom? Evidence from New York City Parking Ticket Recipients.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E135881V1."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Heffetz, Ori, Ted O'Donoghue, and Henry Schneider. 2022b. \"A Note on the Identi cation of Present Bias and Forgetting from Task-Completion Data.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191258"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holman, Jeff, and Farhan Zaidi. 2010. \"The Economics of Prospective Memory.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1662183"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297821"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2019.03.005"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2296"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","first-page":"25","volume":"1","author":"Morten Melanie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioral Science and Policy"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel, Christopher R., and Samuel Stolper. 2019. \"Using Machine Learning to Target Treatment: The Case of Household Energy Use.\" NBER Working Paper 26531.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26531"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Martinez, Seung-Keun, Stephan Meier, and Charles Sprenger. 2017. \"Procrastination in the Field: Evidence from Tax Filing.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"New York City Department of Finance. 2014. Summonses, Events, and Vendor Files, and Lookup Tables. City of New York. Multiple electronic les provided to the authors under the Research and Nondisclosure Statement of December 23, 2011."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.1.103"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556142"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301556365"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"107","author":"Letzler Robert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 107 (A)"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Taubinsky, Dmitry. 2014. \"From Intentions to Actions: A Model and Experimental Evidence of Inattentive Choice.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. 2002. Summary File 3 Dataset: All 50 States and Puerto Rico. Electronic les XX00001.txt, XX00002.txt, XX00003.txt, XX00004.txt, XX00005.txt, XX00006.txt, XX00007.txt, and XXgeo.txt, Where the XX Correspond to Individual U.S. State Abbreviations.\" United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/2000\/dec\/summary-file-3. html (accessed March 28, 2016)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T14:35:36Z","timestamp":1666967736000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200400"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200400","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:33:48Z","timestamp":1772886828491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Do low property taxes attract new home construction? This question is answered using a large shock to property tax burdens caused by an unusual school finance reform in the state of New Hampshire. The estimates suggest that, in most of the state, communities with a reduced tax burden experience a substantial increase in residential construction. In the area of the state near the region's primary urban center (Boston), however, the shock clears through a price adjustment\u2014i.e., by capitalizing into property values. The differing responses are attributed to differing housing supply elasticities. (JEL H71, H73, R31)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T19:26:58Z","timestamp":1422559618000},"page":"300-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Connection between Property Taxes and Residential Capital Investment"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Byron","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, M.S. #83, 20th and C Streets NW, Washington, DC 20551- 0001 (e-mail: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260744"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.843"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(03)00024-0"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522381"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556070"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1885931"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_8","first-page":"440","volume":"61","author":"Bradford David F","year":"1971","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(79)90006-9"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(82)90059-7"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(83)90026-8"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(89)90003-X"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098032000165271"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429979"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbi003"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2008.06.003"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.3.951"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_25","first-page":"743","volume":"66","author":"Hamilton Bruce W","year":"1976","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2008.09.001"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2012.10.002"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.9.4.217"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41788756","volume":"41","author":"Ladd Helen F","year":"1988","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.2010.12258"},{"key":"p_37","first-page":"2009","author":"Lutz Byron F","year":"2009","journal-title":"Federal Reserve System of Finance and Economics Discussion Series Paper"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(72)90020-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_39","first-page":"197","volume":"57","author":"Mills Edwin S","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/259584"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250041"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(79)90027-5"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.3.1253"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/257839"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789006","volume":"46","author":"Wassmer Robert W","year":"1993","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(82)90002-X"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1802"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0462(86)90028-1"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20120017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T23:35:38Z","timestamp":1651102538000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20120017"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20120017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20120017","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:21:57Z","timestamp":1773390117945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We analyze the Nielsen Household Consumer Panel to estimate the effects of tobacco policies on tobacco-related purchases using within-household variation. We also match purchases to cigarette contents from NHANES. Higher cigarette taxes reduce cigarette purchases and increase smoking cessation product purchases, while estimates of smoking ban effects are less precisely estimated. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) taxes lead to reductions in SLT use but also lead to substitution among SLT products. We find evidence that cigarette taxes induce purchases of cigarettes with higher tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide contents, but this compensatory behavior is overwhelmed by the reduction in cigarettes purchased. (JEL D12, H25, H31, I18, L66) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T13:52:25Z","timestamp":1478008345000},"page":"103-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Effects of Tobacco Control Policies on Tobacco Products, Tar, and Nicotine Purchases among Adults: Evidence from Household Panel Data"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chad","family":"Cotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algomera Blvd, Oshkosh, WI 54901 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Nesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Ave, Muncie, IN 47306 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Tefft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Bates College, 2 Andrews Rd, Lewiston, ME 04240 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.4.1751"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4284\/0038-4038-2011.222"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1013"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.7.3102"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261558"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1060863"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.03.007"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2556105"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.820"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdj070"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.169"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_15","first-page":"300","volume":"70","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-200407000-00011"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21724"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.3.4.316"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1050(199709)6:5<525::AID-HEC300>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15140326.2004.12040606"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ei\/cbj028"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840500427940"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:43Z","timestamp":1592423443000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150268"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150268","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:05:27Z","timestamp":1773187527437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper studies the effects of legal street prostitution zones on registered and perceived crime. We exploit a unique setting in the Netherlands where these tippelzones were opened in nine cities under different regulation systems. Our difference-in-difference analysis of 25 Dutch cities between 1994\u20132011 shows that opening a tippelzone decreases registered sexual abuse and rape by about 30\u201340 percent in the first two years. For cities which enforced licensing in tippelzones, we also find reductions in drug-related crime and long-term effects on sexual assaults. Effects on perceived drug nuisance depend on the regulation system and the proximity of respondents to the tippelzone. (JEL J16, J47, K42) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T13:06:20Z","timestamp":1509368780000},"page":"28-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Street Prostitution Zones and Crime"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Bisschop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SEO Economisch Onderzoek, Roetersstraat 29, 1018 WB Amsterdam, the Netherlands (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kastoryano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Mannheim, L7, 3-5, 68131 Mannheim, Germany (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"van der Klaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676932"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675404"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/259394"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02242925"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6478.00106"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.05.023"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098984385"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970733"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.2157"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J189v02n03_03"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLII.3.489"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03005.x"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2011.01018.x"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1460846042000250873"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820400095881"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:56Z","timestamp":1592423456000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150299"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150299","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:33:24Z","timestamp":1773016404576,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We use Nielsen Homescan data to examine who bears the economic burden of cigarette taxes. We find cigarette taxes are less than fully passed through to consumer prices, suggesting consumers and producers split the excess burden of these taxes. Using information on consumer location, we show the availability of lower-tax goods across state borders creates significant differences in the pass-through rate. Tax avoidance opportunities also have a sizable effect on purchasing behavior by altering consumer search, prices paid and quantities purchased. Finally, we demonstrate that the incidence of cigarette taxes and the border effect varies by household income and education. (JEL D12, H22, H25, H26, H71, L66)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T17:26:57Z","timestamp":1351531617000},"page":"169-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["The Heterogeneous Geographic and Socioeconomic Incidence of Cigarette Taxes: Evidence from Nielsen Homescan Data"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Stanford University, 579 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Leibtag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Room 05N10, 355 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20024."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael F","family":"Lovenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 135 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 and National Bureau of Economic Research."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00103-5"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1061053"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789387","volume":"52","author":"Besley Timothy J","year":"1999","journal-title":"National tax Journal"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2291055"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.23.2.77"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2008.09.029"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2011.09.001"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.39.3.321.19111"},{"key":"p_12","author":"Chiou Lesley","year":"2008","journal-title":"B. E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, contributions 8 (1): Article 48."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11129-009-9073-0"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.1.131"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2009.4.05"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.169"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/258636"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(96)00498-5"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805774670284"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2008.1.01"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.10.001"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.61"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789195","volume":"49","author":"Poterba James M","year":"1996","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2004.08.005"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2007.1.05"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1251838"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3293(00)00031-8"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1910412"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2002.1.04"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.4.169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T16:52:01Z","timestamp":1643561521000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.4.169"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.4.169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.4.169","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:22:59Z","timestamp":1775726579872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Prior studies suggest that with elastically supplied inputs free entry may lead to an inefficiently high number of firms in equilibrium. Under input scarcity, however, the welfare loss from free entry is reduced. Further, free entry may increase use of high-quality inputs, as oligopolistic firms underuse these inputs when entry is constrained. We assess these predictions by examining how the 1996 repeal of certificate-of-need (CON ) legislation in Pennsylvania affected the market for cardiac surgery in the state. We show that entry led to a redistribution of surgeries to higher quality surgeons, and that this entry was approximately welfare neutral. (JEL I11, L13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.1.51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]],"date-time":"2010-02-02T17:56:12Z","timestamp":1265133372000},"page":"51-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Input Constraints and the Efficiency of Entry: Lessons from Cardiac Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"David M","family":"Cutler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Littauer Center, Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Huckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Morgan Hall, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA 02163 and NBER."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan T","family":"Kolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3641 Locust Walk, Colonial Penn Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6451.2007.00311.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_2","first-page":"941","volume":"53","author":"Arrow Kenneth J","year":"1963","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2556055"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261786"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(92)90024-U"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00139-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_7","first-page":"447","volume":"33","author":"Chernew Michael","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-23-3-455"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(02)00125-X"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591214"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_12","first-page":"297","volume":"67","author":"Dixit Avinash K","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374180"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805774670329"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-6-200209170-00012"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000084551.52010.3B"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534783"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-007-9008-9"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.05.003"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0464"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.657734"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3003518"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197912203012503"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440210049031"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555627"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.11.859"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508033"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_30","first-page":"64","volume":"60","author":"Newhouse Joseph P","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IHFE.0000032419.89581.04"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.2.195"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390230077028"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106286060101600502"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04308-4"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297319"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200006000-00004"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(70)90010-4"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.1.51","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:32Z","timestamp":1592423612000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.1.51"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.1.51"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.1.51","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:41:00Z","timestamp":1776076860180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper uses a quasi-experimental design to estimate the cost of filing taxes. Using US tax returns, I observe how taxpayers choose between itemizing deductions and claiming the standard deduction. Taxpayers forgo large tax savings to avoid compliance costs, which provides a revealed preference estimate of such costs. I show that costs increase with income, consistent with an opportunity cost of time explanation. These estimates suggest substantial costs of filing federal income taxes, significantly larger than previously estimated using surveys. (JEL H24, H26, H31)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T12:15:52Z","timestamp":1604060152000},"page":"38-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["How Taxing Is Tax Filing? Using Revealed Preferences to Estimate Compliance Costs"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Youssef","family":"Benzarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2127 North Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130137"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghion, Philippe, Ufuk Akcigit, Matthieu Lequien, and Stefanie Stantcheva. 2017. \"Tax Simplicity and Heterogeneous Learning.\" NBER Working Paper 24049.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24049"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Benzarti, Youssef. 2020. \"Replication Data for: How Taxing Is Tax Filing? Using Revealed Preferences to Estimate Compliance Costs.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E114723V1."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jppm.25.1.8"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121493"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41788959","volume":"45","author":"Blumenthal Marsha","year":"1992","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Currie, Janet. 2006. \"The Take-Up of Social Bene ts.\" In Public Policy and the Income Distribution, edited by Alan J. Auerach, David Car and John M. Quigley, 80-148. New York: Russel Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(93)01409-4"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.315"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260160"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2003.3.14"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.02.003"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140050"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080315-015234"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt004"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130360"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(77)90003-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_18","first-page":"372","volume":"72","author":"Nichols Albert L","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_19","first-page":"1224","volume":"79","author":"Pitt Mark M","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.450"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdx038"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees-Jones, Alex, and Dmitry Taubinsky. 2019. \"Measuring `Schmeduling'.\" NBER Working Paper 22884.","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdz045"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Slemrod, Joel, and Jon Bakija. 2008. Taxing Ourselves: A Citizen's Guide to the Debate Over Taxes. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01958.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41791978","volume":"37","author":"Slemrod Joel","year":"1984","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Tazhitdinova, Alisa. 2015. \"Adjust Me if I Can't: The Effect of Firm Incentives on Labor Supply Responses to Taxes.\" https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/81611\/1\/MPRA_paper_81611.pdf."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.06.001"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"104","author":"Tazhitdinova Alisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics 186 (C)"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T11:52:14Z","timestamp":1618141934000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180664"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180664","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T12:51:06Z","timestamp":1774702266729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper argues that openness, by lowering costs to access existing research, can enhance both early and late stage innovation through greater exploration of novel research directions. We examine a natural experiment in openness: late-1990s NIH agreements that reduced academics\u2019 access costs regarding certain genetically engineered mice. Implementing difference-in-differences estimators, we find that increased openness encourages entry by new researchers and exploration of more diverse research paths, and does not reduce the creation of new genetically engineered mice. Our findings highlight a neglected cost of strong intellectual property restrictions: lower levels of exploration leading to reduced diversity of research output. (JEL I23, O31, O33, O34) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T11:48:41Z","timestamp":1473248921000},"page":"212-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Of Mice and Academics: Examining the Effect of Openness on Innovation"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 100 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Aghion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Harvard University 1805 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Dewatripont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bank of Belgium, European Center for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics (ECARES), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 114\/04, 1050 Brussels, Belgium and Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Kolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University; 6212 Bishop Blvd, Dallas, TX 75275 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 100 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.2.153"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2008.00031.x"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2009.00081.x"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)01002-1"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.1933"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2556033"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911191"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.698"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"1965","author":"Henderson Rebecca","year":"1998","journal-title":"A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/AMJ.2009.47084665"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555865"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.14.6232"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2003.08.001"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0008-4085.00147"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/336348a0"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1122920"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10438590902750893"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00100-6"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00070-7"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp068256"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653599"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2006.05.017"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb437"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1080.0919"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.5.1.29"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555929"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_37","first-page":"70","volume":"1","author":"Simmons D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Education"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0241"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.04.039"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669706"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20140062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:01Z","timestamp":1592423461000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20140062"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20140062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20140062","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:11:31Z","timestamp":1777385491303,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Can machine learning support better governance? This study uses a tree-based, gradient-boosted classifier to predict corruption in Brazilian municipalities using budget data as predictors. The trained model offers a predictive measure of corruption, which we validate through replication and extension of previous corruption studies. Our policy simulations show that machine learning can significantly enhance corruption detection: Compared to random audits, a machine-guided targeted policy could detect almost twice as many corrupt municipalities for the same audit rate. (JEL C45, D73, H70, H83, K42, O17) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1745932251000},"page":"162-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze and Support  Anticorruption Policy"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elliott","family":"Ash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Giommoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam ()"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2018.09.010"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Ash, Elliott, Sergio Galletta, and Tommaso Giommoni. 2025. Data and Code for: \"A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze and Support Anticorruption Policy.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E197821V1."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692587"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdac064"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athey, Susan. 2019. \"The Impact of Machine Learning on Economics.\" In The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, edited by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb, 507-552. University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226613475.003.0021"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA15732"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avis, Eric, Claudio Ferraz, and Frederico Finan. 2018a. Data and Code for: \"Do Government Audits Reduce Corruption? Estimating the Impacts of Exposing Corrupt Politicians.\" https:\/\/www. journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/suppl\/10.1086\/699209.","DOI":"10.1086\/699209"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699209"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/705331"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4408"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Barocas, Solon, Moritz Hardt, and Arvind Narayanan. 2019. Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities. MIT Press."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123080"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/259394"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.2.29"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_15","first-page":"344","volume":"50","author":"Heidari Hoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociological Methods and Research"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"03865","volume":"2004","author":"Blumenstock Joshua E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint, arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130874"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boffa, Federico, Francisco Cavalcanti, Christian Fons-Rosen, and Amedeo Piolatto. 2024. Data and Code for: \"Drought-Reliefs and Partisanship.\" San Francisco, CA: GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/ FranciscoCavalcanti\/Drought-reliefs-and-Partisanship.","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12560"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Brollo, Fernanda, Tommaso Nannicini, Roberto Perotti, and Guido Tabellini. 2013a. Data and Code for: \"The Political Resource Curse.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association [publisher], Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E112657V1."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1759"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.07.011"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Tianqi, and Carlos Guestrin. 2016. \"XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.\" In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, edited by Balaji Krishnapuram and Mohak Shah, 785-794. Association for Computing Machinery","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12212"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/678766"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colonnelli, Emanuele, Jorge A. Gallego, and Mounu Prem. 2022. \"What Predicts Corruption?\" In A Modern Guide to the Economics of Crime, edited by Paolo Buonanno, Paolo Vanin, and Juan Vargas, 345-373. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781789909333.00020"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2021.12.013"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20130254"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Controladoria-Geral da Uni\u00e3o (CGU). 2003-2015. Programa de Fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o por Sorteios P\u00fablicos. Bras\u00edlia, Brazil: CGU. https:\/\/eaud.cgu.gov.br\/relatorios?colunaOrdenacao=dataPublicacao&direc aoOrdenacao=DESC&tamanhoPagina=15&offset=0&fixos=#lista (accessed May 2020)."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150426"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40797-020-00123-2"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00325-x"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303321675437"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.2.703"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.05.012"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Feurer, Matthias, Katharina Eggensperger, Stefan Falkner, Marius Lindauer, and Frank Hutter. 2018. \"Practical Automated Machine Learning for the AutoML Challenge 2018.\" Paper presented at the International Workshop on Automatic Machine Learning at ICML, Stockholm, July 14."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvaa055"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203450"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_41","first-page":"360","volume":"37","author":"Rivero Gonzalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Forecaset"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7195"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA16566"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"GitHub. 2018. Munic\u00edpios Brasileiros TSE. San Francisco, CA: GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/brazildata\/brazil-municipalities (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161027"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Goodfellow, Ian, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville. 2016. Deep Learning. MIT Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_47","first-page":"507","volume":"35","author":"Oyallon Edouard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014602118"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx045"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Hastie, Trevor, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman. 2009. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2014.02.005"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11129-023-09278-5"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). 2000. Censo Demogr\u00e1fico Brasileiro de 2000. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/en\/statistics\/social\/population\/22836-2022- census-3.html?=&t=downloads (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). 2001-2009. Estimativas da Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Municipal. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/en\/statistics\/social\/population\/18448- estimates-of-resident-population-for-municipalities-and-federation-units.html?=&t=downloads (accessed December 2019)."},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). 2005. Malhas Municipais 2005 (Shapefile). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. https:\/\/geoftp.ibge.gov.br\/organizacao_do_territorio\/malhas_ territoriais\/malhas_municipais\/municipio_2005\/escala_500mil\/proj_geografica\/arcview_shp\/ brasil\/ (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Jun Seok, Polina Kuznetsova, Michael Luca, and Yejin Choi. 2013. \"Where Not to Eat? Improving Public Policy by Predicting Hygiene Inspections Using Online Reviews.\" In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, edited by David Yarowsky, Timothy Baldwin, Anna Korhonen, Karen Livescu, and Steven Bethard, 1443-1448. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D13-1150"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasy, Maximilian, and Rediet Abebe. 2021. \"Fairness, Equality, and Power in Algorithmic Decision Making.\" In FAccT '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 576-586.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445919"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_58","first-page":"237","volume":"133","author":"Lakkaraju Himabindu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151023"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_60","first-page":"131","volume":"24","author":"Michael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econometrics Journal"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel, Christopher R., and Samuel Stolper. 2019. \"Using Machine Learning to Target Treatment: The Case of Household Energy Use.\" NBER Working Paper 26531.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26531"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-015-0297-0"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12711"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1802-2"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01162-3"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(98)00025-5"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2015.1077710"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Molnar, Christoph. 2022. Interpretable Machine Learning: A Guide for Making Black Box Models Explainable. 2nd ed. https:\/\/christophm.github.io\/interpretable-ml-book\/."},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414010369072"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullainathan, Sendhil, and Ziad Obermeyer. 2019. \"A Machine Learning Approach to Low-Value Health Care: Wasted Tests, Missed Heart Attacks and Mis-Predictions.\" NBER Working Paper 26168.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26168"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.87"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517935"},{"key":"p_73","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"Varoquaux Ga\u00ebl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poblete-Cazenave, Rub\u00e9n. 2021. \"Reputation Shocks and Strategic Responses in Electoral Campaigns.\" Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2021-049\/V.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3851937"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-3821201900010001","volume":"13","author":"Timothy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Political Science Review"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rambachan, Ashesh, Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Jens Ludwig. 2020. \"An Economic Approach to Regulating Algorithms.\" NBER Working Paper 27111.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27111"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00022"},{"key":"p_78","unstructured":"Tesouro Nacional. 2013. Finan\u00e7as do Brasil (FINBRA) - Dados Cont\u00e1beis dos Munic\u00edpios, 1989-2012. Bras\u00edlia, Brazil: Tesouro Nacional. https:\/\/www.tesourotransparente.gov.br\/publicacoes\/ finbra-dados-contabeis-dos-municipios-1989-a-2012\/2012\/26 (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_79","unstructured":"Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). 2000. Resultados das Elei\u00e7\u00f5es 2000. Bras\u00edlia, Brazil: TSE. https:\/\/ dadosabertos.tse.jus.br\/dataset\/resultados-2000 (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_80","unstructured":"Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). 2004. Resultados das Elei\u00e7\u00f5es 2004. Bras\u00edlia, Brazil: TSE. https:\/\/ dadosabertos.tse.jus.br\/dataset\/resultados-2004 (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_81","unstructured":"Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). 2008. Resultados das Elei\u00e7\u00f5es 2008. Bras\u00edlia, Brazil: TSE. https:\/\/ dadosabertos.tse.jus.br\/dataset\/resultados-2008 (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannutelli, Silvia. 2022. \"From Lapdogs to Watchdogs: Random Auditor Assignment and Municipal Fiscal Performance in Italy.\" NBER Working Paper 30644.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30644"},{"key":"p_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widmer, Philine, Sergio Galletta, and Elliott Ash. 2020. \"Media Slant Is Contagious.\" Center for Law and Economics Working Paper Series 14\/2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3712218"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5129\/001041513X13815259182857"},{"key":"p_85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.03.008"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:12:53Z","timestamp":1745932373000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210618"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210618","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:27:05Z","timestamp":1777559225442,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper analyzes the effects of Denmark\u2019s Start Aid welfare reform that targets refugees. Implemented in 2002, it enables us to study not only the reform\u2019s immediate effects but also its longer-term consequences and its repeal a decade later. The reform-induced large transfer cuts led to an increase in employment rates, but only in the short run. Overall, the reform increased poverty rates and led to a rise in subsistence crime. Moreover, local demand conditions generate substantial heterogeneity in the reform\u2019s effects on immediate and longer-term employment. (JEL I32, I38, J15, J22, J64, K42) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20220062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1714564556000},"page":"406-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Refugee Benefit Cuts"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Dustmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), University College London, and ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Landers\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars H\u00f8jsgaard","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20190510"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Andersen, Lars H., Hans Hansen, Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen, and Torben Tran\u00e6s. 2012. \"Starthj\u00e6lpens Betydning for Flygtninges Levevilk\u00e5r og Besk\u00e6ftigelse.\" Rockwool Fondens Forskningsenhed Arbejdspapir 25."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1983.10478004"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2007.02024.x"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2020.101808"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.988"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00014-2"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00119.x"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-5371(99)00036-6"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.34.1.94"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"2813994","volume":"1","author":"Bryden Joan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jbes.2010.07136"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2007.122.4.1511"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.2.113"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"2017","author":"Carr Jillian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Miami University Economics Working Paper"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_17","first-page":"1","author":"Corman Hope","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Review of Law and Economics 40 (C)"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahl, Gordon B., Christina Felfe, Paul Frijters, and Helmut Rainer. 2020. \"Caught between Cultures: Unintended Consequences of Improving Opportunity for Immigrant Girls.\" NBER Working Paper 26674.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26674"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-009-9067-4"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Danish Parliament L126. 2002. \"Forslag til lov om \u00e6ndring af lov om aktiv socialpolitik og integrationsloven. (\u00c6ndring af reglerne om ret til kontanthj\u00e6lp, introduktionsydelse m.v.).\" Danish Parliament L126. http:\/\/webarkiv.ft.dk\/Samling\/20012\/lovforslag_som_fremsat\/L126.htm (accessed January 24, 2022)."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac017"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Dustmann, Christian, Rasmus Landers\u00f8, and Lars H\u00f8jsgaard Andersen. 2024. \"Replication Data for: Refugee Bene t Cuts.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E183881V1."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy047"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946689"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.09.005"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Falk, Gene. 2014. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Eligibility and Benefit Amounts in State TANF Cash Assistance Programs. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasani, Francesco, Tommaso Frattini, and Luigi Minale. 2018. \"(The Struggle for) Refugee Integration in the Labour Market: Evidence from Europe.\" IZA Discussion Paper 11333.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3129277"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvab021"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00068"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140016"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Hansen, Finn Kenneth. 2002. \"Hvad koster det at leve? Standardbudget for familier.\" Center for Alternativ Samfundsanalyse. https:\/\/casa-analyse.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Hvad-koster-det-atleve.pdf (accessed July 14, 2020)."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02228.x"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.34.1.75"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa006"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171784"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465300558812"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Huynh, Duy T., Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen, and Torben Tran\u00e6s. 2007. \"Employment Effects of Reducing Welfare to Refugees.\" Rockwool Foundation Research Unit Study Paper 15."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Hvidtfeldt, Camilla, and Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen. 2018. \"Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Denmark 1992-2016.\" Rockwool Fondens Forskningsenhed Arbejdspapir 133."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206737"},{"key":"p_41","first-page":"5","author":"Kilstr\u00f6m Mathilda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Copenhagen Business School Working Paper"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen. 2019. \"The EITC and the Extensive Margin: A Reappraisal.\" NBER Working Paper 26405.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26405"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.271"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.03.004"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.11.004"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.014"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Matthiessen, Poul Chr. 2009. Immigration to Denmark. An Overview of Research Carried Out from 1999 to 2006 by the Rockwool Foundation Research Unit. Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark."},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530152466313"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt, Robert. 2002. \"Economic Effects of Means-Tested Transfers in the US.\" In Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 16, edited by James M. Poterba, 1-35. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.1086\/654748"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt, Robert A. 2015. Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States. Chicago, IL: National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21751"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghadam, Valentine M. 2013. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. London, UK: Lynne Rienner Publishers.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781685850616"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Nielsen, Chantal Pohl, and Kr\u00e6n Blume Jensen. 2006. \"Integrationslovens Betydning for Flygtninges Bos\u00e6tning.\" AKF forlaget. https:\/\/www.ft.dk\/samling\/20051\/almdel\/uui\/bilag\/106\/253615.pdf (accessed July 14, 2020)."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706048"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"OECD Trends in International Migration. 1997-2004. \"Trends in International Migration 1997-2004.\" OECD. https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/trends-in-international-migration_20746873 (accessed October 12, 2018)."},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"OECD International Migration Outlook. 2006-2019. \"International Migration Outlook 2006-2019.\" OECD. https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/social-issues-migration-health\/international-migration-outlook_1999124x (accessed July 11, 2019)."},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01437721311320645"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Refugee Appeals Board. 2002. Formandskabet 11. Beretning 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: Refugee Appeals Board."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.09.004"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2006.00019.x"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.1.3"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00922"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Swissinfo. 2017. \"Zurich Cuts Funding for Temporary Asylum Seekers.\" Swissinfo. https:\/\/www. swissinfo.ch\/eng\/unwanted_zurich-cuts-funding-for-temporary-asylum-seekers\/43544010 (accessed December 10, 2018)."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171001"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146393"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20220062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:56:37Z","timestamp":1714564597000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20220062"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20220062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20220062","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:53:16Z","timestamp":1776786796548,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Using an optimal taxation model combined with a previously neglected scheme of public provision of private goods, we show that there is an efficiency gain if public provision of selected goods replaces market purchases and that efficiency requires marginal income tax rates to be higher than if the goods were purchased in the market. Part of the marginal tax serves the same role as a market price and conveys information about a real social cost of working more hours. It might be that economies with higher marginal tax rates have less severe distortions than economies with lower marginal tax rates. (JEL H21, H42, I38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,19]],"date-time":"2010-05-19T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1274277631000},"page":"1-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Public Provision of Private Goods and Nondistortionary Marginal Tax Rates"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Blomquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University and Uppsala Center for Fiscal Studies, Box 513, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidar","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, Box 1095, Blindern 0317 Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Micheletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law, University of Milan, and Econpubblica, Bocconi University, via R\u00f6ntgen 1, 20136 Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008729304743"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261351"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3440542"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"7","volume":"2009","author":"Blomquist S\u00f6ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Uppsala Center for Fiscal Studies Working Paper"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2527177"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a042161"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10663-007-9034-3"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.12.004"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.2.31"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2921(95)00131-X"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.46.2.333"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261994"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465399558391"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00085-8"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/134796"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(82)90018-4"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.22.3.23"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/258636"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400875931-003"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(97)00092-3"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLII.3.643"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.12.005"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2296779"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_30","first-page":"372","volume":"72","author":"Nichols Albert L","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9442.00277"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802320188916"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_36","first-page":"2","volume":"28","author":"Prescott Edward C","year":"2004","journal-title":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis quarterly Review"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199-006-0164-9"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00166"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00178-5"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(82)90019-6"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(82)90020-2"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118336"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(84)90035-5"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(80)90004-3"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:33Z","timestamp":1592423613000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.2.2.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.2.2.1","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:05:21Z","timestamp":1778151921960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We examine the persistence of the impact of early-life exposure to air pollution on children\u2019s health from birth to school enrollment using administrative public health insurance records covering one-third of all children in Germany. For identification, we exploit air quality improvements caused by Low Emission Zones, a policy imposing driving restrictions on emission-intensive vehicles. Our results indicate that children exposed to cleaner air in utero and their first year of life require less medication for at least five years. The initially latent health response materializes only gradually, leaving important but subtle health benefits undetected in common measures of infant health. (JEL I12, I13, J13, Q51, Q53, R48) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1714564556000},"page":"220-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Killing Prescriptions Softly: Low Emission Zones and Child Health from Birth to School"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Klauber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Holub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"House of Finance, Goethe University Frankfurt (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Pestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University, School of Business and Economics, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nolan","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rohlf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdac007"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20171164"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12273"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.10.012"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32832925cc"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw018"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barwick, Panle Jia, Shanjun Li, Deyu Rao, and Nahim Bin Zahur. 2018. \"The Healthcare Cost of Air Pollution: Evidence from the World's Largest Payment Network.\" NBER Working Paper 24688.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24688"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"BASt. 2019. \"Automatische Z\u00e4hlstellen 2018: Zeitreihe.\" Federal Highway Research Institute. https:\/\/ www.bast.de\/DE\/Verkehrstechnik\/Fachthemen\/v2-verkehrszaehlung\/Daten\/2018_1\/Jawe2018. html?nn=1819490 (accessed June 2019)."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"BBSR. 2021. \"Indikatoren und Karten zur Raum-und Stadtentwicklung.\" Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs, and Spatial Development. https:\/\/www.inkar.de\/ (accessed June 2021)."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2013.10.002"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691591"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/9.5.323"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgen, Nicolai T., Andreas Haupt, and \u00d8yvind N. Wiborg. 2021. \"A New Framework for Estimation of Unconditional Quantile Treatment Effects: The Residualized Quantile Regression (RQR) Model.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/42gcb"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz014"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chay, Kenneth Y., and Michael Greenstone. 2003a. \"Air Quality, Infant Mortality, and the Clean Air Act of 1970.\" NBER Working Paper 10053.","DOI":"10.3386\/w10053"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698513"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Colmer, Jonathan, and John Voorheis. 2021. \"The Grandkids Aren't Alright: The Intergenerational Effects of Prenatal Pollution Exposure.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_21","author":"Lin Dajun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics 79."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305774268219"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.1.65"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.02.001"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121656"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-100913-012610"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180279"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131002"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180076"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"DIMDI. n.d. \"Internationale Statistische Klassi kation der Krankheiten und Verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme.\" German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information. https:\/\/www.dimdi.de\/static\/de\/ klassi kationen\/icd\/icd- 10-gm\/kode-suche\/htmlgm2022\/ (accessed July 2022)."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.2.221"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"DWD. 2018a. \"Annual Grids of Monthly Averaged Daily Air Temperature (2m) over Germany.\" DWD Climate Data Center. https:\/\/opendata.dwd.de\/climate_environment\/CDC\/grids_germany\/annual\/ air_temperature_mean\/ (accessed November 2018)."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"DWD. 2018b. \"Annual Grids of Number of Summer Days over Germany.\" DWD Climate Data Center. https:\/\/opendata.dwd.de\/climate_environment\/CDC\/grids_germany\/annual\/summer_days\/ (accessed November 2018)."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"DWD. 2018c. \"Annual Sum of Monthly Precipitation Grids over Germany.\" DWD Climate Data Center. https:\/\/opendata.dwd.de\/climate_environment\/CDC\/grids_germany\/annual\/precipitation\/ (accessed November 2018)."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"DWD. 2018d. \"Annual Sum of Monthly Sunshine Duration Grids over Germany.\" DWD Climate Data Center. https:\/\/opendata.dwd.de\/climate_environment\/CDC\/grids_germany\/annual\/sunshine_duration\/ (accessed November 2018)."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"DWD. n.d. \"Historical Daily Station Observations (Temperature, Pressure, Precipitation, Sunshine Duration, Etc.) for Germany.\" DWD Climate Data Center. https:\/\/opendata.dwd.de\/climate_environment\/CDC\/ observations_germany\/climate\/daily\/kl\/historical\/ (accessed June 2020)."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171993"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.6.3.203"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804579"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA6822"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.02.003"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_44","first-page":"254","volume":"225","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_45","first-page":"947","volume":"17","author":"Gouveia Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"HEI. 2010. Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. Boston, MA: HEI."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_47","first-page":"795","volume":"106","author":"Patrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"IGES. 2019. \"Arzneimittel Atlas Top 20 Final Verbrauch.\" IGES Institut GmbH (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691465"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1626-9","volume":"56","author":"Eberhard Sveja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2018.06.004"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"KBA. n.d. \"Bestand and Kraftfahrtzeugen und Kaftfahrzeuganh\u00e4ngern nach Zulassungsbezirken (FZ1).\" Federal Motor Transport Authority. https:\/\/www.kba.de\/DE\/Statistik\/Fahrzeuge\/Bestand\/Umwelt\/ umwelt_node.html (accessed June 2021)."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Klauber, Hannah, Felix Holub, Nicolas Koch, Nico Pestel, Nolan Ritter, and Alexander Rohlf. 2024. \"Replication Data for: Killing Prescriptions Softly: Low Emission Zones and Child Health from Birth to School.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E179281V1."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00548"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Krzyzanowski, Michal, Birgit Kuna-Dibbert, and J\u00fcrgen Schneider. 2005. Health Effects of Transport-Related Air Pollution. K\u00f8benhavn, Denmark: WHO Regional Of ce Europe."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.029"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102402"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. 2011. \"Umweltzone Startet auch in Halle zum 1. September.\" (accessed September 7, 2020)."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2021.102512"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0328-9"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.10.tb03443.x"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2020.109221"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_63","first-page":"826","volume":"47","author":"Nicholas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.12.005"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151272"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_66","first-page":"971","volume":"56","author":"Currie Janet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6362"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"UBA. 2015. \"Luftdaten: Detaillierte Werte aller Messstationen, 2000-2014.\" German Environment Agency (accessed January 2015)."},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"UBA. 2017a. \"Luftreinhalte- und Aktionspl\u00e4ne in Deutschland.\" German Environment Agency. https:\/\/ gis.uba.de\/website\/umweltzonen\/index.php#lrp (accessed May 1, 2017)."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"UBA. 2017b. \"Stickoxid-Belastung durch Diesel-Pkw noch H\u00f6her als Gedacht.\" German Environment Agency. https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.de\/presse\/pressemitteilungen\/stickoxid-belastung-durchdiesel-pkw-noch-hoeher (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"p_71","unstructured":"UBA. 2017c. \"Umweltzonen in Deutschland.\" German Environment Agency. https:\/\/gis.uba.de\/website\/umweltzonen\/index.php#uwz (accessed May 1, 2017)."},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"UBA. 2019. \"Luftmessnetz: Wo und Wie wird Gemessen?\" German Environment Agency. https:\/\/ www.umweltbundesamt.de\/themen\/luftmessnetz-wo-wie-wird-gemessen (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"UBA. 2020. \"Luftdaten: Detaillierte Werte aller Messstationen, 1990-2019.\" German Environment Agency (accessed January 2020)."},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392"},{"key":"p_75","unstructured":"Vidal MMI. n.d. \"Medikamente, Arzneimittel und Pr\u00e4parate von A bis Z.\" Gelbe Liste Pharmaindex, Vidal MMI Germany GmbH. https:\/\/www.gelbe-liste.de\/produkte (accessed June 2018)."},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"WIdO. 2018. \"Versichertenstammdaten, Krankenhaus, und Arzneiverordnungen, 2006-2017.\" AOK Research Institute (accessed July 5, 2022)."},{"key":"p_77","unstructured":"Wiesbadener Tagblatt. 2011. \"Stadt Muss Umweltzone Einf\u00fchren.\" (accessed November 10, 2011)."},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-019-00336-9"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12091"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.081901"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:58:09Z","timestamp":1714564689000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210729"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210729","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:58:21Z","timestamp":1777870701929,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We show that exposure to extreme temperatures significantly increases international migration from El Salvador, where nearly a quarter of the population lives in the United States. Extreme temperatures reduce corn yields, leading producers to decrease their use of postharvest inputs and demand for agricultural workers. These income losses, combined with established US migration networks, increase emigration. Our findings highlight how international migration serves as a response to extreme temperatures when destination networks are strong and migration remains financially feasible. This pattern is not unique to El Salvador: Roughly 30 million farms globally are in low-income settings with access to remittances. (JEL F24, J15, J23, J43, O15, Q12, Q54)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:25:56Z","timestamp":1777465556000},"page":"212-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Responses to Extreme Temperatures: Migrant Networks and International Migration from El Salvador"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interamerican Development Bank (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Quigua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Jimena","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Denver and IZA (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Abuelafia, Emmanuel, Giselle Del Carmen, and Marta Ruiz-Arranz. 2019. Tras los Pasos del Migrante: Perspectivas y Experiencias de la Migraci\u00f3n de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras en Estados Unidos. Inter-American Development Bank."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Albert, Christoph, Paula Bustos, and Jacopo Ponticelli. 2024. \"The Effects of Climate Change on Labor and Capital Reallocation.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190316"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.32.4.33"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0208-4"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171053"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, Paulo, Mat\u00edas Busso, and Sebati\u00e1n Miller. 2013. \"Adapting to Climate Change: Long-Term Effects of Drought on Local Labor Markets.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2375590"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.53.3.0715-7234R1"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10489"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130025"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2016.06.005"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carleton, Tamma A., and Solomon M. Hsiang. 2016. \"Social and Economic Impacts of Climate.\" Science 353 (6304): aad9837.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9837"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2012.02.003"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador. 2018. Multiple Purpose Household Survey (EHPM) [Encuesta de Hogares de Prop\u00f3sitos M\u00faltiples]. General Directorate of Statistics and Census (DIGESTYC) (El Salvador). https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/el-salvador-multipurpose-household-survey-2018 (accessed August 14, 2019)."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2021.103355"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20190249"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.52.3.740"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.1.354"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2016. \"World Agriculture Watch.\" https:\/\/www.fao.org\/world-agriculture-watch\/en\/."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002632107"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/2\/024004"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"General Directorate of Agricultural Economics of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of El Salvador. 2013-2018. El Salvador's Multiple Purpose National Agricultural Survey (ENAPM) [Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria de Prop\u00f3sitos M\u00faltiples]. Provided via email (accessed November 8, 2019)."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"General Directorate of Statistics and Census (DIGESTYC) of the Ministry of Economics of El Salvador. 2007. National Census: VI Population and V Housing Census, 2007. Volume IV: Municipalities. Volume I: General Population Characteristics. San Salvador, El Salvador: DIGESTYC. https:\/\/ onec.bcr.gob.sv\/servers\/redatam\/htdocs\/CPV2007S\/index.html (accessed May 8, 2025)."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671766"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Guiteras, Raymond. 2009. \"The Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503584"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.4.1477"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.3.963"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Huckstep, Sam, and Michael Clemens. 2023. Climate Change and Migration An Omnibus Overview for Policymakers and Development Practitioners. Center for Global Development."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imre.12051"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Ana Maria, Juliana Quigua, Maria Jimena Romero, and Andrea Vel\u00e1squez. 2026. Data and Code for: \"Responses to Extreme Temperatures: Migrant Networks and International Migration from El Salvador.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E228950V1."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). 2016. El Salvador: Drought Emergency Appeal no. MDRSV010 Operations Update. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (ILO). 2021. Employment and Migration El Salvador 2021. International Labor Organization."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueaa063"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503579"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12448"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Kleemans, Marieke. 2023. \"Migration Choice under Risk and Liquidity Constraints.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/3\/3\/034007"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.10.041"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180438"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Massey, Douglas S., Rafael Alarc\u00f3n, Jorge Durand, and Humberto Gonz\u00e1ez. 1990. Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. University of California Press."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"McKee, Thomas B., Nolan J. Doesken, and John Kleist. 1993. \"The Relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to the Time Scales.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melnikov, Nikita, Carlos Schmidt-Padilla, and Maria Micaela Sviatschi. 2020. \"Gangs, Labor Mobility and Development.\" NBER Working Paper 27832.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27832"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102183"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2103"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J., E. Comyn-Platt, H. Hersbach, B. Bell, P. Berrisford, G. Biavati, A. Hor\u00e1nyi, et al. 2024. ERA5-Land Post-Processed Daily-Statistics from 1950 to Present. Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24381\/cds.e9c9c792."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303321675455"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/11\/114023"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01000-1"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab1e75"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, Michael, and Wolfram Schlenker. 2011. \"The Evolution of Heat Tolerance of Corn: Implications for Climate Change.\" In The Economics of Climate Change: Adaptations Past and Present, edited by Gary D. Libecap and Richard H. Steckel, 225-251. University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226479903.003.0009"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261874"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, and Matthew Sobek. 2017. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 7.0. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V7.0."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/014010"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906865106"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0023879100016459"},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Wan, Z., S. Hook, and G. Hulley. 2021. MODIS\/Terra Land Surface Temperature\/Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V061. EARTHDATA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/MODIS\/MOD11A2.061."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"World Bank Group. 2018. Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. World Bank."},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"World Bank Group. 2023. World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. World Bank."},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"World Bank Group. 2024a. Agricultural Irrigated Land (% of Total Agricultural Land). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/AG.LND. IRIG.AG.ZS (accessed June 28, 2024)."},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"World Bank Group. 2024b. Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP) - El Salvador. World Bank. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=SV (accessed June 28, 2024)."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2008.0024"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:33:54Z","timestamp":1777566834000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230447"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230447","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:49:24Z","timestamp":1778086164535,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessing the state of American entrepreneurship requires not simply counting the quantity but also the initial quality of new ventures. Combining comprehensive business registries and predictive analytics, we present estimates of entrepreneurial quantity and quality from 1988 to 2014. Rather than a secular pattern of declining business dynamism, our quality-adjusted measures follow a cyclical pattern sensitive to economic and capital market conditions. Consistent with the role of investment cycles as a driver of high-growth entrepreneurship, our results highlight the role of economic and institutional conditions as a driver of both initial entrepreneurial quality and the scaling of new ventures over time. (JEL G24, G32, L25, L26, M13)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T12:15:52Z","timestamp":1604060152000},"page":"212-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The State of American Entrepreneurship: New Estimates of the Quantity and Quality of Entrepreneurship for 32 US States, 1988\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Business School, Uris Hall, 7th Floor, 3022 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Sloan School of Management, 100 Main Street, E62-476, Cambridge, MA 02142, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"p_1","first-page":"678","volume":"78","author":"Acs Zoltan J","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697901"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Andrews, Raymond J., Catherine Fazio, Jorge Guzman, Yupeng Liu, and Scott Stern. 2019. \"Startup Cartography Project [Data from 1988-2014].\" https:\/\/www.startupcartography.com (accessed December 14, 2019)."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke. 2008. Mostly Harmless Econometrics-An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4j72"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aulet, Bill, and Fiona Murray. 2013. \"A Tale of Two Entrepreneurs: Understanding Differences in the Types of Entrepreneurship in the Economy.\" https:\/\/www.issuelab.org\/resources\/15236\/15236.pdf.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2259740"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062081"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/fire.12057","volume":"49","author":"Barnes Beau Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Review"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141524"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belenzon, Sharon, Aaron Chatterji, and Brendan Daley. 2018. \"Choosing between Growth and Glory.\" NBER Working Paper 24901.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24901"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_10","first-page":"14","volume":"79","author":"Bernanke Ben","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1159"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1159"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_13","first-page":"1350","volume":"84","author":"Caballero Ricardo J","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_14","first-page":"893","volume":"87","author":"Carlstrom Charles T","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalini, Christian, Jorge Guzman, and Scott Stern. 2019. \"Passive versus Active Growth: Evidence from Founder Choices and Venture Capital Investment.\" NBER Working Paper 26073.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26073"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Chatterji, Aaron K. 2018. \"The Main Street Fund: Investing in an Entrepreneurial Economy.\" https:\/\/ www.hamiltonproject.org\/assets\/files\/Chatterji_20180611.pdf."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Churchwell, Cynthia. 2016. \"Q. SDC: M&A Database.\" Baker Library-Fast Answers. https:\/\/asklib. library.hbs.edu\/faq\/47760 (accessed January 17, 2017)."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118365"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Davis, Steven J., John C. Haltiwanger, and Scott Shuh. 1996. Job Creation and Destruction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.3.3"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2015.12.013"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbv017"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555454"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297841"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2098588"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazio, Catherine, Jorge Guzman, and Scott Stern. 2019. \"The Impact of State-Level R&D Tax Credits on the Quantity and Quality of Entrepreneurship.\" NBER Working Paper 26099.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26099"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907327"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Gibrat, Robert. 1931. Les In\u00e9galit\u00e9s \u00c9conomiques. Paris: Recueil Sirey."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gornall, Will, and Ilya A. Strebulaev. 2015. \"The Economic Impact of Venture Capital: Evidence from Public Companies.\" Stanford Graduate School of Business Working Paper 3362.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2681841"},{"key":"p_30","first-page":"18","author":"Guzman Jorge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Columbia Business School Research Paper"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2019.03.012"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa0201"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman, Jorge, and Scott Stern. 2017. \"Chapter 2-Nowcasting and Placecasting Entrepreneurial Quality and Performance.\" In Measuring Entrepreneurial Businesses: Current Knowledge and Challenges, edited by John Haltiwanger, Erik Hurst, Javier Miranda, and Antoinette Schoar, 63-110. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226454108.003.0002"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Guzman, Jorge. 2018. \"Go West Young Firm: Agglomeration and Embeddedness in Startup Migrations to Silicon Valley.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Guzman, Jorge, and Scott Stern. 2020. \"Replication Data for: The State of American Entrepreneurship: New Estimates of the Quantity and Quality of Entrepreneurship for 32 US States, 1988-2014.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E111705V1."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00288"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Hathaway, Ian, and Robert Litan. 2014a. \"Declining Business Dynamism in the United States: A Look at States and Metros.\" https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/declining_ business_dynamism_hathaway_litan.pdf."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Hathaway, Ian, and Robert E. Litan. 2014b. \"Declining Business Dynamism: It's for Real.\" https:\/\/ www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/final2_declining_business_dynamism_its_for_ real_hathaway_litan.pdf."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Hathaway, Ian, and Robert Litan. 2014c. \"The Other Aging of America: The Increasing Dominance of Older Firms.\" https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/other_aging_america_ dominance_older_firms_hathaway_litan.pdf."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951541"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2011.0017"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Infogroup. 2014. \"ReferenceUSA Business Historical Data Files.\" Harvard Dataverse. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.7910\/DVN\/GW2P3G (accessed summer 2016)."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912606"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6622.2010.00272.x"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.3.25"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klapper, Leora, Raphael Amit, and Mauro F. Guill\u00e9n. 2010. \"Chapter 4-Entrepreneurship and Firm Formation across Countries.\" In International Differences in Entrepreneurship, edited by Josh Lerner and Antoinette Schoar, 129-158. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226473109.003.0005"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_47","first-page":"562","volume":"86","author":"Klepper Steven","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422563"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00224"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2696354"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhu087"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_52","first-page":"1023","volume":"52","author":"Mansfield Edwin","year":"1962","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_53","first-page":"17","author":"Mills Karen Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harvard Business School (HBS) Working Paper"},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"Moreira, Sara. 2016. \"Firm Dynamics, Persistent Effects of Entry Conditions, and Business Cycles.\" Society for Economic Dynamics Meeting Paper 708."},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2013.07.001"},{"key":"p_56","first-page":"11","author":"Nanda Ramana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard Business School (HBS) Working Paper"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/684983","volume":"16","author":"Nanda Ramana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innovation Policy and the Economy"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhr010"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_59","first-page":"118","volume":"103","author":"Pohlman John T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ohio Journal of Science"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2003.06.003"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Refinitiv. 2018. \"SDC Platinum.\" Re nitiv-Columbia Libraries. (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00066"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1086\/605853","volume":"10","author":"Schoar Antoinette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Innovation Policy and the Economy"},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1939. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. Eastford, CT: Martino Publishing."},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, Steven, and Hal R. Varian. 2015. \"Nowcasting Economic Time Series.\" In Economic Analysis of the Digital Economy, edited by Avi Goldfarb, Shane Greenstein, and Catherine Tucker, 119-135. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226206981.003.0004"},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"Stone, Brad. 2013. The Everything Store-Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon. New York: Little, Brown."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_67","first-page":"40","volume":"35","author":"Sutton John","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Tartari, Valentina, and Scott Stern. 2018. \"The Role of Universities in Local Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.\" https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/a37f\/59a7f020058b9b674594ba0beb85b67f98d4.pdf?_ ga=2.91604186.1904163147.1580845066-790025412.1578061555."},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"US Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2017. \"Real Gross Domestic Product [GDPCA].\" Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/ GDPCA (accessed July 2017)."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2017. \"Legacy Firm Characteristics Tables 1977-2014.\" Business Dynamics Statistics, US Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/bds.html (accessed on July 2017)."},{"key":"p_71","unstructured":"US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2018a. \"Patent Assignment Dataset.\" United States Patent and Trademark Of ce. https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/learning-and-resources\/ip-policy\/economicresearch\/research-datasets (accessed on July 2018)."},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2018b. \"Patent Examination Research Dataset (Public PAIR).\" United States Patent and Trademark Of ce. https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/learning-andresources\/ip-policy\/economic-research\/research-datasets (accessed on July 2018)."},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2018c. \"Trademark Case Files Dataset.\" United States Patent and Trademark Of ce. https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/learning-and-resources\/ip-policy\/economicresearch\/research-datasets (accessed on July 2018)."},{"key":"p_74","unstructured":"Witten, Ian H., and Eibe Frank. 2005. Data Mining-Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T20:33:56Z","timestamp":1669408436000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170498"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170498","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:07:45Z","timestamp":1778108865476,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I measure the effect of child marriage bans on female educational attainment and employment using a difference-in-differences approach employing subnational spatial and cohort variation in a sample of over 250,000 female respondents from 17 low- and middle-income countries banning child marriage between 1995 and 2012. My results using the full study sample suggest that raising the minimum legal age of marriage to 18 increased age at marriage, age at first birth, and the likelihood of employment. In urban areas, the bans also reduced child marriage and increased educational attainment. Effects of the bans typically were smaller in rural areas, in countries with a lower pre-ban minimum legal age at marriage, for cohorts with lower temporal exposure to the ban, and for reducing marriage at ages just below 18, consistent with imperfect enforcement. (JEL I21, J12, J13, J16, J18, K38, O15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1659096933000},"page":"449-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Child Marriage Bans and Female Schooling and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Natural Experiments in 17 Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Evaluation Sciences, General Services Administration and Department of Economics, Reed College (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Arthur, Megan, Efe Atabay, Amy Raub, Isabel Latz, Nicolas de Guzman Chorny, Magdalena Barrera, Ilona Vincent, Arijit Nandi, and Jody Heymann. 2014. Legal Protections Against Child Marriage Around the World. Los Angeles and Montreal: WORLD Policy Analysis Centre and MACHEquity."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2013.0015"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","first-page":"289","volume":"121","author":"Bailey Martha J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.98"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.3.614"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.2.128"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/154247603322391017"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.1.73"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.2.1"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.1.52"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Buchmann, Nina, Erica Field, Rachel Glennerster, Shahana Nazneen, Svetlana Pimkina, and Iman Sen. 2018. \"Power vs. Money: Alternative Approaches to Reducing Child Marriage in Bangladesh, a Randomized Control Trial.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2011.0027"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2017.02.002"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jae\/ejab010"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin, Matthew, and Theodore Talbot. 2017. \"Do Age-of-Marriage Laws Work? Evidence from a Large Sample of Developing Countries.\" Center for Global Development Working Paper 458.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3013388"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Cornell Law School. 2019. \"Marriage Laws of the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.\" Legal Information Institute. https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/table_marriage#b (accessed January 8, 2019)."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.2.72"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0120"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Demographic and Health Surveys. 2017. \"Demographic and Health Surveys (various) [datasets].\" https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/data\/ (accessed May 26, 2017)."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121607"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2015.09.009"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvw002"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593333"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"11","author":"Francis-Tan Andrew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emory Law and Economics Research Paper"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429700"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.2.461"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340778"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.01.008"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Harari, Mariaflavia. 2018. \"Women's Inheritance Rights and Bargaining Power: Evidence from Kenya.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Hicks, Joan, and Daniel L. Hicks. 2019. \"Lucky Late Bloomers? Consequences of Delayed Marriage for Women in Rural Western Kenya.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs002"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"La Ferrara, Eliana, and Annamaria Milazzo. 2014. \"Customary Norms, Inheritance, and Human Capital: Evidence from a Reform of the Matrilineal System in Ghana.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 10159."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.2.46"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669261"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"MACHEquity. 2014. Longitudinal Policy Data Public Use Data Dictionary. Montreal: World Policy Center. https:\/\/www.prosperedproject.com\/coding-details."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Odala, Violet. 2013. Why is it Important for Countries to have a Minimum Legal Age of Marriage. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The African Child Policy Forum."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/690828"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"United Nations. 2014. The Global Youth Call: Prioritizing Youth in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. New York, NY: Of ce of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"United Nations. 2019a. United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/ (accessed January 8, 2019)."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"United Nations. 2019b. Human Rights-8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. United Nations. https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_ no=IV-8&chapter=4&clang=_en (accessed January 8, 2019)."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund. 2014. The State of the World's Children in Numbers-Every Child Counts. New York, NY: UNICEF."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. 1995. \"Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.\" 16thPlenary Meeting. https:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/daw\/beijing\/pdf\/BDPfA%20E. pdf."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. 1948. Resolution 217 (III) A, \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights.\" 10 December 1948. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/ga\/search\/view_doc.asp?symbol=A\/ RES\/217(III)."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. 1962. Resolution 1763 A (XVII), \"Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages.\" 7 November 1962. https:\/\/www. ohchr.org\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/convention.pdf."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. 1979. Resolution 34\/180, \"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.\" 18 December 1979. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/ ProfessionalInterest\/cedaw.pdf."},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. 1989. Resolution 44\/25, \"Convention on the Rights of the Child.\" 20 November 1989. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/crc.pdf."},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"United States Department of State. 2015a. Albania 2015 Human Rights Report. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor: United States Department of State"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"United States Department of State. 2015b. Ethiopia 2015 Human Rights Report. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor: United States Department of States."},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt011"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-017-0632-5"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Wilson, Nicholas. 2022. \"Replication data for: Child Marriage Bans and Female Schooling and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Natural Experiments in 17 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E130784V1."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Wodon, Quentin, Paula Tavares, Oliver Fiala, Alexis Le Nestour, and Lisa Wise. 2017. Ending Child Marriage: Child Marriage Laws and Their Limitations. Washington, DC: World Bank Group."},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"World Bank. 2015. Women, Business, and the Law 2016. Washington, DC: World Bank Group."},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"World Policy Center. 2017. \"Marriage.\" World Policy Center. https:\/\/www.worldpolicycenter.org\/ topics\/child-marriage\/policies (accessed May, 2017)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:16:15Z","timestamp":1659096975000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200008"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200008","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:56:49Z","timestamp":1778162209978,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We present evidence of how policies that create opportunities to avoid open competition in procurement lead to the manipulation of procurement values. We exploit a policy reform in which public bodies were given the autonomy to preselect potential contractors below newly defined discretionary thresholds. Manipulation is revealed through bunching of procurements just below the thresholds in construction works and services, and to a lesser degree, in goods. Among manipulated contracts, we document a threefold increase in the probability that procurements are allocated to anonymous firms, which can hide their owners. This sorting violates assumptions behind regression-discontinuity designs. (JEL D73, D86, H57, K23, L74) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T13:53:25Z","timestamp":1493214805000},"page":"293-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Manipulation of Procurement Contracts: Evidence from the Introduction of Discretionary Thresholds"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Palguta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education-Economics Institute (CERGE-EI), PO Box 882, Politick\u00fdch v\u0115zn\u016f 7, 111 21 Prague, Czech Republic (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Pertold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education-Economics Institute (CERGE-EI), PO Box 882, Politick\u00fdch v\u0115zn\u016f 7, 111 21 Prague, Czech Republic (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2007.00471.x"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1278"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554962"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/466826"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"3","volume":"2015","author":"Bobilev Roman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Konkurrensverket (KKV) Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_6","first-page":"180","volume":"86","author":"Bulow Jeremy","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1031594737"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.10.008"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345578"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176348651"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.1.49"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/7.special_issue.24"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140188"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11118\/actaun201462020415"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.24.4.127"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118402"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118354"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2012.01.001"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.179"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600006125"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:55Z","timestamp":1592423455000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150511"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150511","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:43:19Z","timestamp":1779399799258,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A crucial issue is whether social insurance affects work decisions through income or substitution effects. We examine this in the context of US Social Security Disability Insurance (DI), exploiting discon tinuous changes in the benefit formula with a regression kink design to estimate the income effect of payments on earnings and employment. Using administrative data on all new DI beneficiaries from 2001 to 2007, our preferred estimate is that an increase in DI payments of $1 causes an average decrease in beneficiaries' earnings of $0.20 and that annual employment rates decrease by 1.3 percentage points per $1,000 of DI payments. These findings suggest that the income effect accounts for a majority of DI-induced reductions in earnings. (JEL E24, H55, J14, J22, J31)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,31]],"date-time":"2017-07-31T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1501503638000},"page":"229-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Effect of Disability Insurance Payments on Beneficiaries' Earnings"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gelber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, 2607 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, 2115 G Street NW, Monroe Hall Room 302, Washington, DC 20052, NBER, and University of Melbourne (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Security Administration Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, 500 E. Street, NW Washington, DC 20254 (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360535171"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.2.119"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20150158"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_7","first-page":"817","volume":"14","author":"Becker Gary S","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015595"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.34"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_11","first-page":"482","volume":"79","author":"Bound John","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1401400413"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.09.001"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11224"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.016"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1821"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588585"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.2.31"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261825"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118441"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00609"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(94)01435-Q"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.291"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317682"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(96)01590-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1086\/NTJ41789422","volume":"52","author":"Hoynes Hillary Williamson","year":"1999","journal-title":"national Tax Journal"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.4.778"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.04.014"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.2.624"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130248"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120081"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20110108"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1797"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.10.004"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2015.02.004"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.185"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260850"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.180"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_64","first-page":"83","volume":"71","author":"Schimmel Jody","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Security Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_65","first-page":"77","volume":"71","author":"Schimmel Jody","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Security Bulletin"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.05.008"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.3308"},{"key":"p_71","first-page":"11","author":"Zayatz Tim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Security Administration (SSA) Publication"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20160014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T16:53:37Z","timestamp":1659286417000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20160014"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20160014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20160014","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T13:54:59Z","timestamp":1778334899705,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The free digital distribution of creative works could cannibalize demand for physical versions, but it could also boost physical sales by enabling consumers to discover the original work. We study the impact of the Google Books digitization project on the market for physical books. We find that digitization significantly boosts the demand for physical versions and provide evidence for the discovery channel. Moreover, digitization allows independent publishers to introduce new editions for existing books, further increasing sales. Our results highlight the potential of free digital distribution to strengthen the demand for and supply of physical products. (JEL D12, L82, L86) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:16:25Z","timestamp":1698754585000},"page":"428-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Digitization and the Market for Physical Works: Evidence from the Google Books Project"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Nagaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imke","family":"Reimers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2017.06.002"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2017.06.004"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2012.08.002"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1090.0557"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biasi, Barbara, and Petra Moser. 2018. \"Effects of Copyrights on Science-Evidence from the U.S. Book Republication Program.\" NBER Working Paper 24255.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24255"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Bowker. 2017. \"Books in Print.\" https:\/\/www.bowker.com\/en\/products-services\/books-in-print (accessed August 3, 2023)."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815663116"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.11.1580.20580"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2940"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jems.12207"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/674020"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellison, Glenn, and Sara Fisher Ellison. 2018. \"Match Quality, Search, and the Internet Market for Used Books.\" NBER Working Paper 24197.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24197"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Ford, Worthington Chauncey, Gaillard Hunt, John Clement Fitzpatrick, Roscoe R. Hill, Kenneth E. Harris, Steven D. Tilley, and Library of Congress Manuscript Division. 1904. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Of ce."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1080.0932"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.1933"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furman, Jeffrey L., Markus Nagler, and Martin Watzinger. 2018. \"Disclosure and Subsequent Innovation: Evidence from the Patent Depository Library Program.\" NBER Working Paper 24660.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24660"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/710534"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Google. 2007. \"World's Oldest Publisher Stays at the Cutting Edge with Google Book Search.\" https:\/\/ books.google.com\/intl\/en-US\/googlebooks\/cup.html (accessed August 3, 2023)."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Google. 2018. \"Google Trends.\" https:\/\/www.google.com\/trends (accessed August 3, 2023)."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127012460940"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Gutenberg. 2018. \"Project Gutenberg.\" https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org (accessed August 3, 2023)."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Harvard. 2013. \"Harvard Library Data Extract.\" https:\/\/library.harvard.edu (accessed August 3, 2023)."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtz, David, Benjamin Carterette, Praveen Chandar, Zahra Nazari, Henriette Cramer, and Sinan Aral. 2020. \"The Engagement-Diversity Connection: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Spotify.\" EC '20: Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Economics and Computation: 75-76.","DOI":"10.1145\/3391403.3399532"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.4.06"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/468150"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00437"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2767"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3878"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001682117"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Nagaraj, Abhishek, and Imke Reimers. 2023. \"Replication Data for: Digitization and the Market for Physical Works: Evidence from the Google Books Project.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E175701V1."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Nielsen. 2017. \"NPD BookScan.\" https:\/\/bookscan.npd.com (accessed December 1, 2022)."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Ni, Jianmo. 2018. \"Amazon Review Data.\" https:\/\/nijianmo.github.io\/amazon\/index.html (accessed February 20, 2021)."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, Jianmo, Jiacheng Li, and Julian McAuley. 2019. \"Justifying Recommendations Using Distantly-Labeled Reviews and Fine-Grained Aspects.\" Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP): 188-197.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1018"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Koleman Strumpf. 2010. \"File Sharing and Copyright.\" In Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. 15, edited by William R. Kerr, Josh Learner, and Scott Stern, 19-55. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.1086\/605852"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peukert, Christian, and Imke Reimers. 2021. \"Digitization, Prediction and Market Ef ciency: Evidence from Book Publishing Deals.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.4237"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/687521"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20170100"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12205"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6451.2007.00316.x"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1538788.1538800"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00105"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2896"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, Michael D., and Alejandro Zentner. 2016. \"Internet Effects on Retail Markets.\" In Handbook on the Economics of Retailing and Distribution, edited by Emek Basker. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781783477388.00029"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Somers, James. 2017. \"Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria.\" The Atlantic, April 20."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.3.195"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2015.02.001"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, Jeremy. 2017. \"What is the Value of Re-use? Complementarities in Popular Music.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3049346"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Yinan, Hailiang Chen, Chih-Hung Peng, and Patrick Y. K. Chau. 2018. \"The Causal Effect of Subscription Video Streaming on DVD Sales: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2897950"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2562"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:19:04Z","timestamp":1698754744000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210702"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210702","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:45:31Z","timestamp":1779896731333,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> It is often asserted that consumers are poorly informed about and inattentive to fuel economy, causing them to buy low-fuel economy vehicles despite their own best interest. This paper presents evidence on this assertion through two experiments providing fuel economy information to new vehicle shoppers. Results show zero statistical or economic effect on average fuel economy of vehicles purchased. In the context of a simple optimal policy model, the estimates suggest that current and proposed US fuel economy standards are significantly more stringent than needed to address the classes of imperfect information and inattention addressed by our interventions. (JEL C93, D12, D83, D91, L62, Q48) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T12:40:55Z","timestamp":1548852055000},"page":"1-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Are Consumers Poorly Informed about Fuel Economy? Evidence from Two Experiments"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hunt","family":"Allcott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, New York University, 19 West 4th Street, 6th floor, New York, NY 10012, NBER, and E2e (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Knittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sloan School of Management and Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, 100 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, NBER, and E2e (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.4.1180"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.98"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.03.003"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.3.30"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv015"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.01.004"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2327"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131564"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00419"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2005.05.001"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/497042"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20121493"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.1.91"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.1.220"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1145"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhp097"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/686252"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3003052"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.4.935"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911493"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698432"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.1.1"},{"issue":"88","key":"p_26","first-page":"25324","volume":"75","author":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).","year":"2010","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00344"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol28-No4-1"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2006.121.2.505"},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"2011","author":"Gayer Ted","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hamilton Project Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6451.00059"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2003.10.003"},{"key":"p_36","first-page":"17","author":"Grigolon Laura","year":"2017","journal-title":"University of Leuven Working Paper"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.5.1770"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.06.001"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr025"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131126"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.4.1373"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3003318"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2015.04.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_44","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Hossain Tanjim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2018.04.021"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.2.148"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130935"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.2.515"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joie.12082"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.06.002"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(82)90030-5"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.3.134"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr055"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154983"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-111809-125033"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/679281"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.03.001"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676964"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2016.01.003"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(94)90139-2"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00111-4"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911129"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2013.04.006"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2006.03.005"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:24Z","timestamp":1592423364000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170019"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170019","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:45:05Z","timestamp":1780350305283,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Firms sometimes comply with externality-correcting policies by gaming the measure that determines policy. This harms buyers by eroding information, but it benefits them when cost savings are passed through into prices. We develop a model that highlights this tension and use it to analyze gaming of automobile carbon emission ratings in the EU. We document startling increases in gaming using novel data. We then analyze the effects of gaming in calibrated simulations. Over a wide range of parameters, we find that pass-through substantially outweighs information distortions; on net, buyers benefit from gaming, even when they are fooled by it. (JEL H23, L51, L62, Q53, Q54, Q58) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T15:57:34Z","timestamp":1612281454000},"page":"372-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Who Benefits When Firms Game Corrective Policies?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mathias","family":"Reynaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toulouse School of Economics, University of Toulouse Capitole, 1 Esplanade de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, 31080 Toulouse Cedex 06, France (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Sallee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, 207 Giannini Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3310, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.3.30"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.26.1.3"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170019"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131564"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00419"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.4.1375"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-100815-095220"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2005.05.001"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2011.03.012"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.3.55"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1680"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bento, Antonio, Kenneth Gillingham, and Kevin Roth. 2017. \"The Effect of Fuel Economy Standards on Vehicle Weight Dispersion and Accident Fatalities.\" NBER Working Paper 23340.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23340"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.3.667"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171802"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_15","first-page":"174","volume":"59","author":"Buchanan James M","year":"1969","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.1.220"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144140"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2593"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.207"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170520"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jems.12279"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdx025"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12555"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2872"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy005"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/701604"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2006.121.2.505"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-016-0067-6"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Gillingham, Kenneth. 2013. \"The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards versus Feebates.\" https:\/\/ www.ourenergypolicy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Gillingham-CAFE-Standards-vs-Feebates-Apr-20131.pdf."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6451.00059"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Goodhart, Charles A.E. 1981. Problems of Monetary Management: The U.K. Experience. Macmillion Education UK."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160078"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdw037"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00704"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.3.1"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130935"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/705553"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(94)90138-4"},{"key":"p_39","first-page":"1998","author":"ANALYTICS.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prices and Characteristics for EU Countries"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00387"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane, Thomas J., and Douglas O. Staiger. 2008. \"Estimating Teacher Impacts on Student Achievement: An Experimental Evaluation.\" NBER Working Paper 14607.","DOI":"10.3386\/w14607"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2012.00162.x"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140271"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Langer, Ashley, and Shaun McRae. 2015. \"Step on It: Evidence on the Variation in On-Road Fuel Economy.\" https:\/\/nature.berkeley.edu\/~sallee\/annualreview_150202.pdf."},{"key":"p_45","first-page":"19","author":"Leard Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resources for the Future Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021289010879"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150102"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Mock, Peter, Norbert Ligterink, Udo Lambrecht, J\u00f6rg K\u00fchlwein, and Iddo Riemersma. 2014. From Laboratory to Road-A 2014 Update of Official and \"Real-World\" Fuel Consumption and CO2 Values for Passenger Vehicles in Europe. Washington, DC: International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2013.11.003"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Reynaert, Mathias, and James M. Sallee. 2021. \"Replication data for: Who Bene ts When Firms Game Corrective Policies?\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E115161V1."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2013.12.001"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12228"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2006.01.002"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676964"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.06.005"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2016.01.003"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Scott, R.A., G.V. Currie, and K.J. Tivendale. 2012. Company Cars and Fringe Benefit Tax-Understanding the Impacts on Strategic Transport Targets (NZ Transport Agency Research Report 474). Wellington: NZ Transport Agency."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2008.2.05"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1911129"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Smokers, Richard, Filipe Fraga, and Maarten Verbeek. 2011. Support for the Revision of Regulation (EC) No 443\/2009 on CO2 Emissions from Cars (TNO Framework Contract ENV.C.3.\/FRA\/2009\/0043). The Hague, Netherlands: TNO."},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"Tanaka, Shinsuke. 2017. \"Mind the Gap! Tax Incentives and Incentives for Manipulating Fuel Ef ciency in the Automobile Industry.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Tietge, Uwe, Nikiforos Zacharof, Peter Mock, Vicente Franco, John German, Anup Bandivadekar, Norbert Ligterink, and Udo Lambrecht. 2015. From Laboratory to Road-A 2015 Update of Official and \"Real-World\" Fuel Consumption and CO2 Values for Passenger Cars in Europe. Washington, DC: International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)."},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Travelcard NV. 2015. \"Data on Fuel Station Visits Travelcard Holders 2004-2015.\""},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt022"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/670401"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03743"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.10.062"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T15:58:57Z","timestamp":1612281537000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190019"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190019","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:31:25Z","timestamp":1780349485320,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We examine the impact of the expansion of charter schools on racial segregation in public schools, defined using multiple measures of racial sorting and isolation. Our research design utilizes between-grade differences in charter expansion within school systems and an instrumental variables approach leveraging charter school openings. Charter schools modestly increase school segregation for Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White students. On average, charters have caused a 6 percent decrease in the relative likelihood of Black and Hispanic students being exposed to schoolmates of other racial or ethnic groups. For metropolitan areas, our analysis reveals countervailing forces, as charters reduce segregation between districts. (JEL I21, I24, J15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:46:37Z","timestamp":1643996797000},"page":"301-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Effect of Charter Schools on School Segregation"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Monarrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Institute (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Kisida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harry S Truman School of Government and Public Affairs, University of Missouri (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Chingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Institute (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr017"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA13925"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20172040"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683665"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21647"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.4.1"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahl001"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, Paul. 2018. \"The Risks and Bene ts of School Integration for Participating Students: Evidence from a Randomized Desegregation Program.\" IZA Discussion Paper 11602.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3205889"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Betts, Julian R. 2005. \"Chapter 2-The Economic Theory of School Choice.\" In Getting Choice Right: Ensuring Equity and Efficiency in Education Policy, edited by Julian R. Betts and Tom Loveless, 14-39. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beuermann, Diether, C. Kirabo Jackson, Laia Navarro-Sola, and Francisco Pardo. 2018. \"What Is a Good School, and Can Parents Tell? Evidence on the Multidimensionality of School Output.\" NBER Working Paper 25342.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25342"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20226"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2008.10.001"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200336"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt026"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.02.009"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.1.177"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Card, David, Ciprian Domnisoru, and Lowell Taylor. 2018. \"The Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from the Golden Age of Upward Mobility.\" NBER Working Paper 25000.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25000"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.03.006"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15582159.2017.1286210"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Chubb, John E., and Terry M. Moe. 1990. Politics, Markets, and America's Schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clotfelter, Charles T. 1999. \"Public School Segregation in Metropolitan Areas.\" NBER Working Paper 6779.","DOI":"10.3386\/w6779"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Clotfelter, Charles T. 2011. After \"Brown\"-The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Clotfelter, Charles T., Steven W. Hemelt, Helen F. Ladd, and Mavzuna Turaeva. 2018. \"School Segregation in the Era of Immigration and School Choice: North Carolina.\" National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research (CALDER) Working Paper 198-0618-1."},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"2019","author":"Cohen Jeffrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"FRB St. Louis Working Paper"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Coleman, James S., Sara D. Kelly, and John A. Moore. 1975. Trends in School Segregation, 1968-73. Washington, DC: Urban Institute."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coons, John E., and Stephen D. Sugarman. 1978. Education by Choice-The Case for Family Control. Berkeley: University of California Press.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520317390"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00240"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Cowen, Joshua, Danielle Sanderson Edwards, Carolyn Sattin-Bajaj, and Missy Cosby. 2018. Motor City Miles: Student Travel to Schools in and around Detroit. Washington, DC: Urban Institute."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1191342"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Crain, Robert L., and Jack Strauss. 1985. School Desegregation and Black Occupational Attainments: Results from a Long-Term Experiment. Baltimore, MD: Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University."},{"key":"p_31","first-page":"20","author":"Dalane Kari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annenberg Institute at Brown University EDWorkingPaper"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.3.158"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122413496252"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankenberg, Erica, Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, and Jia Wang. 2010. Choice without Equity: Charter School Segregation and the Need for Civil Rights Standards. Los Angeles: Civil Rights Project\/ Proyecto Derechos Civiles, UCLA.","DOI":"10.14507\/epaa.v19n1.2011"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Friedman, Milton, and Rose D. Friedman. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0895904807310043"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, Brian, P. Mike Timpane, Karen E. Ross, Dominic Brewer, and Kevin Booker. 2007. \"Rhetoric versus Reality-What We Know and What We Need to Know about Vouchers and Charter Schools.\" Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/MR1118-1"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Gleason, Philip, Melissa Clark, Christina Clark Tuttle, Emily Dwoyer, and Marsha Silverberg. 2015. The Evaluation of Charter Impacts-Final Report. Washington, DC: Institute of Educational Sciences (IES), US Department of Education."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20160854"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Greenberg, Erica, and Tomas Monarrez. 2019. \"Segregated from the Start-Comparing Segregation in Early Childhood and K-12 Education.\" Urban Institute Features, October 1. https:\/\/www.urban. org\/features\/segregated-start."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002679"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600386"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Harris, Fred, and Alan Curtis. 2018. \"The Unmet Promise of Equality.\" New York Times, February 28. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2018\/02\/28\/opinion\/the-unmet-promise-of-equality.html."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Hawkins, Beth. 2018a. \"The Architect: How One Texas Innovation Of cer Is Rethinking School Integration.\" 74 Million, September 25. https:\/\/www.the74million.org\/article\/the-architect-how-onetexas-innovation-officer-is-rethinking-school-integration\/."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Hawkins, Beth. 2018b. \"Texas, 78207: America's Most Radical School Integration Experiment.\" 74 Million, October 17. https:\/\/www.the74million.org\/article\/texas-78207-americas-most-radicalschool-integration-experiment\/."},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M. 2003. \"School Choice and School Productivity. Could School Choice Be a Tide that Lifts All Boats?\" In The Economics of School Choice, edited by Caroline M. Hoxby, 287-341. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226355344.001.0001"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Iceland, John. 2004. The Multigroup Entropy Index (Also Known as Theil's H or the Information Theory Index). Suitland, MD: US Census Bureau."},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599334"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_49","first-page":"685","volume":"83","author":"Jacobson Louis S","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Johnson, Rucker C., and Alexander Nazaryan. 2019. Children of the Dream-Why School Integration Works. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremer, Michael, and Eric Maskin. 1996. \"Wage Inequality and Segregation by Skill.\" NBER Working Paper 5718.","DOI":"10.3386\/w5718"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruse, Kevin M. 2013. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt3fgx6p"},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"Ladd, Helen, and Mavzuna Turaeva. 2020. \"Parental Preferences for Charter Schools in North Carolina: Implications for Racial Segregation and Isolation.\" National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research (CALDER) Working Paper 196-0618-1."},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373717725804"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.2.130"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Manson, Steven, Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, Tracy Kugler, and Steven Ruggles. 2021. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) : Version 16.0. 2010 Census Tract Population by Race and Ethnicity. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. 2021. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/ D050.V16.0."},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X19879714"},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Monarrez, Tomas. 2020. \"School Attendance Boundaries and the Segregation of Public Schools in the US.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Monarrez, Tomas, Brian Kisida, and Matthew Chingos. 2019. When Is a School Segregated? Making Sense of Segregation 65 Years after \"Brown v. Board of Education\" Research Report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute."},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Orfield, Gary, Jongyeon Ee, Erica Frankenberg, and Genevieve Siegel-Hawley. 2016. Brown at 62: School Segregation by Race, Poverty and State. Los Angeles: Civil Rights Project\/Proyecto Derechos Civiles, UCLA."},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"Potter, Halley, and Kimberly Quick. 2018. Diverse-by-Design Charter Schools. New York: Century Foundation."},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/700678"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071913-043152"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XL.3.559"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2010.0028"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013124514546219"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_68","first-page":"69","volume":"10","author":"Ritter Gary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Education Next"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1333"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandler, Danielle, and Ryan Sandler. 2013. \"Multiple Event Studies in Public Finance and Labor Economics: A Simulation Study with Applications.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2341638"},{"key":"p_71","first-page":"157","author":"Schelling Thomas C","year":"1972","journal-title":"Racial Discrimination in Economic Life"},{"key":"p_72","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. 2020. Common Core of Data. Education Data Portal (Version 0.9.0). Urban Institute (accessed February 2, 2020)."},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. 2015. Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates. School District Boundaries. 2015 shape les (accessed June 11, 2019)."},{"key":"p_74","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER\/Line). 2010. Core Based Statistical Area and Census Place shape les, 2010 de nitions (accessed June 11, 2019)."},{"key":"p_75","unstructured":"Vigdor, J.L. 2011. \"School Desegregation and the Black-White Test Score Gap.\" In Whither Opportunity, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, 443-464. New York: Russell Sage."},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699980"},{"key":"p_77","unstructured":"Welch, Finis, Audrey Light, Frederick Dong, and J. Michael Ross. 1987. New Evidence on School Desegregation. Washington, DC: Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), US Department of Education."},{"key":"p_78","unstructured":"Whitehurst, Grover J., Richard V. Reeves, Nathan Joo, and Edward Rodrigue. 2017. Balancing Act: Schools, Neighborhoods, and Racial Imbalance. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution."},{"key":"p_79","unstructured":"Winters, Marcus A. 2015. Narrowing the Charter-Enrollment Gap-Denver's Common-Enrollment System. Manhattan Institute Civic Report 106. New York: Manhattan Institute."},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmer, Ron, Brian Gill, Kevin Booker, Stephane Lavertu, Tim R. Sass, and John Witte. 2009. Charter Schools in Eight States: Effects on Achievement, Attainment, Integration, and Competition. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/MG869"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190682","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:47:45Z","timestamp":1643996865000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190682"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190682","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:43:19Z","timestamp":1780404199195,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Many developed countries are currently considering a move toward subsidized, widely accessible child care or preschool. However, studies on how large-scale provision of child care affects child development are scarce, and focused on short-run outcomes. We analyze a large-scale expansion of subsidized child care in Norway, addressing the impact on children's long-run outcomes. Our precise and robust difference-in-differences estimates show that subsidized child care had strong positive effects on children's educational attainment and labor market participation, and also reduced welfare dependency. Subsample analyses indicate that girls and children with low-educated mothers benefit the most from child care. (JEL J13, J16) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.2.97","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]],"date-time":"2011-04-27T16:29:59Z","timestamp":1303921799000},"page":"97-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["No Child Left Behind: Subsidized Child Care and Children's Long-Run Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Tarjei","family":"Havnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Box 1095 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magne","family":"Mogstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research department, Statistics Norway, Box 8131 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/07350010152472571"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591908"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602366"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260166"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2007.01.003"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.09.002"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.10.007"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2009.09.015"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839533"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553053970179"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828053828635"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146417"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465399558067"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.2.403"},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"77","author":"Carneiro Pedro","year":"2004","journal-title":"inequality in America: What role for Human capital Policies? ed. James J. Heckman and Alan B. Krueger"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2009.0034"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589524"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2008.0019"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.15.2.213"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.4.795"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000152524.89074.bf"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.1897"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7757(01)00031-0"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015748"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XL.3.533"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1308"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026218322723"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128898"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.01.002"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.1.5"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600888103"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2005.11.005"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.06.002"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2008.04.005"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2005.09.008"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158808"},{"key":"p_54","first-page":"1998","volume":"29","author":"Family Affairs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Background Report for Norway"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803322655482"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313830600743274"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15140326.2005.12040624"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6789.1361"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313830701786560"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.3.2.97","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:54Z","timestamp":1592423574000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.3.2.97"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.3.2.97"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.3.2.97","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T05:00:18Z","timestamp":1780117218389,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I analyze the effect of two corporate tax breaks, bonus depreciation and the Domestic Production Activities Deduction (DPAD), on executive compensation in publicly traded US firms. I find both tax breaks significantly increase executive compensation. For every dollar a firm benefits from the tax breaks, compensation of the firm\u2019s top five highest-paid executives increases by $0.17 to $0.25. The tax breaks increase compensation primarily in firms with weaker governance structures, suggesting the compensation response is driven by executive rent extraction. (JEL D22, G34, H25, M12, M52) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1690805642000},"page":"215-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Corporate Tax Breaks and Executive Compensation"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Ohrn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grinnell College (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0015198X.2020.1779498"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coep.12278"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, Joshua D., and J\u00f6rn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2012.03.003"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhn099"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/089533003769204362"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Bebchuk, Lucian A., and Jesse M. Fried. 2004. Pay without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bebchuk, Lucian A., Jesse M. Fried, and David I. Walker. 2002. \"Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation.\" NBER Working Paper 9068.","DOI":"10.3386\/w9068"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/710558"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530152466269"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(94)90009-4"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2020.101315"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr.2007.82.2.327"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305774268174"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_18","first-page":"433","volume":"65","author":"Clausing Kimberly A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tax Law Review"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2013.1.06"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Congressional Budget Office. 2013. The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2010. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Of ce."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2007.05.001"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rof\/rft024"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534654"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, E. Mark, Daniel G. Garrett, Eric C. Ohrn, Kevin A. Roberts, and Juan Carlos Su\u00e1rez Serrato. 2021. \"Capital Investment and Labor Demand.\" NBER Working Paper 29485.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29485"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, Lucas W., and Catherine Hausman. 2018. \"Are Energy Executives Rewarded for Luck?\" NBER Working Paper 25391.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25391"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2005.0004"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Desai, Mihir A., and C. Fritz Foley. 2007. \"Labor and Capital Shares of the Corporate Tax Burden: International Evidence.\" Paper presented at the International Tax Policy Forum, 18 December 2007."},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"19","author":"De Simone Lisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kelley School of Business Research Paper"},{"key":"p_29","first-page":"2021","author":"Dobridge Christine","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEDS Working Paper"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2017.04.001"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.08.010"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmans, Alex, Xavier Gabaix, and Dirk Jenter. 2017. \"Executive Compensation: A Survey of Theory and Evidence.\" In The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance Vol. 1, edited by Benjamin E. Hermalin and Michael S. Weisbach, 383-539. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23596"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Felix, R. Alison. 2007. \"Passing the Burden: Corporate Tax Incidence in Open Economies.\" LIS Working Paper 468."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_34","first-page":"77","volume":"94","author":"Felix R. Alison.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Economic Review"},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"1936","author":"Frydman Carola","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Evolution of the Market for Corporate Executives"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-financial-120209-133958"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2018.06.014"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130570"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.1.49"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1911-3846.12058"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.4.1383"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20190041"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhr076"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravelle, Jane G., and Kent A. Smetters. 2006. \"Does the Open Economy Assumption Really Mean that Labor Bears the Burden of a Capital Income Tax?\" Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy 6 (1).","DOI":"10.2202\/1538-0637.1548"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2003.4.07"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/258636"},{"key":"p_47","first-page":"51","author":"Harberger Arnold C","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tax Policy and Economic Growth"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-6261.2003.00608.x"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.737"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howell, Sabrina T., and J. David Brown. 2020. \"Do Cash Windfalls Affect Wages? Evidence from R&D Grants to Small Firms.\" NBER Working Paper 26717.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26717"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Internal Revenue Service. 2000-2012. \"Statistics of Income.\" SOI Tax Stats. https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/ statistics\/soi-tax-stats-statistics-of-income."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"ISS Governance Services. 1998-2012. \"Risk Metrics Governance Data.\" Retrieved from Wharton Research Data Service (May 2014)."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhp006"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.27.3.35"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, Wolfgang, and William W. Olney. 2017. \"Globalization and Executive Compensation.\" NBER Working Paper 23384.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23384"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz011"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145728"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotlikoff, Laurence J., and Lawrence H. Summers. 1987. \"Tax Incidence.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 2, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, 1043-92. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4420(87)80011-3"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhnen, Camelia M., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. 2007. \"Executive Pay, Hidden Compensation and Managerial Entrenchment.\" Rock Center for Corporate Governance Working Paper 16.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.972622"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-679X.12269"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Lester, Rebecca, and Ralph Rector. 2016. \"Which Companies Use the Domestic Production Activities Deduction?\" Tax Notes 152 (9)."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2013.1.08"},{"key":"p_63","first-page":"175","volume":"55","author":"Manzon Gil B","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tax Law Review"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(94)00809-F"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041302262"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nallareddy, Suresh, Ethan Rouen, and Juan Carlos Su\u00e1rez Serrato. 2018. \"Do Corporate Tax Cuts Increase Income Inequality?\" NBER Working Paper 24598.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24598"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150378"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150378"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104084"},{"key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohrn, Eric. 2023. \"Replication data for: Corporate Tax Breaks and Executive Compensation.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E167721V1.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4234471"},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(97)00028-7"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr.2003.78.3.847"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx043"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.1.230"},{"key":"p_75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11142-016-9350-6"},{"key":"p_76","unstructured":"Randolph, William Carl. 2006. International Burdens of the Corporate Income Tax. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Of ce."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_77","first-page":"845","volume":"71","author":"Rosen Sherwin","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2017.01.005"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2016.08.006"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-4101(93)90005-Z"},{"key":"p_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, Matthew, Owen Zidar, and Eric Zwick. 2020. \"Top Wealth in America: New Estimates and Implications for Taxing the Rich.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29374"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy025"},{"key":"p_83","unstructured":"Standard & Poor. 1998-2012a. \"Compustat Historical Segments.\" Retrieved from Research Insight (June 2018)."},{"key":"p_84","unstructured":"Standard & Poor. 1998-2012b. \"Compustat North American Annual Fundamentals.\" Retrieved from Research Insight (June 2018)."},{"key":"p_85","unstructured":"Standard & Poor. 1998-2012c. \"Standard & Poor's Execucomp.\" Retrieved from Wharton Research Data Service (May 2014)."},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-018-9511-6"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141702"},{"key":"p_88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.642"},{"key":"p_89","unstructured":"Thomson\/Refinitiv. (1998-2012). \"Thomson\/Re nitiv 13f Filings Data.\" Retrieved from Wharton Research Data Service (May 2014)."},{"key":"p_90","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 1998-2005. USA Trade Online. https:\/\/usatrade.census.gov\/."},{"key":"p_91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140855"},{"key":"p_92","author":"Zwick Eric","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Economic Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E116159V1."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:15:19Z","timestamp":1690805719000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210155"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210155","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:19:07Z","timestamp":1780417147586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper uses a within-school\/across-cohort design to present new evidence of the effects of high school classmate characteristics on a wide range of post-secondary outcomes. We find that increases in the percent of classmates with college-educated mothers decreases the likelihood of dropping out and increases the likelihood of attending college, despite showing no impact on a range of in-school achievement, attitudes, and behaviors. The percent of students from disadvantaged minority groups does not show any effects on post-secondary outcomes, but is associated with students reporting less caring student-teacher relationships and increased prevalence of some undesirable student behaviors during high school. (JEL I21, J13, J15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.1.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]],"date-time":"2011-01-31T14:56:02Z","timestamp":1296485762000},"page":"25-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["The Effect of Classmate Characteristics on Post-Secondary Outcomes: Evidence from the Add Health"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Bifulco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University, Department of Public Administration, Center for Policy Research 426 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244-1020."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, Division of Health Policy and Administration, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, 341 Mansfield Road, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426036"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214508000000841"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828043052169"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"2006","author":"Bayer Patrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"University of Connecticut Department of Economics Working Paper"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595975"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261849"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2534765"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.03.006"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600143"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.1.211"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0161-4681.00127"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344127"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2669919"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261848"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1488"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.03.003"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312036004715"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2009.02271.x"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146425"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002679"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.4.34"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300555060"},{"key":"p_36","first-page":"2001","volume":"5","author":"Kalsbeek William D","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the American statistical Association"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444188"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-003-0158-x"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312040002353"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2298123"},{"issue":"55","key":"p_44","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Miao Jing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Education Policy Analysis Archives"},{"key":"p_46","first-page":"45","author":"Moffitt Robert A","year":"2001","journal-title":"social Dynamics, ed. Steven N. Durlauf and H. Peyton Young"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146328"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.07.006"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444201"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144131"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2092789"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.46.020195.003021"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2673186"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3097255"},{"key":"p_56","first-page":"1994","author":"Udry J. Richard.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Waves I and"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805774670158"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.3.1.25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:23Z","timestamp":1592423603000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.3.1.25"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.3.1.25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.3.1.25","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T14:42:14Z","timestamp":1675176134784},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.15.1.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:55:24Z","timestamp":1675173324000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.15.1.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T14:01:07Z","timestamp":1675173667000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.15.1.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.15.1.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.15.1.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:24:42Z","timestamp":1754162682581,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.17.3.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1753882767000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.17.3.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:40:50Z","timestamp":1753882850000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.17.3.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.17.3.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.17.3.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1945-7731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-774X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:48:32Z","timestamp":1761130112873},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> What is the efficacy of redrawing school attendance boundaries as a desegregation policy? To provide causal evidence on this question, we employ novel data with unprecedented detail on the universe of Danish children and exploit changes in attendance boundaries over time. Households defy reassignments to schools with lower socioeconomic status. There is a strong social gradient in defiance, as resourceful households are more sensitive to the student composition of new schools. We simulate school assignment policies and find that boundary changes that reassign areas to a highly disadvantaged school are ineffective at altering the socioeconomic composition at the disadvantaged school. (JEL D31, H75, I21, I24, I28, R23) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:08:16Z","timestamp":1706706496000},"page":"190-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Attendance Boundary Policies and the Limits to Combating School Segregation"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bjerre-Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikkel H\u00f8st","family":"Gandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and CESifo (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2020.1840383"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20172040"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00020"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.49.1.3"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.3019"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522381"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, Peter, Raj Chetty, Stefanie DeLuca, Nathaniel Hendren, Lawrence Katz, and Christopher Palmer. 2020. \"Creating Moves to Opportunity: Experimental Evidence on Barriers to Neighborhood Choice.\" NBER Working Paper 26164.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26164"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00868"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2008.10.001"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00667"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt026"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Bjerre-Nielsen, Andreas, and Mikkel H\u00f8st Gandil. 2018. \"Privacy in Spatial Data with High Resolution and Time Invariance.\" https:\/\/github.com\/abjer\/privacy_spatial\/blob\/master\/paper\/privacy_ spatial.pdf."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Bjerre-Nielsen, Andreas, and Mikkel H\u00f8st Gandil. 2024. \"Replication Data for: Attendance Boundary Policies and the Limits to Combating School Segregation.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E189723V1."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556070"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Calsamiglia, Caterina. 2014. \"Matching Practices for Elementary and Secondary Schools-Spain.\" Matching-in-Practice Country Pro le 16."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_16","first-page":"19","volume":"3","author":"Chavez Hugo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Balancing Freedom, Autonomy and Accountability in Education"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145072"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Coleman, James S., Ernest Q. Campbell, C. J. Hobson, J. McPartland, A. M. Mood, F. D. Weinfeld, and R. L. York. 1966. Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Of ce of Education."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00187-1"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.10.009"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2012.11.001"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Gillies, Sean, et al. 2007. \"Shapely: Manipulation and Analysis of Geometric Objects.\" Shapely."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Hagberg, Aric A., Daniel A. Schult, and Pieter J. Swart. 2008. \"Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics, and Function using NetworkX.\" In Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference, edited by G. Varoquaux, T. Vaught, and J. Millman, 11-15."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Hiller, Victor, and Olivier Tercieux. 2013. \"Matching Practices in Secondary Schools-France.\" Matching-in-Practice Country Pro le 16."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Hvidovre. 2019. \"Helhedsplan for Fremtidens Skolestruktur i Hvidovre Kommune.\" https:\/\/github. com\/MikkelGandil\/papers\/blob\/9aae57d4c434d734e07f1916e77e99462457c85a\/225569-22%20 Helhedsplan%20for%20fremtidens%20skolestruktur.PDF."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.06.001"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Jones, Eric, Travis Oliphant, Pearu Peterson, et al. 2001. \"SciPy: Open Source Scienti c Tools for Python.\" https:\/\/scipy.org\/ (accessed Jan. 10, 2018)."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahl007"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2020.1857707"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Manlove, David. 2013. \"Matching Practices for Primary and Secondary Schools-Scotland.\" Matching-in-Practice Country Pro le 12."},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"51","author":"McKinney Wes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Merlino, Luca Paolo, and Antonio Nicol\u00f3. 2012. \"Matching Practices for Secondary Schools-Italy.\" Matching-in-Practice Country Pro le 6."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200498"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190682"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.1.130"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"OECD. 2016. Education in China-A Snapshot. Paris: OECD."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12584"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Minseon, and Dong Woo Hahm. 2022. \"Location Choice, Commuting, and School Choice.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4452763"},{"key":"p_40","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa Fabian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcp024"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2148750"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacerdote, Bruce. 2011. Peer Effects in Education: How Might They Work, How Big Are They and How Much Do We Know Thus Far? In Handbook of the Economics of Education Volume 3, edited by Eric A Hunushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, 249-77. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53429-3.00004-1"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2007.0055"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:08:54Z","timestamp":1706706534000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200843"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200843","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T22:56:54Z","timestamp":1772060214007,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the effect of electoral incentives on the allocation of public services across legislative districts. We develop a model in which elections encourage legislators to cater to parochial interests and thus aggravate the common pool problem. Using unique data from seven US states, we study how the amount of funding that a legislator channels to his district changes when he faces a term limit. We find that legislators bring less pork to their district when they cannot seek re-election. Consistent with the Law of 1\/N, this last term reduction in funding is smaller in states with many legislative districts. (JEL D72, H70) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]],"date-time":"2012-08-03T12:10:06Z","timestamp":1343995806000},"page":"1-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Distributive Politics and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Seven US State Legislatures"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Toke S","family":"Aidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Jesus College, University of Cambridge, Austin Robinson Building, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DD, UK, and CESifo, Munich, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Shvets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Christ's College, University of Cambridge, Austin Robinson Building, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DD, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.3.1"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2005.06.007"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(88)90047-3"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055402000448"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3162\/036298004X201276"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2006.00470.x"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342804"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1962882"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1961664"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.1.118"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.10.008"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946699"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00150-X"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022857028836"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.1.1"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055407070566"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467438"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467334"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2011.06.006"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00037-3"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00124924"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.4.1274"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01870.x"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2001.1.03"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912906298816"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/440069"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805775014290"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.4.1249"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00137690","volume":"74","author":"Lott John R., Jr.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002606"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013013815906"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.07.004"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.2006.00171.x"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381608080444"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.1994.tb00083.x"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2110914"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpg025"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/439911"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/439791"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_50","first-page":"213","volume":"34","author":"Verstegen Deborah A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Education Finance"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260997"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:14Z","timestamp":1592423594000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.3.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.3.1","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:23:19Z","timestamp":1761747799451,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We explore the consequences of trade secret protection for new business formation in the United States. We find the states that adopt the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), which enhances intellectual property rights, experience an overall decline in firm and establishment entry rates. This result is driven by the reduction in the establishment entry rates of start-ups and small firms. By contrast, the law increases the establishment entry rates of incumbents and larger firms. The negative impact of the UTSA is larger in industries that rely more on intellectual assets and trade secrets, as well as external-finance-dependent industries. (JEL K11, K22, L11, M13, O34, O38)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20220814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1761741835000},"page":"192-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Not-So-Uniform Effects of Trade Secret Protection on Business Entry"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Asli","family":"Leblebicio\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baruch College (email: );"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanseli","family":"Sava\u015fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bentley University (email: )."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hht009"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20180449"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/724289"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audretsch, David B., and Maryann P. Feldman. 2004. \"Knowledge Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation.\" In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 4, edited by J. Vernon Henderson and Jacques-Fran\u00e7ois Thisse, 2713-39. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0080(04)80018-X"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa004"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Balsmeier, Benjamin, Maria Kurakina, Joel Stiebale, and Lee Fleming. 2021. \"The Unintended Consequences of R&D Tax Credits: Exploitation, Markups, and Technological Entrenchment.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2017.06.005"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_9","first-page":"751","volume":"13","author":"Bishara Norman D","year":"2011","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6261.00513"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2023. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in US City Average. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/CPIAUCSL (accessed August 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Business Dynamics Statistics. 2020. State by Sector by Firm Age Dataset. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/ programs-surveys\/bds\/data.Datasets.html#list-tab-1518962401 (accessed August 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Call Reports. 2023. Banking Suite by WRDS, Bank Regulatory. Wharton Research Data Services. https:\/\/wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu (accessed August 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlino, Gerald, and William R. Kerr. 2015. \"Agglomeration and Innovation.\" In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 5, edited by Gilles Duranton, J. Vernon Henderson, and William C. Strange, 349-404. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59517-1.00006-4"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2533"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2016.07.004"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz014"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2006.00841.x"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Compustat. 2023. Compustat North America, Fundamentals Annual. Wharton Research Data Services. https:\/\/wrds-www.wharton.upenn.edu\/login\/?next=\/pages\/get-data\/compustat-capital-iqstandard-poors\/compustat\/north-america-daily\/ (accessed August 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(01)00086-1"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161050"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2023.101647"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00604"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"19","author":"Ganglmair Bernhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"ZEW Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2009.09.008"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2018.04.002"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161052"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_29","first-page":"372","volume":"27","author":"Graham Stuart J. H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Economics and Management Strategy"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Guernsey, Scott B., Kose John, and Lubomir P. Litov. 2019. \"Keeping Secrets from Creditors: The Uniform Trade Secrets Act and Financial Leverage.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Haltiwanger, John, Ron S. Jarmin, Robert Kulick, and Javier Miranda. 2016. \"High Growth Young Firms: Contribution to Job, Output, and Productivity Growth.\" In Measuring Entrepreneurial Businesses: Current Knowledge and Challenges, edited by John Haltiwanger, Antoinette Schoar, Erik Hurst, and Javier Miranda, 11-62. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haltiwanger, John, Ron S. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda. 2009. Business Dynamics Statistics: An Overview. Kauffman Foundation.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1456465"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Hausman, Naomi, and Kurt Lavetti. 2021a. Data and Code for: \"Physician Practice Organization and Negotiated Prices: Evidence from State Law Changes.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E116808V1."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180078"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/723636"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20140190"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2011.23"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2007.01.004"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandilov, Ivan, and Asli Leblebicioglu. 2025. \"Trade Secrets Protection and Foreign Investment.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4770611"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jems.12349"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20210362"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2008.12.003"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2020.101381"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2018.02.008"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerner, Josh. 2006. \"Using Litigation to Understand Trade Secrets: A Preliminary Exploration.\" Preprint, SSRN. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.922520.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.922520"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Leblebicio\u011flu, Asli, and Tanseli Sava\u015fer. 2025. Data and Code for: \"The Not-So-Uniform Effects of Trade Secret Protection on Business Entry.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E201465V1."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_47","first-page":"751","volume":"94","author":"Levine David S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Notre Dame Law Review"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhr043"},{"key":"p_49","first-page":"3","volume":"10","author":"Linton Katherine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of International Commerce and Economy"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Marshall, Alfred. 1920. The Economics of Industry. Macmillan and Company."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/663155"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1080.0985"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2021.04.009"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2509"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sej.1428"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Png, Ivan. 2017a. Data for: \"Secrecy and Patents: Theory and Evidence from the Uniform Trade Secrets Act.\" https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1lWY8bViHSqQDIW-aA1KGafORZqZJSM9q\/view (accessed August 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/stsc.2017.0035"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00532"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_60","first-page":"559","volume":"88","author":"Rajan Raghuram","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal, Stuart S., and William C. Strange. 2010. \"Small Establishments\/Big Effects: Agglomeration, Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship.\" In Agglomeration Economics, edited by Edward L. Glaeser, 277-302. University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226297927.003.0010"},{"key":"p_62","first-page":"01194","volume":"2201","author":"Roth Jonathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Preprint, arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv."},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2012.11.001"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00066"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/12.2.70"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle, Nicola. 2021. \"The Economic and Innovation Impacts of Trade Secrets.\" UK Intellectual Property Of ce Research Paper 2021\/01.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3686478"},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"Tax Policy Center. 2023. State Corporate Income Tax Rates (2002-2023). https:\/\/www.taxpolicycenter. org\/statistics\/state-corporate-income-tax-rates (accessed August 2023)."},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2017.12.011"},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"US Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1987-2021. BEA-BLS Integrated Industry-Level Production Accounts (KLEMS). https:\/\/www.bea.gov\/system\/files\/2023-09\/BEA-BLS-industry-levelproduction-account-1987-2021.xlsx (accessed October 10, 2023)."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"US Patent and Trademark Office. 2023. PatentsView Data Download Tables. https:\/\/patentsview.org\/ download\/data-download-tables (accessed August 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_71","unstructured":"Wilson, Daniel. 2009a. Data for: \"Beggar Thy Neighbor? The In-State, Out-of-State, and Aggregate Effects of R&D Tax Credits.\" MIT Press. https:\/\/www.frbsf.org\/our-people\/economists\/danielwilson (accessed October 10, 2023)."},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.2.431"},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"World Tax Database. 1979-2002. World Tax Database Search: United States (State Data), Corporate Tax Rate. University of Michigan. https:\/\/www.bus.umich.edu\/otpr\/otpr\/default.asp (accessed August 24, 2023)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20220814","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:45:25Z","timestamp":1761741925000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20220814"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20220814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20220814","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:57:02Z","timestamp":1775761022744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Local governments spend over $12 billion annually funding the operation of 15,427 public libraries in the United States, yet we know little about their effects. We use data describing the near universe of public libraries to show that public library capital investment increases library visits, children\u2019s attendance at library events, and children\u2019s circulation by an average of 5\u201315 percent in the years following investment. Increases in library use translate into improved test scores in nearby school districts: a $200 or greater per student capital investment in local public libraries increases reading test scores by 0. 01\u20130.04 standard deviations in subsequent years. (JEL G31, H75, I21, L86) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1714564556000},"page":"78-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Returns to Public Library Investment"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Gilpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montana State University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nencka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"American Library Association. 2012. \"Diversity Counts.\" https:\/\/www.ala.org\/aboutala\/of ces\/diversity\/diversitycounts\/divcounts (accessed March 2021)."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.01.004"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200226"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayer, Patrick, Peter Q. Blair, and Kenneth Whaley. 2020. \"A National Study of School Spending and House Prices.\" NBER Working Paper 28255.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3804536"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2013.03.009"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2010.03.008"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6229.12233"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2021.104586"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callaway, Brantly, Andrew Goodman-Bacon, and Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna. 2024. \"Difference-in-Differences with a Continuous Treatment.\" NBER Working Paper 32117.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4716682"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.1.215"},{"key":"p_14","author":"Chen Jiafeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjad054."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2012.09.003"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy007"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy006"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161352"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Common Core of Data. 2022. \"Education Data Portal (Version 0.16.0).\" Urban Institute. https:\/\/educationdata.urban.org\/documentation\/ (accessed March 2021)."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2017.05.002"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-1190(92)90008-9"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2015.11.008"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Fahle, Erin M., Benjamin R. Shear, Demetra Kalogrides, Sean F. Reardon, Belen Chavez, and Andrew D. Ho. 2021. \"Stanford Education Data Archive: Technical Documentation (Version 4.0).\" Stanford Education Data Archive."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Federal Housing Finance Agency. 2019. \"House Price Index.\" Federal Housing Finance Agency. https:\/\/ www.fhfa.gov\/DataTools\/Downloads\/Pages\/House-Price-Index.aspx (accessed March 2021)."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Feldstein, Kathleen Foley. 1977. \"The Economics of Public Libraries.\" PhD diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Gardner, John. 2021. \"Two-Stage Differences in Differences.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Getz, Malcolm. 1980. Public Libraries: An Economic View. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Gilpin, Gregory, Ezra Karger, and Peter Nencka. 2024. \"Replication Data for: The Returns to Public Library Investment.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E190961V1."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/619380"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guryan, Jonathan, James S. Kim, and David M. Quinn. 2014. \"Does Reading during the Summer Build Reading Skills? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in 463 Classrooms.\" NBER Working Paper 20689.","DOI":"10.3386\/w20689"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701362104"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1091142105284844"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"IMLS (Institute of Museum and Library Services). 2019. \"Public Library Survey Fiscal Year 2019 Data File Documentation and User's Guide [Technical Documentation].\" Institute of Museum and Library Services."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"IMLS. 2020. \"Public Library Survey [dataset].\" Institute of Museum and Library Services. https:\/\/ www.imls.gov\/researchevaluation\/data-collection\/public-libraries-survey (accessed March 2021)."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/601612"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karger, Ezra. 2021. \"The Long-Run Effect of Public Libraries on Children: Evidence from the Ear-ly 1900s.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/e8k7p"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Kevane, Michael J., and William A. Sundstrom. 2016. \"Public Libraries and Political Participation, 1870-1940.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Klinenberg, Eric. 2018. Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life. New York: Broadway Books."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"McLaughlin, D. H., V. Bandeira de Mello, S. Cole, C. Blankenship, H. Hikawa, K. Farr, and R. Gonzalez. 2002. National Longitudinal School-Level State Assessment Score Database: Analyses of 2000\/2001 School-Year Scores. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. 2022. \"National Assessment of Educational Progress [dataset].\" Institute of Education Services. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/nationsreportcard\/assessments\/ (accessed March 2021)."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Neilson, Elijah. 2020. \"Essays on the Determinants of Human Capital Investment.\" PhD diss. Clemson University."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10101-018-0215-2"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17421772.2022.2123552"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.08.002"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2022. \"Consumer Price Index: All Items for the United States [USACPIALLAINMEI].\" FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/ fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/USACPIALLAINMEI (accessed May 24, 2022)."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/629909"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_48","first-page":"315","volume":"3","author":"Palmer E. Susan.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Research"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2015. \"Chapter 1: Who Uses Libraries and What They Do at Their Libraries.\" Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2015\/09\/15\/who-uses-libraries-andwhat-they-do-at-their-libraries\/."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Porter, Andrew Joseph. 2015. \"Essays in Crime and Behavior.\" PhD diss. University of California, Irvine."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Reardon, S. F., A. D. Ho, B. R. Shear, E. M. Fahle, D. Kalogrides, H. Jang, and B. Chavez. 2020. \"Stanford Education Data Archive (Version 4.0).\" Educational Opportunity Project. https:\/\/edopportunity.org\/get-the-data\/ (accessed March 2021)."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345338"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13043\/dys.74.5"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00984"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Tiebout, Charles M., and Robert J. Willis. 1965. \"The Public Nature of Libraries.\" In The Public Library and the City, edited by Ralph W. Conant, 94-101. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109114219702500604"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8292.00075"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Wiegand, Shirley A., and Wayne A. Wiegand. 2018. The Desegregation of Public Libraries in the Jim Crow South: Civil Rights and Local Activism. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8462.00091"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Claire, and Joel Waldfogel. 2022. \"The First Sale Doctrine and the Digital Challenge to Public Libraries.\" NBER Working Paper 30392.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4203058"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Zillow. 2020. \"Housing Price Data.\" Zillow Group. https:\/\/www.zillow.com\/research\/data\/ (accessed March 2021)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T11:56:51Z","timestamp":1714564611000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210300"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210300","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T19:07:47Z","timestamp":1775761667316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> During the 2019 European elections campaign, we exposed a random sample of French voting-age Facebook users to false statements by a far-right populist party. A randomly selected subgroup was also presented with fact-checking of these statements; another subgroup was offered a choice of whether to view the fact-checking. Participants could then share these statements on their Facebook pages. We show that (i) both imposed and voluntary fact-checking reduce sharing of false statements by about 45 percent, (ii) the size of the effect is similar between imposed and voluntary fact-checking, and (iii) each additional click required to share false statements sub stantially reduces sharing. (JEL D72, D81, D91) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1659096933000},"page":"55-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Emeric","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Sciences Po and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Zhuravskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris School of Economics (EHESS) and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergei","family":"Guriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Sciences Po and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA14673"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"19","author":"Abreu Luis","year":"2019","journal-title":"NET Institute Working Paper"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altay, Sacha, Emma De Araujo, and Hugo Mercier. 2020. \"If This Account Is True, It Is Most Enormously Wonderful: Interestingness-If-True and the Sharing of True and False News.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/tdfh5"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104123"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e9nabou, Roland, Armin Falk, and Jean Tirole. 2018. \"Narratives, Imperatives, and Moral Reasoning.\" NBER Working Paper 24798.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24798"},{"key":"p_7","author":"Bengani Priyanjana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Columbia Journalism Review"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iere.12275"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bursztyn, Leonardo, Georgy Egorov, Ruben Enikolopov, and Maria Petrova. 2020. \"Social Media and Xenophobia: Evidence from Russia.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 14877.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26567"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bursztyn, Leonardo, Ingar Haaland, Aakaash Rao, and Christopher Roth. 2020. \"Disguising Prejudice: Popular Rationales as Excuses for Intolerant Expression.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27288"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-063016-103625"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Arthur, Matthew Leister, and Yves Zenou. 2019. \"Social Media and Polarization.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 13860.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3419073"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Conger, Kate. 2020a. \"A Look Inside Twitter's Move to Flag Trump.\" New York Times, May 30. https:\/\/ www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/30\/technology\/twitter-trump-dorsey.html."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Conger, Kate. 2020b. \"Twitter Has Labeled 38% of Trump's Tweets Since Tuesday.\" New York Times, November 5. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/11\/05\/technology\/donald-trump-twitter.html."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Conger, Kate, and Davey Alba. 2020. \"Twitter Refutes Inaccuracies in Trump's Tweets about Mail-in Voting,\" New York Times, May 28. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/26\/technology\/twittertrump-mail-in-ballots.html."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171330"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhar, Diva, Tarun Jain, and Seema Jayachandran. 2018. \"Reshaping Adolescents' Gender Attitudes: Evidence from a School-Based Experiment in India.\" NBER Working Paper 25331.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25331"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-009"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_19","first-page":"393","volume":"70","author":"Grossman Sanford J","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guess, Andrew, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua Tucker. 2019. \"Less than You Think: Prevalence and Predictors of Fake News Dissemination on Facebook.\" Science Advances 5 (1).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4586"},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"0","volume":"4060","author":"Guriev Sergei","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEA RCT Registry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/rct."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guriev, Sergei, and Elias Papaioannou. 2021. \"The Political Economy of Populism.\" Journal of Economic Literature. https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/articles?id=10.1257\/jel.20201595&&from=f.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3542052"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Haidt, Jonathan, and Tobias Rose-Stockwell. 2019. \"The Dark Psychology of Social Networks: Why It Feels Like Everything Is Going Haywire.\" The Atlantic, December. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ magazine\/archive\/2019\/12\/social-media-democracy\/600763\/."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, Emeric, \u24e1 Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, \u24e1 Sergei Guriev. 2021. \"Replication data for: Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E140161V1.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3597191"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Madrigal, Alexis C. 2019. \"This Is How Much Fact-Checking Is Worth to Facebook-More than Nothing, but Not Much More.\" The Atlantic, February 1. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/ archive\/2019\/02\/how-much-factchecking-worth-facebook\/581899\/."},{"key":"p_26","author":"Montti Roger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Search Engine Journal"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228882"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, Karsten, and Carlo Schwarz. 2020. \"From Hashtag to Hate Crime: Twitter and Anti-minority Sentiment.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvaa045"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055418000837"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyhan, Brendan, Ethan Porter, Jason Reifler, and Thomas Wood. 2019. \"Taking Fact-Checks Literally but Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-Checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability.\" Political Behavior. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2995128.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09528-x"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3478"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Pennycook, Gordon, Ziv Epstein, Mohsen Mosleh, Antonio Alonso Arechar, Dean Eckles, and David Gertler Rand. 2020. \"Understanding and Reducing the Spread of Misinformation Online.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Persily, Nathaniel, and Joshua A. Tucker, eds. 2020. Social Media and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Silverman, Craig. 2016. \"This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook,\" BuzzFeed, November 16. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/ craigsilverman\/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Singer, P. W., and Emerson T. Brooking. 2018. LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media. Boston, MA: Mariner Books."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12000"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160802"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5965.2009.02058.x"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucker, Joshua A., Andrew Guess, Pablo Barber\u00e1, Cristian Vaccari, Alexandra Siegel, Sergey Sanovich, Denis Stukal, and Brendan Nyhan. 2018. \"Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scienti c Literature.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3144139"},{"key":"p_42","author":"Tufekci Zeynep","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaqub, Waheeb, Otari Kakhidze, Morgan Brockman, Nasir Memon, and Sameer Patil. 2020. \"Effects of Credibility Indicators on Social Media News Sharing Intent.\" In CHI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, 1-14. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376213"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-081919-050239"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-009-9230-z"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000000735"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20210037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:17:01Z","timestamp":1659097021000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20210037"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20210037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20210037","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:17:08Z","timestamp":1745986628526,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.17.2.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1745932251000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.17.2.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:12:53Z","timestamp":1745932373000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.17.2.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.17.2.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.17.2.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:41:11Z","timestamp":1768412471257,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We conduct the first nationwide study of incentives under the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which requires states to punish schools failing to meet target passing rates on students' standardized exams. States' idiosyncratic policies created variation in the risk of failure among very similar schools in different states, which we use to identify effects of accountability pressure. We find NCLB lowers teachers' perceptions of job security, shifts time towards specialist teachers in high-stakes subjects and away from whole-class instruction, and has positive or neutral effects on students' enjoyment of learning and achievement in reading, math, and science. (JEL H52, H75, I21, I28, J45) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.3.207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T15:11:15Z","timestamp":1406905875000},"page":"207-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Under Pressure: Job Security, Resource Allocation, and Productivity in Schools under No Child Left Behind"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Randall","family":"Reback","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Rockoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Business School, 3022 Broadway, Uris Hall 603, New York, NY 10027 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rand Corporation, Poydras Center, 650 Poydras Street, Suite 1400, New Orleans, LA 70130 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312042002231"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00041"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2012.00455.x"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.08.005"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.06.002"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20586"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2005.01.003"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041464489"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2005.08.005"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.10.007"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20091"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.02.009"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312042002371"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.08.004"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698441"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp.2008.3.2.250"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20504"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316102237670"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.2010.12318"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.05.003"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.3.207"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.4.119"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2007.06.004"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554818"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.6.3.207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:03Z","timestamp":1592423523000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.6.3.207"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.6.3.207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.6.3.207","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:02:18Z","timestamp":1773190938845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Public sector employees receive large fractions of their lifetime income in the form of deferred compensation. The introduction of the opportunity provided to Illinois public school employees to purchase additional pension benefits allows me to estimate employees' willingness-to-pay for benefits relative to the cost of providing them. The results show employees are willing to pay 20 cents on average for a dollar increase in the present value of expected retirement benefits. The findings suggest substantial inefficiency in compensation and cast doubt on the ability of deferred compensation schemes to attract employees. (JEL H75, I21, J26, J45) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T13:18:07Z","timestamp":1446211087000},"page":"165-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["How Much Are Public School Teachers Willing to Pay for Their Retirement Benefits?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria Donovan","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 103 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747211000114"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhs057"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.05.005"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00010"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.315"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398003300402"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.3.877"},{"key":"p_15","author":"Freeman Richard B","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature 24: (1): 41-86"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979399404700304"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(82)90051-2"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260970"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265543"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1997.tb02028.x"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.23.4.191"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1924777"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1924369"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.1.33"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20140087","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:02Z","timestamp":1592423462000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20140087"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20140087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20140087","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:32:27Z","timestamp":1772159547311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> There is considerable controversy about the causes of regional variations in health care expenditures. Using vignettes from patient and physician surveys linked to fee-for-service Medicare expenditures, this study asks whether patient demand-side factors or physician supply-side factors explain these variations. The results indicate that patient demand is relatively unimportant in explaining variations. Physician organizational factors matter, but the most important factor is physician beliefs about treatment. In Medicare, we estimate that 35 percent of spending for end-of-life care and 12 percent of spending for heart attack patients (and for all enrollees) is associated with physician beliefs unsupported by clinical evidence. (JEL D83, H75, I11, I18) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T12:40:55Z","timestamp":1548852055000},"page":"192-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Physician Beliefs and Patient Preferences: A New Look at Regional Variation in Health Care Spending"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Cutler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Harvard University, 230 Littauer Center, 1805 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hinman Box 6106, Hanover, NH 03755, Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel Dora","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Operations Management Unit, Harvard Business School, Morgan Hall 433, Boston, MA 02136, and Ariadne Labs at Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wennberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quartet Health, 114\u00a0West 41st Street, New York, NY 10036 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.03.066"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2010.01641.x"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.3.864"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.05.028"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1184"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.w123"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000255248.79308.41"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555280"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90057-J"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d25e6f"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.11.003"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2000.10474262"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070829"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.3.645"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/512249"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_19","first-page":"131","volume":"16","author":"Michael","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Managed Care"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1320"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.2.795"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.3.221"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(94)90004-3"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-004-0003-2"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.08.003"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.13.1625"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2014.12.001"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw023"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00006"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00007"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2014.197"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2009.0609"},{"issue":"12","key":"p_37","first-page":"e154","volume":"112","author":"Ann Sharon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.2.437"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12440"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12113-7"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0063"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.789446"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.840009"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.40.2909"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(91)90022-F"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10742-016-0152-x"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160319"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1302981"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.13.1715"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00008"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01235-4"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.09.008"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12262"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00005"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_58","first-page":"1","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.3.813"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0910881"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(82)90234-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_65","first-page":"172","volume":"12","author":"David","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:08Z","timestamp":1592423348000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150421"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150421","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T02:07:00Z","timestamp":1772071620929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> I show how, in the tradition of the dynamic labor supply literature, one can identify the moral hazard effects and liquidity effects of unemployment insurance (UI) using variations along the time profile of unemployment benefits. I use this strategy to investigate the anatomy of labor supply responses to UI. I identify the effect of benefit level and potential duration in the regression kink design using kinks in the schedule of benefits in the US. My results suggest that the response of search effort to UI benefits is driven as much by liquidity effects as by moral hazard effects. (JEL D82, J22, J65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T13:18:07Z","timestamp":1446211087000},"page":"243-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Assessing the Welfare Effects of Unemployment Benefits Using the Regression Kink Design"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Landais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, London School of Economics, Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.659"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(78)90053-1"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937960"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00113-9"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.01.004"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588585"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430286"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9442.00093"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262078"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(92)90056-L"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.06.011"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.2.188"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.48.2.281"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261023"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1879403"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938349"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"85","author":"Moffitt Robert","year":"1985","journal-title":"U.S. Department of Labor, Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(85)90068-5"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.185"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs010"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.5.1922"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"92","author":"Spiegelman Robert G","year":"1992","journal-title":"U.S. Department of Labor, Unemployment Insurance Occasional Paper"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20130248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:04Z","timestamp":1592423464000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20130248"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20130248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20130248","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:09:57Z","timestamp":1777464597822,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We explore the power of behavioral economics to influence the level of effort exerted by students in a low stakes testing environment. We find a substantial impact on test scores from incentives when the rewards are delivered immediately. There is suggestive evidence that rewards framed as losses outperform those framed as gains. Nonfinancial incentives can be considerably more cost-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but are less effective with older students. All motivating power of incentives vanishes when rewards are handed out with a delay. Our results suggest that the current set of incentives may lead to underinvestment. (JEL D03, H75, I21, I28)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T13:52:25Z","timestamp":1478008345000},"page":"183-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["The Behavioralist Goes to School: Leveraging Behavioral Economics to Improve Educational Performance"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Levitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saieh Hall for Economics, University of Chicago, Room SHFE 434, 1126 E 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"List","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saieh Hall for Economics, University of Chicago, Room SHFE 415, 1126 E 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Neckermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saieh Hall for Economics, University of Chicago, SHFE 358, 1126 E 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 and ZEW (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Sadoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, Wells Fargo Hall, Room 4W121, 9500 Gilman Drive 0553, La Jolla, CA 92093 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.3.847"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.1.136"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.4.1384"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.544"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.06.014"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553053970205"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301556374"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.2.167"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03173192"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431263"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1652"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.1.263"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.05.010"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00217"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1110.1383"},{"issue":"11","key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811111301101","volume":"113","author":"Braun Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Teachers college record"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv021"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130081"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007850605129"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.641"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.07.009"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.627"},{"key":"p_31","first-page":"8792","author":"Decker Paul T","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mathematica Policy Research (MPR) Paper"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr050"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.3.158"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.6.1087"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.2.248"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.51.11.1153"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.emr.1500068"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_41","first-page":"746","volume":"97","author":"Frey Bruno S","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr045"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-2963(93)00038-3"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/468061"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554917"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041301821"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698496"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1132277"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455449"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.4.1373"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1544"},{"key":"p_56","first-page":"12","author":"Hoxby Caroline","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250406700109"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.08.004"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.12.004"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.2.515"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4870(02)00078-8"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.01.003"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.3.3.86"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.3.437"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555253"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_69","first-page":"1243","volume":"8","author":"Leuven Edwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.11.002"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.3960070302"},{"key":"p_76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658056"},{"key":"p_78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326977ea1003_3"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326977ea0302_2"},{"key":"p_80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.02.002"},{"key":"p_82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395453"},{"key":"p_84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041302244"},{"key":"p_85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00055564"},{"key":"p_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009"},{"key":"p_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x"},{"key":"p_88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2295722"},{"key":"p_89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(80)90051-7"},{"key":"p_90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.05.004"},{"key":"p_91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.804"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20130358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T22:53:36Z","timestamp":1657580016000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20130358"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20130358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20130358","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:34:15Z","timestamp":1778510055989,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We analyze how exposure to teacher collective bargaining affects long-run outcomes for students, exploiting the timing of state duty-to-bargain law passage in a cross-cohort difference-in-difference framework. Among men, exposure to a duty-to-bargain law in the first 10 years after passage depresses annual earnings by $2,134 (3.93 percent), decreases weekly hours worked by 0.42, and reduces employment and labor force participation. The earnings estimate implies that current duty-to-bargain laws reduce earnings by $213.8 billion annually. Effects grow with time since law passage, are largest among nonwhites, and are not evident for women. Duty-to-bargain laws reduce male noncognitive skills, supporting the labor market findings. (JEL I21, J22, J31, J45, J51, J52, K31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T14:10:32Z","timestamp":1564495832000},"page":"292-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Collective Bargaining"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Lovenheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Cornell University, Uris Hall 418, Ithaca, NY 14853, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Will\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, Norway (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/P2PT-TGHW-2UVE-3WYU"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2018.09.003"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697477"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398203500306"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2012.0021"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.3.251"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118327"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jbes.2010.07136"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261805"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118326"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr041"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2633"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.51.3.1014-6688R1"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.02.006"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1986.tb01838.x"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398704000303"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793915603068"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1885662"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.4.133"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-005-1012-6"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1308"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2012.05.014"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2052"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130375"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946669"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828041302073"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556052"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.03.006"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605653"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.1.159"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2008.00363.x"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1935955"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12388"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398503800302"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EDFP_a_00039"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013161X11432923"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irel.12089"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_52","first-page":"81","volume":"6","author":"Zuelke Dennis C","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Collective Negotiations"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:31Z","timestamp":1592423371000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170570"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170570","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:07:55Z","timestamp":1778814475268,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We explore the role of identity along multiple dimensions in high-stakes decision-making. Our data contain information about demographic and socioeconomic indicators for defendants and randomly assigned jurors in a Swedish court. Our results show that defendants are 4 to 6 percent less likely to get a prison sentence if judged by one more juror belonging to the same identity-forming group. Moreover, they are given 10 percent shorter prison sentences. Socioeconomic background and demographic attributes are equally important for identity effects, and these effects stem from trials of longer duration and where the defendant is present in the courtroom. (JEL D91, J15, J16, K42, Z13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20220802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:19:51Z","timestamp":1730377191000},"page":"142-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identity in Court Decision-Making"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Ahrsj\u00f6","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Niknami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Institute for Social Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e5rten","family":"Palme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Stockholm University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666006"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Ahrsj\u00f6, Ulrika, Susan Niknami, and M\u00e5rten Palme. 2024. Data and Code for: \"Identity in Court Decision-Making.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E193364V1."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554881"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs014"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675257"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12562"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvy013"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210149"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy012"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Ash, Elliott, Sam Asher, Aditi Bhowmick, Daniel Chen, Tanaya Devi, Christoph Goessmann, Paul Novosad, and Bilal Siddiqi. 2021. \"Measuring Gender and Religious Bias in the Indian Judiciary.\" Center for Law & Economics Working Paper Series 03\/2021."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20151211"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uez048"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Becker, Gary S. 2010. The Economics of Discrimination. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Adobe Digital Editions EPUB."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212594"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04981"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, Marianne. 2011. \"New Perspectives on Gender.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1543-90. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)02415-4"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2010.00437.x"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00126"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170329"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/693822"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.1.5"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12334"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/698193"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.2.64"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554926"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12118"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-051617-090650"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/714149"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411414654"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_30","first-page":"361","volume":"19","author":"Lee Jean N","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Law and Economics Review"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahw006"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/711180"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"McDermott, Rose. 2009. \"Psychological Approaches to Identity: Experimentation and Application.\" In Measuring Identity: A Guide for Social Scientists, edited by Rawi Abdelal, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair Iain Johnston and Rose McDermott, 345-367. New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550614527115"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320276"},{"issue":"7","key":"p_36","first-page":"1759","volume":"114","author":"Peresie Jennifer L","year":"2005","journal-title":"Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12513"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425597"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr022"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahu010"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1979. \"An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Con ict.\" In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel, 33-37. Monterey, CA: Brooks Cole."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, Tomomi, and Colin F. Camerer. 2009. \"Status and Ethnicity in Vietnam: Evidence from Experimental Games.\" In Social Computing and Behavioral Modeling, edited by Michael J. Young, John Salerno and Huan Liu, 217-218. New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0056-2_27"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20220802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:20:47Z","timestamp":1730377247000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20220802"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20220802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20220802","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:37:28Z","timestamp":1778863048298,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> While school choice may enhance competition, incentives for public schools to raise productivity may be muted if public education is imperfectly substitutable with alternatives. This paper estimates the aggregate effect of charter school expansion on education quality while accounting for the horizontal differentiation of charter programs. Our research design leverages variation following the removal of North Carolina\u2019s statewide cap to compare test score changes for students who lived near entering charters to those farther away. We find learning gains that are driven by public schools responding to increased competition from non-horizontally differentiated charter schools, even before those charters actually open. (JEL H75, I21, I28) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:02:15Z","timestamp":1627387335000},"page":"239-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Horizontal Differentiation and the Policy Effect of Charter Schools"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Gilraine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, New York University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uros","family":"Petronijevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, York University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Rochester (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr017"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA13925"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulkadirolu, Atila, Parag A. Pathak, Jonathan Schellenberg, and Christopher R. Walters. 2017b. \"Do Parents Value School Effectiveness?\" NBER Working Paper 23912.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23912"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683665"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21647"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.4.1"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180047"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Arcidiacono, Peter, Karthik Muralidharan, Eun-young Shim, and John D. Singleton. 2017. \"Valuing School Choice: Using a Randomized Experiment to Validate Welfare Evaluation of Private School Vouchers.\" https:\/\/d3lbabstyz1n8a.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/89\/2020\/10\/draft4.pdf."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Bau, Natalie. 2019. \"Estimating an Equilibrium Model of Horizontal Competition in Education.\" CEPR Discussion Paper DP13924."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522381"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2004.04.009"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp.2006.1.1.50"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.09.011"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.10.003"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12153"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Carter, Samuel Casey. 2000. No Excuses: Lessons from 21 High-Performing, High-Poverty Schools. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.30.3.57"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Coen, Thomas, Ira Nichols-Barrer, and Philip Gleason. 2019. Assessing the Long-Term Impacts of KIPP Middle Schools on College Enrollment and Persistence. Cambridge, MA: Mathematica."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohodes, Sarah, Elizabeth Setren, and Christopher R. Walters. 2019. \"Can Successful Schools Replicate? Scaling up Boston's Charter School Sector.\" NBER Working Paper 25796.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25796"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00240"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO). 2009. Multiple Choice: Charter School Performance in 16 States. Stanford, CA: CREDO."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00244"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_23","first-page":"297","volume":"67","author":"Dixit Avinash K","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.4.28"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/682718"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epple, D., R. Romano, and R. Zimmer. 2016. \"Chapter 3-Charter Schools: A Survey of Research on Their Characteristics and Effectiveness.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 5, edited by Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen J. Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, 139-208. Amsterdam: North-Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63459-7.00003-8"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2017.12.008"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.1.133"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Figlio, David, and Krzysztof Karbownik. 2016. Evaluation of Ohio's EdChoice Scholarship Program: Selection, Competition, and Performance Effects. Columbus, OH: Thomas B. Fordham Institute."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Gilraine, Michael, Uros Petronijevic, and John D. Singleton. 2021. \"Replication of data for: Horizontal Differentiation and the Policy Effect of Charter Schools.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E120757V1."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Google Maps. 2020. \"North Carolina.\" Google Maps. https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/vie wer?mid=1iQnKYLiIl0kxxNY8hUU9McMetoY&msa=0&ll=35.22885500204461%2C-80.83481100000002&spn=0.001152%2C0.001644&z=7 (accessed on August 25, 2020)."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.4.1611"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2008.00850.x"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.09.014"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Harris, Douglas N., and Matthew F. Larsen. 2019. \"The Identi cation of Schooling Preferences: Methods and Evidence from Post-Katrina New Orleans.\" https:\/\/educationresearchalliancenola.org\/files\/ publications\/Harris-Larsen-How-Parents-Choose-2019-07-05.pdf."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hastings, Justine S., Thomas J. Kane, and Douglas O. Staiger. 2006. \"Preferences and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in a Public School Choice Lottery.\" NBER Working Paper 12145.","DOI":"10.3386\/w12145"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2224214"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.5.1209"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M. 2002. \"School Choice and School Productivity (or Could School Choice be a Tide that Lifts All Boats?).\" NBER Working Paper 8873.","DOI":"10.3386\/w8873"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M., and Sonali Murarka. 2009. \"Charter Schools in New York City: Who Enrolls and How They Affect Their Students' Achievement.\" NBER Working Paper 14852.","DOI":"10.3386\/w14852"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2005.11.002"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00077"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.02.003"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2014.07.016"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00536.x"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLeod, W. Bentley, and Miguel Urquiola. 2013. \"Competition and Education Productivity: Incentives Writ Large.\" In Education Policy in Developing Countries, edited by Paul Glewwe, 243-284. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226078854.003.0007"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130332"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.06.003"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Neilson, Christopher. 2020. \"Targeted Vouchers, Competition among Schools and the Academic Achievement of Poor Students.\" Unpublished. https:\/\/christopherneilson.github.io\/work\/documents\/Neilson_JMP\/Neilson_SEPVouchers2020.pdf"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"North Carolina Education Research Data Center (1995-2017), \"Student, class and personnel les.\" URL http:\/\/childandfamilypolicy.duke.edu\/research\/hc-education-data-center\/."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Petronijevic, Uros. 2016. \"Incentives and Productivity in the Economics of Education.\" PhD diss. University of Toronto."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Place, Kate, and Philip Gleason. 2019. Do Charter Middle Schools Improve Students' College Outcomes? Washington, DC: Institute of Education Services (IES), US Department of Education."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridley, Matthew, and Camille Terrier. 2018. \"Fiscal and Education Spillovers from Charter School Expansion.\" NBER Working Paper 25070.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25070"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1333"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp.2006.1.1.91"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171484"},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Thernstrom, Abigail, and Stephan Thernstrom. 2004. No Excuses-Closing the Racial Gap in Learning. New York: Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Unterman, Rebecca. 2017. An Early Look at the Effects of Success Academy Charter Schools. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC)."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2010), \"Cartographic boundary les - shape le.\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/ geographies\/mapping-files\/time-series\/geo\/carto-boundary-file.2010.html."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699980"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.08.014"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2009.02033.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:07:40Z","timestamp":1627387660000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200531"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200531","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:49:58Z","timestamp":1777049398442,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the impact of financial education on intertemporal choice in adolescence. The educational program was randomly assigned among high school students, and choices were measured using an incentivized experiment. Students who participated in the program make more time-consistent choices; are more likely to allocate payments to a single payment date, as opposed to spreading payment across two dates; and display increased consistency of choice with the law of demand. These findings suggest that financial education increases the quality of intertemporal decision-making and decreases narrow bracketing. (JEL C93, D14, D15, I21, J13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T13:30:44Z","timestamp":1532611844000},"page":"309-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Impact of Financial Education on Adolescents\u2019 Intertemporal Choices"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"L\u00fchrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Department, Royal Holloway, University of London; TW20 0EX Egham, Surrey, UK, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, and Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Serra-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, 9500\u00a0Gilman Drive, #0553, San Diego, CA 92093, and CESifo (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Munich; Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany, CESifo, and Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"2015","author":"Ambuehl Sandro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center (GFLEC) Working Paper"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2008.00848.x"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2015.05.018"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3333"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv020"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603107.2013.767977"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555334"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.1933"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00120-1"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.05.010"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140481"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.01.001"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.07.009"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-008-9053-x"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-016-9506-z"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1518"},{"key":"p_22","first-page":"13","author":"Cole Shawn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harvard Business School Working Paper"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009986005690"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-006-9140-2"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.2.1"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpf048"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1849"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/002205102320161311"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12378"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951749"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802762024674"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-082312-125807"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.12.011"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555253"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2014.11.009"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/690950"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2006.12.001"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.2.413"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.52.1.5"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2010.01173.x"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747215000323"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747215000232"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4246-06.2007"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.1.193"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611425931"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2012.02.024"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.1989.tb00314.x"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2967612"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151086"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.1.510"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.2.664"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:45Z","timestamp":1592423385000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170012"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170012","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:37:37Z","timestamp":1777293457690,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper develops a theory of optimal unemployment insurance (UI) in matching models. The optimal UI replacement rate is the conventional Baily-Chetty replacement rate, which solves the tradeoff between insurance and job-search incentives, plus a correction term, which is positive when an increase in UI pushes the labor market tightness toward its efficient level. In matching models, most wage mechanisms do not ensure efficiency, so tightness is generally inefficient. The effect of UI on tightness depends on the model: increasing UI may raise tightness by alleviating the rat race for jobs or lower tightness by increasing wages through bargaining. (JEL E24, J22, J23, J31, J41, J64, J65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T12:37:54Z","timestamp":1524746274000},"page":"152-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Macroeconomic Approach to Optimal Unemployment Insurance: Theory"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Landais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Michaillat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Brown University, Box B, Providence, RI 02906 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California-Berkeley, 530 Evans Hall #3880, Berkeley, CA 94720 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/491590"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(78)90053-1"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01902.x"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00168-8"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650704800403"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.01.004"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.10.1.121"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-013-9166-0"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297271"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303772815745"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.17.050196.002313"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/002205102320161320"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2015.02.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_16","first-page":"192","volume":"87","author":"Gruber Jonathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828053828482"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12093"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297382"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2011.0001"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131273"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160462"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.1.53"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.4.1721"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv006"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/096317999166518"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.39.2.390"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1365100509080122"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.3.1265"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(97)00018-0"},{"key":"p_40","first-page":"1","volume":"94","author":"Winkelmann Rainer","year":"2014","journal-title":"IZA World of Labor"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0335.00111"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20150088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:34Z","timestamp":1592423374000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20150088"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20150088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20150088","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T20:52:42Z","timestamp":1777323162763,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The marginal interest rate is the price at which a household can access additional liquidity. Consumption theory posits that variation in marginal interest rates across consumers predicts differences in the propensity to spend a stimulus payment. This hypothesis is tested in the context of a Danish 2009 stimulus policy that transformed illiquid pension wealth into liquid wealth. Marginal interest rates are constructed from administrative records with account level information and merged with survey data measuring the spending response to the stimulus policy. The data reveal substantial variation in marginal interest rates across consumers, and these interest rates predict spending responses. (JEL D14, D15, E21, E43, E62) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T12:40:55Z","timestamp":1548852055000},"page":"351-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Liquidity Constraint Tightness and Consumer Responses to Fiscal Stimulus Policy"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Claus Thustrup","family":"Kreiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark, CEBI, and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Dreyer","family":"Lassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark, and CEBI (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Leth-Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark, CEBI, and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/528721"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.12.4205"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2014.09.002"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2009.7.6.1169"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00135"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_6","first-page":"1797","volume":"34","author":"Browning Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555109"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171853"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju013"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140065"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.6.4.107"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4616.2010.00345.x"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1589"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10528"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9113"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140233"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.1080"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2530"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649829"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_23","first-page":"274","volume":"85","author":"Shapiro Matthew D","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455368"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.2.374"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.4.947"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261605"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20140313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:48:56Z","timestamp":1592423336000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20140313"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20140313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20140313","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:10:05Z","timestamp":1776852605098,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper estimates the labor market returns to the associate\u2019s degree in nursing (ADN), which is one of the most popular community college programs. I use student-level academic and earnings records across two decades for all community college students in California. I leverage random variation from admissions lotteries to produce causal estimates of the effect of the ADN on earnings and employment at a single large ADN program. Enrolling in the program increases earnings by 44 percent and the probability of working in the health care industry by 19 percentage points. These estimates are similar to ones in models that do not use the lottery variation but do control for individual fixed effects and individual-specific linear time trends, which I also estimate in a wider set of institutions where lottery estimates are not possible. In light of concerns about nursing shortages, I estimate that the economic benefit of expanding an ADN program by one seat far outweighs the costs. (JEL D44, I11, I23, I26, J24, J31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T12:43:17Z","timestamp":1580474597000},"page":"226-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Returns to a Large Community College Program: Evidence from Admissions Lotteries"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Grosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Trade Commission, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20580 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.4.w646"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.4.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_4","first-page":"8","volume":"33","author":"Auerbach David I","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nursing Economics"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091552110395575"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.07.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_11","first-page":"13","volume":"31","author":"Buerhaus Peter I","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nursing Economics"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2007.07.003"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.54.2.1016.8302R1"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-013-9295-6"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2014.06.001"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2014.0015"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181844da8"},{"key":"p_22","first-page":"2017","author":"Gardiner Karen","year":"2017","journal-title":"OPRE Report"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_26","first-page":"524","volume":"86","author":"Gurantz Oded","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.09.014"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2004.04.010"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671809"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.13.1.63"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140506"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw019"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161000"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/rus.2016.0009"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2014.10.009"},{"key":"p_36","first-page":"84","author":"Lockard C. Brett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Monthly Labor Review (1)"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.1.204"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21803"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.54.4.1015.7449R2"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:48:51Z","timestamp":1592423331000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170506"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170506","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:22:53Z","timestamp":1776900173469,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> College admissions in the United States are decentralized, creating frictions that limit student choice. We study the Common Application (CA) platform, under which students submit a single application to member schools, potentially reducing frictions and increasing student choice. The CA increases the number of applications received by schools, reflecting a reduction in frictions, and reduces the yield on accepted students, reflecting increased choice. The CA increases out-of-state enrollment, especially from other CA states, consistent with network effects. Entry into the CA changes the composition of students, with evidence of more racial diversity and more high-income students and imprecise evidence of increases in SAT scores. (JEL I23, I28) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:46:37Z","timestamp":1643996797000},"page":"179-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Reducing Frictions in College Admissions: Evidence from the Common Application"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Schiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.54.1.3"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs043"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.5.2125"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs017"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird, Kelli A., Benjamin L. Castleman, Jeffrey T. Denning, Joshua Goodman, Cait Lamberton, and Kelly Ochs Rosinger. 2019. \"Nudging at Scale: Experimental Evidence from FAFSA Completion Campaigns.\" NBER Working Paper 26158.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26158"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair, Peter Q., and Kent Smetters. 2021. \"Why Don't Elite Colleges Expand Supply?\" NBER Working Paper 29309.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29309"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/696268"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.23.4.119"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.3.129"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.4.251"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180076"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, Joshua, Oded Gurantz, and Jonathan Smith. 2018. \"Take Two! SAT Retaking and College Enrollment Gaps.\" NBER Working Paper 24945.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24945"},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"19","author":"Gurantz Oded","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annenberg Institute at Brown University EDWorking Paper"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M. 1997. \"How the Changing Market Structure of U.S. Higher Education Explains College Tuition.\" NBER Working Paper 6323.","DOI":"10.3386\/w6323"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline M. 2000. \"The Effects of Geographic Integration and Increasing Competition in the Market for College Education.\" http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.195.666 1&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.23.4.95"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2013.0000"},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"12","author":"Hoxby Caroline","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151027"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170499"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Knight, Brian, and Nathan Schiff. 2022. \"Replication Data for: Reducing Frictions in College Admissions: Evidence from the Common Application.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E128701V1."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Albert Yung-Hsu, Ronald G. Ehrenberg, and Jesenka Mrdjenovic. 2007. \"Diffusion of Common Application Membership and Admissions Outcomes at American Colleges and Universities.\" NBER Working Paper 13175.","DOI":"10.3386\/w13175"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/678520"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.23.3.125"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2013-0002"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2014.10.005"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190694","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1643996872000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190694"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190694","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T22:53:47Z","timestamp":1778972027301,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> During the Great Recession, national public school per-pupil spending fell by roughly 7 percent and persisted beyond the recovery. The impact of such large and sustained education funding cuts is not well understood. To examine this, first, we document that the recessionary drop in spending coincided with the end of decades-long national growth in both test scores and college-going. Next, we show that this stalled educational progress was particularly pronounced in states that experienced larger recessionary budget cuts for plausibly exogenous reasons. To isolate budget cuts that were unrelated to (i) other ill-effects of the recession or (ii) endogenous state policies, we use states\u2019 historical reliance on state-appropriated funds (which are more sensitive to the business cycle) to fund public schools interacted with the timing of the recession as instruments for reductions in school spending. Cohorts exposed to these spending cuts had lower test scores and lower college-going rates. The spending cuts led to larger test score gaps by income and race. (JEL E32, H52, H75, I21, I28, J15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T12:28:17Z","timestamp":1619785697000},"page":"304-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Do School Spending Cuts Matter? Evidence from the Great Recession"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"C. Kirabo","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Wigger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ananat, Elizabeth Oltmans, Anna Gassman-Pines, Dania Francis, and Christina Gibson-Davis. 2011. \"Children Left Behind: The Effects of Statewide Job Loss on Student Achievement.\" NBER Working Paper 17104.","DOI":"10.3386\/w17104"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(03)00024-0"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baum-Snow, Nathaniel, and Fernando Ferreira. 2015. \"Chapter 1-Causal Inference in Urban and Regional Economics.\" In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 5, edited by Gilles Duranton, J. Vernon Henderson, and William C. Strange, 3-68. Amsterdam: North-Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59517-1.00001-5"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Bloomberg News. 2017. \"The Next U.S. Building Shortage: Schools.\" Finance and Commerce, May 19. https:\/\/finance-commerce.com\/2017\/05\/the-next-u-s-building-shortage-schools\/."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00236"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00177-8"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. 2005. \"Undergraduate Pro le Classi cation 2005.\" Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research. https:\/\/carnegieclassi cations. iu.edu\/classi cation_descriptions\/undergraduate_pro le.php."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.1.215"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_9","first-page":"45","volume":"12","author":"Chakrabarti Rajashri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economic Policy Review"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00245"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2018.08.004"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aepp\/ppr022"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02300435"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602444"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.10.4.51"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150249"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Revenue (IDOR). 2009. Annual Report of Collections and Distributions: Fiscal Years 2008 and 2009. Spring eld, IL: IDOR."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, C. K. 2020. \"Does School Spending Matter? The New Literature on an Old Question.\" In Confronting Inequity: How Policies and Practices Shape Children's Opportunities, edited by L. Tach, R. Dunion, and D.L. Miller, 165-186. Washington: American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000187-008"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Jackson, C. Kirabo, Rucker Johnson, and Claudia Persico. 2014. \"The Effect of School Finance Reforms on the Distribution of Spending, Academic Achievement, and Adult Outcomes.\" NBER Working Paper 20118."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Jackson, C. Kirabo, Rucker C. Johnson, and Claudia Persico. 2015. \"Money Does Matter After All.\" Education Next, July 17. https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/money-matter\/."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, C. Kirabo, and Claire Mackevicius. 2021. \"The Distribution of School Spending Impacts.\" NBER Working Paper 28517.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28517"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Jackson, C. Kirabo, Cora Wigger, and Heyu Xiong. 2021. \"Replication data for: Do School Spending Cuts Matter? Evidence from The Great Recession.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E119684V1."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160567"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2015.2.03"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Leachman, Michael, Nick Albares, Kathleen Masterson, and Marlana Wallace. 2016. Most States Have Cut School Funding, and Some Continue Cutting. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Leachman, Michael, and Chris Mai. 2014. Most States Still Funding Schools Less Than before the Recession. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Leachman, Michael, Kathleen Masterson, and Eric Figueroa. 2017. A Punishing Decade for School Funding. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Loeb, Susanna. 2018. \"Low-Performing Students No Longer Making Gains on NAEP.\" Education Next, April 10. https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/low-performing-students-no-longer-making-gainsnaep\/."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2008.3.13"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2011.03.009"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"McMillen, Daniel P. 2011. Declining House Prices and Property Taxes in Illinois. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Institute of Government and Public Affairs."},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Miller, Corbin. 2018. \"The Effect of Education Spending on Student Achievement: Evidence from Property Values and School Finance Rules.\" https:\/\/www.corbinmiller.website\/project\/jmp\/jmp. pdf."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716213499532"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Murphy, Patrick, and Jennifer Paluch. 2018. Financing California's Public Schools. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California."},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2017. \"National Assessment of Educational Progress 2000-2017.\" National Assessment of Educational Progress. http:\/\/apps.urban.org\/features\/ naep\/ (accessed May 24, 2016)."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2018. \"Restricted Access National Assessment of Educational Progress 2000-2017.\" National Assessment of Educational Progress. https:\/\/nces. ed.gov\/pubsearch\/licenses.asp (accessed October 8, 2017)."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2019a. \"Common Core of Data LEA Universe Surveys 2000-2017.\" Common Core of Data. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ccd\/pubagency.asp (accessed November 19, 2017)."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2019b. \"Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System 2000-2019.\" Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ipeds\/ use-the-data (accessed March 12, 2019)."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2019c. \"Digest of Education Statistics, 2017.\" Digest of Education Statistics. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2018\/2018070.pdf (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588493"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Petek, Gabriel. 2019. The 2019-20 Budget: California Spending Plan. Sacramento, CA: California Legislative Analyst's Of ce."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Petev, Ivaylo D., and Luigi Pistaferri. 2012. Consumption in the Great Recession. Stanford, CA: Russell Sage Foundation and the Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Petrilli, Michael J. 2018. \"NAEP 2017: America's `Lost Decade' of Educational Progress.\" Thomas B. Fordham Institute, April 10. https:\/\/fordhaminstitute.org\/national\/commentary\/naep-2017- americas-lost-decade-educational-progress."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Picchi, Aimee. 2019. \"12 States Spend Less on Schools Now Than before the Recession.\" CBS NEWS, March 6. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/12-states-spend-less-on-schools-now-than-before-therecession\/."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Saito, Russ K. 2018. State of Hawaii Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Fiscal Year Ended June 2008. Honolulu, HI: Department of Accounting and General Services."},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Schanzenbach, Diane, and Bauer Lauren. 2017. \"Food Insecurity among Children in 2015.\" Brookings, June 19. http:\/\/brook.gs\/2s6Xzkz."},{"key":"p_48","first-page":"17","author":"Shores Kenneth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis Working Paper"},{"issue":"8","key":"p_49","first-page":"569","volume":"29","author":"Sobel Russell S","year":"2003","journal-title":"State Tax Notes"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.10.002"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS). 2000-2017. \"Consumer Price Index.\" US BLS. https:\/\/www. bls.gov\/cpi\/data.htm (accessed November 15, 2017)."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS). 2018. \"Occupational Employment Statistics 2000-2017.\" US BLS. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/tables.htm (accessed July 15, 2018)."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS). 2019a. \"Economic Indicators of Employment and Wages 2000-2017.\" US BLS. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/data\/{#}employment (accessed January 23, 2020)."},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS). 2019b. \"Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.\" US BLS. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cew\/downloadable-data-files.htm (accessed January 23, 2020)."},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2017. \"Annual Survey of School System Finances Tables 2002-2017.\" United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/school-finances\/data\/tables.html (accessed December 4, 2017)."},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2019a. \"State Intercensal Datasets 2000-2010.\" United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/intercensal-2000-2010-state.html (accessed January 23, 2020)."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2019b. \"Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates 2000-2017.\" United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/saipe\/about.html (accessed January 23, 2020)."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2020a. \"State Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019.\" United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/2010s-state-detail.html (accessed July 24, 2019)."},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2020b. \"Annual Survey of State and Local Finances 2000-2017 via Tax Policy Center Data Query System.\" United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/ programssurveys\/state.html (accessed July 24, 2019)."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"West, Martin R. 2018. \"A Disappointing National Report Card.\" Education Next 18 (3): Article 3."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagan, Danny. 2017. \"Employment Hysteresis from the Great Recession.\" NBER Working Paper 23844.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23844"},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"Zillow. 2018. \"Zillow Home Value Index 2001-2017.\" Zillow. https:\/\/www.zillow.com\/home-values\/ (accessed August 9, 2018)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T21:35:33Z","timestamp":1620077733000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180674"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180674","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:37:56Z","timestamp":1778024276108,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Overdose deaths from prescription opioid pain relievers nearly quadrupled between 1999 and 2010. We study the consequences of one of the largest supply disruptions to date to abusable opioids\u2014the introduction of an abuse-deterrent version of OxyContin in 2010. Supply-side interventions that limit access to opioids may have the unintended consequence of increasing use of substitute drugs, including heroin. Exploiting cross-state variation in OxyContin exposure, we find that states with the highest initial rates of OxyContin misuse experienced the largest increases in heroin deaths. Our results imply that the recent heroin epidemic is largely due to the reformulation of OxyContin. (JEL I12, I18) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T13:10:54Z","timestamp":1540905054000},"page":"1-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Supply-Side Drug Policy in the Presence of Substitutes: Evidence from the Introduction of Abuse-Deterrent Opioids"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Abby","family":"Alpert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3641 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalie Liccardo","family":"Pacula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1701553"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"16","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) Staff Working Paper"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.08.008"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652386"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3043"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1204141"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.025"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.05.004"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3522"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.12.005"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3213"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00102-3"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.324"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.07.011"},{"issue":"26","key":"p_27","first-page":"569","volume":"63","author":"Paulozzi Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12937"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0914"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530230060032"},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"1999","author":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).","year":"2015","journal-title":"United States"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(97)00039-8"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.08.009"},{"issue":"26","key":"p_36","first-page":"563","volume":"63","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.08.017"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.423b"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12497"},{"key":"p_40","first-page":"173","volume":"2","author":"Robin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.12.007"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449116"},{"issue":"50","key":"p_44","first-page":"1378","volume":"64","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1999.tb01439.x"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.4.641"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3658"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.04.011"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_50","first-page":"942","volume":"67","author":"Harvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3553"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187447370801150611184218"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131714"},{"key":"p_56","first-page":"1999","author":"Hedegaard Holly","year":"2014","journal-title":"United States"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.859"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:46Z","timestamp":1592423386000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170082"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170082","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:51:19Z","timestamp":1778525479280,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the results of an experiment that was designed to test for discrimination in grading in India. We recruited teachers to grade exams. We randomly assigned child \u201ccharacteristics\u201d (age, gender, and caste) to the cover sheets of the exams to ensure that there is no relationship between these observed characteristics and the exam quality. We find that teachers give exams that are assigned to be lower caste scores that are about 0.03 to 0.08 standard deviations lower than those that are assigned to be high caste. The teachers' behavior appears consistent with statistical discrimination. (JEL I21, J13, O15, O17, Z13)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T17:26:57Z","timestamp":1351531617000},"page":"146-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Discrimination in Grading"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rema N","family":"Hanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Mailbox 26, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh L","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C3100, Austin, TX 78712."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301556329"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188980400207"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2008.09.002"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3878(85)90094-X"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.11.003"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002561"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420030103"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_11","first-page":"1041","volume":"81","author":"Blank Rebecca M","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.71.2.v51n6503372t4578"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2547264"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_15","first-page":"1220","volume":"83","author":"Coate Steven","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.64.1.j57n353226536276"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1973.32.1.261"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(78)90012-7"},{"issue":"41","key":"p_20","first-page":"4133","volume":"42","author":"Deshpande Ashwini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199504000-00017"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042085903038004006"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(03)00039-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/016146819810000204","volume":"100","author":"Gallagher Ann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Teachers college record"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.4.715"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:REAL.0000027199.22889.65"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.4.146"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806777212611"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(74)90059-2"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/CTCH.57.1.51-55"},{"issue":"41","key":"p_34","first-page":"4125","volume":"42","author":"Jodhka Surinder S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2001.29.3.209"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_37","first-page":"59","volume":"8","author":"Lakshmanasamy T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian Journal of social science"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.02.009"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1983.tb00846.x"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425591"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839524"},{"issue":"41","key":"p_42","first-page":"4146","volume":"42","author":"Madheshwaran S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00551.x"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.1225"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0260293900150204"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_46","first-page":"659","volume":"62","author":"Phelps Edmund S","year":"1972","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_49","first-page":"92","author":"Rao Vijayendra","year":"1992","journal-title":"University of Chicago Economics Research Center Working Paper"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_52","first-page":"528","volume":"20","author":"Shay S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"south African Journal of higher Education"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.797"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1170-96"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3033861"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(79)90022-5"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.4.146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T12:14:05Z","timestamp":1687781645000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.4.146"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.4.146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.4.146","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:19:15Z","timestamp":1780345155296,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We document that right-wing terrorism leads to significant increases in vote share for the right-wing, populist AfD (Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland) party in Germany. To identify causal effects, we exploit quasi-random variation between successful and failed attacks across municipalities. Using the SOEP, a longitudinal panel of individuals, we find successful terror leads individuals to prefer the AfD and worry about migration. Political parties\u2014the AfD in particular\u2014adjust their messaging in election manifestos in response to terror. Overall, and in contrast to previous work, we find terrorism is consequential to the rise of right-wing populism in a Western, multiparty democratic system. (JEL D72, D74, K42) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1753882767000},"page":"407-440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Terrorism and Voting: The Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Navid","family":"Sabet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Liebald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic History, Uppsala University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Friebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Business, Goethe University Frankfurt, CEPR, and IZA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Abgeordnetenwatch. 2025. \"Abgeordnetenwatch.\" https:\/\/www.abgeordnetenwatch.de (accessed June 16, 2025)."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Amt f\u00fcr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. 2021. Geometrien der Wahlbezirke f\u00fcr die Wahlen zum Deutschen Bundestag in Berlin und zum Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin 2021. https:\/\/www.statistikberlin-brandenburg.de\/opendata\/RBS_OD_UWB_AH21.zip (accessed June 16, 2025)."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccini, Leonardo,Abel Brodeur, Sean Nossek, and Eran Shor. 2021. \"Terrorism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from the United States.\" Research & Politics 8 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053168020987333.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168020987333"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2007.04.004"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055408080246"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab034"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"12419","volume":"2108","author":"Borusyak Kirill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Preprint, arXiv. arXiv"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160556"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Kartographie und Geod\u00e4sie. 2024. Verwaltungsgebiete 1-250000; VG250 und VG250-EW. https:\/\/daten.gdz.bkg.bund.de\/produkte\/vg\/ (accessed June 16, 2025)."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Bundeswahlleiter. 2024. Election Results for Federal and European Parliament Elections. https:\/\/ www.bundeswahlleiter.de\/en\/ (accessed June 16, 2025)."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Cantoni, Davide, Felix Hagemeister, and Mark Westcott. 2019. \"Persistence and Activation of Right-Wing Political Ideology.\" Rationality and Competition Discussion Paper Series 143."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdac037"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danieli, Oren, Noam Gidron, Shinnosuke Kikuchi, and Ro'ee Levy. 2022. \"Decomposing the Rise of the Populist Radical Right.\" Preprint, SSRN. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4255937.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4255937"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00104140211024301"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detering, Heinrich. 2019. Was Hei\u00dft Hier \u00bbwir\u00ab? Zur Rhetorik der Parlamentarischen Rechten [Was Bedeutet das Alles?]. Reclam.","DOI":"10.30820\/9783837974867-87"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieckhoff, Alain. 2016. \"What Kind of Democracy is Israel?\" In Handbook of Israel: Major Debates, edited by Eliezer Ben-Rafael, Julius H. Schoeps, Yitzhak Sternberg, and Olaf Gl\u00f6ckner, 691-704. De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110351637-050"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy047"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Falter, J\u00fcrgen W., and Dirk H\u00e4nisch. 1990. Election and Social Data of the Districts and Municipalities of the German Empire from 1920 to 1933. GESIS Data Archive. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4232\/1.8013."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181164"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freyaldenhoven, Simon, Christian Hansen, Jorge P\u00e9rez P\u00e9rez, and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2021. \"Visualization, Identi cation, and Estimation in the Linear Panel Event-Study Design.\" NBER Working Paper 29170.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29170"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2007.12.011"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab036"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055414000288"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.4.1459"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guiso, Luigi, Helios Herrera, Massimo Morelli, and Tommaso Sonno. 2017a. \"Demand and Supply of Populism.\" EIEF WorkingPaper 1703.","DOI":"10.14612\/GUISO_HERRERA_MORELLI_SONNO_1-2_2017"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guiso, Luigi, Helios Herrera, Massimo Morelli, and Tommaso Sonno. 2017b. \"Populism: Demand and Supply.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.14612\/GUISO_HERRERA_MORELLI_SONNO_1-2_2017"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Guiso, Luigi, Helios Herrera, Massimo Morelli, and Tommaso Sonno. 2020. \"Economic Insecurity and the Demand for Populism in Europe.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20201595"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.1.2.55"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002710383664"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1961377"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2014.02.009"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, Michael, and Benjamin Tkach. 2012. \"Deterring or Mobilizing? The In uence of Government Partisanship and Force on the Frequency, Lethality and Suicide Attacks of Terror Events.\" Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy 18 (2).","DOI":"10.1515\/1554-8597.1258"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12342"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Lehmann, Pola, Tobias Burst, Theres Matthie\u00df, Sven Regel, Andrea Volkens, Bernhard We\u00dfels, Lisa Zehnter, and Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin F\u00fcr Sozialforschung (WZB). 2022. Manifesto Project Main Dataset (Party Preferences). Manifesto Project. https:\/\/manifesto-project.wzb.eu\/doi\/ manifesto.mpds.2022a (accessed June 16, 2025)."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2019. How Democracies Die. Crown."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebald, Marius. 2024.\"The Shadows of a Shattered Economy: How Persistent are Increases in Extremist Voting?\" Preprint, SSRN. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4868253.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4868253"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.33.4.152"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00115"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. 2021. Global Terrorism Database 1970-2020. https:\/\/www.start.umd.edu\/gtd."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_42","first-page":"67","volume":"1","author":"Neuberger Benyamin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Jewish Political Studies Review"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108595841"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Probst, Lothar. 2013.\"B\u00fcndnis 90\/Die Gr\u00fcnen (Gr\u00fcne).\" In Handbuch Parteienforschung, edited by Oskar Niedermayer, 509-540. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-18932-1_18"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2022.110770"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.09.003"},{"key":"p_47","first-page":"35","volume":"2018","author":"Riedl Jasmin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jahrbuch des F\u00f6deralismus"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s42214-018-0001-4"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210236"},{"key":"p_50","first-page":"100","volume":"2018","author":"Schn\u00f6ckel Stefan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jahrbuch des F\u00f6deralismus"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2979\/ISR.1997.2.2.198"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). 2022. Data for Years 1984-2020, Version 37, SOEP, 2020. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.5684\/soep.core.v37o."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Sabet, Navid, Marius Liebald, and Guido Friebel. 2025. \"Data and Code for: Terrorism and Voting: The Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Germany.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E208722V1."},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"Statistische \u00c4mter des Bundes und der L\u00e4nder. 2024. Election Results for State Elections. https:\/\/ www.regionalstatistik.de\/genesis\/online\/ (accessed June 26, 2025)."},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:39:35Z","timestamp":1753882775000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230615"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230615","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:21:08Z","timestamp":1780082468336,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using a representative survey, we find that after the Yellow Vests movement, French people would largely reject a tax and dividend policy, i.e., a carbon tax whose revenues are redistributed uniformly to each adult. They overestimate their net monetary losses, wrongly think that the policy is regressive, and do not perceive it as environmentally effective. We show that changing people\u2019s beliefs can substantially increase support. Although significant, the effects of our informational treatments on beliefs are small. Indeed, the respondents that oppose the tax tend to discard positive information about it, which is consistent with distrust, uncertainty, or motivated reasoning. (JEL D83, H23, H31, Q54, Q58)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20200092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:46:37Z","timestamp":1643996797000},"page":"81-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Yellow Vests, Pessimistic Beliefs, and Carbon Tax Aversion"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Douenne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris School of Economics, Universit\u00e9 Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne, and University of Amsterdam (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris School of Economics, Universit\u00e9 Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne, and ETH Z\u00fcrich (D-MTEC) (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"ADEME. 2018. \"Repr\u00e9sentations sociales de l'effet de serre.\" https:\/\/librairie.ademe.fr\/cadic\/1039\/ enquete-representations-sociales-changement-climatique-19-vague.pdf?modal=false."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20162015"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, Soren T., Ioana Elena Marinescu, and Boris Shor. 2019. \"Can Pigou at the Polls Stop US Melting the Poles?\" NBER Working Paper 26146.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26146"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10018-016-0144-7"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Baude, Manuel, Mathieu Baudry, Fra\u00e7ois-Xavier Dussud, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Duvernoy, Cl\u00e9ment Bultheel, and Charlotte Vailles. 2019. Chiffres cl\u00e9s du climat-France, Europe et Monde. Paris: Minist\u00e8re de la Transition \u00c9cologique et Solidaire."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.30.3.141"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.3.667"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/reco.711.0109"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2012.675732"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brechin, Steven R. 2010. \"Public Opinion: A Cross-National View.\" In Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society, edited by Constance Lever-Tracy, 179-209. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203876213-23"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Brehm, Jack W. 1966. A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2010.04.021"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2010.07.011"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-017-0133-8"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.531"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Clerc, Marie, and Vincent Marcus. 2009. \"\u00c9lasticit\u00e9s-prix des consommations \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques des m\u00e9nages.\" Insee Document de Travail G2009\/08."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.10.009"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.41.3.tdou"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2019.106496"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Douenne, Thomas, and Adrien Fabre. 2022. \"Replication data for: Yellow Vests, Pessimistic Beliefs, and Carbon Tax Aversion.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E128143V1."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.08.043"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.08.046"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0360-1"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"2019","author":"Foucault Martial","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sciences Po"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.07.020"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Hovland, Carl Iver, Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley. 1953. Communication and Persuasion; Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.06.010"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Institut national de la statistique et des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques. 2007-2008. Enqu\u00eate nationale transports et d\u00e9placements. https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/en\/metadonnees\/source\/serie\/s1277 (accessed February, 2019)."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Institut national de la statistique et des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques. 2010-2011. Enqu\u00eate Budget de famille. https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/en\/metadonnees\/source\/serie\/s1194 (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Institut national de la statistique et des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques. 2013. Enqu\u00eate logement. https:\/\/www. insee.fr\/en\/metadonnees\/source\/serie\/s1004 (accessed February 2019)."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Institut national de la statistique et des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques. 2014. Enqu\u00eate revenus scaux et sociaux. https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/metadonnees\/source\/serie\/s1231 (accessed February 2019)."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500005271","volume":"8","author":"Kahan Dan M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2010.10.006"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.03.006"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0201-2"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.3.480"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130360"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12435"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rew010"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.2013.806694"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/glep_a_00471"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2508.00161"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.3.636"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916593255002"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2019.05.007"},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Stokes, Bruce, Richard Wike, and Jill Carle. 2015. Global Concern about Climate Change, Broad Support for Limiting Emissions. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center."},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaler, Michael. 2019. \"The `Fake News' Effect: An Experiment on Motivated Reasoning and Trust in News.\" https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/mthaler\/files\/mthaler_fake-news-effect.pdf.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.4339-1.0"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PUCH.0000024165.18082.db"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2018. Emissions Gap Report 2018. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2003.11.004"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2015.1.09"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09644016.2016.1166602"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20200092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T22:26:38Z","timestamp":1674685598000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20200092"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20200092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20200092","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:06:40Z","timestamp":1780099600019,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The misuse of prescription opioids has become a serious epidemic in the United States. In response, states have implemented Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs), which record a patient\u2019s opioid prescribing history. While few providers participated in early systems, states have recently begun to require providers to access the PDMP under certain circumstances. We find that \u201cmust access\u201d PDMPs significantly reduce measures of misuse in Medicare Part\u00a0D. In contrast, we find that PDMPs without such provisions have no effect. We find stronger effects when providers are required to access the PDMP under broad circumstances, not only when they are suspicious. (JEL H75, I11, I12, I18) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T13:49:17Z","timestamp":1517579357000},"page":"77-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["The Effect of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on Opioid Utilization in Medicare"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Buchmueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 201 Tappan St., R4350, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 298\u00a0Martha van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850 (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Arditi, Lynn. 2014. \"New law: Health-care providers must register in prescription database.\" Providence Journal, May29. http:\/\/www.providencejournal.com\/article\/20140529\/NEWS\/305299995."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"curbing Prescription Drug Abuse in Medicare, Hearing Before the committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491412900207"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112"},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"1999","author":"Hui Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"United States"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301923"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0448"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.001"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18514"},{"issue":"46","key":"p_23","first-page":"15","volume":"15","author":"Mofizul M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMc Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1393"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00631"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_27","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Brady Joanne E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_28","first-page":"401","volume":"13","author":"Fellows Bert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1514387"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000183"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-199702000-00010"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1496"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01062.x"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01327.x"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1025"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.301"},{"key":"p_41","first-page":"1993","author":"Jay George","year":"2013","journal-title":"National Demographic Trends in Hospitalizations for Heroin- and Opioid-Related Overdoses"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.027"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20160094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:14Z","timestamp":1592423414000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20160094"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20160094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20160094","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T03:13:33Z","timestamp":1648523613252},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.2.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]],"date-time":"2012-05-04T21:58:21Z","timestamp":1336168701000},"page":"i-x","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["May 2012 Volume 4, Number 2"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.2.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:10Z","timestamp":1592423530000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.2.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.2.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.2.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T04:12:18Z","timestamp":1648872738475},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.13.2.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T12:28:17Z","timestamp":1619785697000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.13.2.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T21:34:40Z","timestamp":1620077680000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.13.2.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.13.2.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.13.2.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T05:22:54Z","timestamp":1738387374947,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1257\/pol.17.1.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:59:37Z","timestamp":1738328377000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Front Matter"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","member":"11","container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.17.1.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:01:46Z","timestamp":1738328506000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.17.1.i"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.17.1.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.17.1.i","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:24:40Z","timestamp":1754162680504,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the impact of the early gender environment on inequality in the labor market. To this end, we link primary school data to occupations and earnings. We find that women exposed to more girls at critical ages earn more later on: A 10 percent increase in the share of girls leads to a gender wage gap reduction of 2.7 percent. We explore mechanisms and find a strong selection of women into less gender-stereotypical educational tracks and occupations, leading to higher earnings. The gender environment at an early age, therefore, leads to persistent changes in career trajectories and earnings. (JEL I24, I26, J16, J24, J31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1753882767000},"page":"35-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Long-Run Effects of Peer Gender on Occupational Sorting and the Wage Gap"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Demid","family":"Getik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham University and Center for Economic Demography at Lund University (CED) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando N.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161075"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altonji, Joseph G., and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. \"Race and Gender in the Labor Market.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, edited by Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card, 3143-3259. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4463(99)30039-0"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12556"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00960"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.58.4.0920-11170R1"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, Marianne. 2011. \"New Perspectives on Gender.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1543-90. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)02415-4"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvy049"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666872"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20160995"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.08.016"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/723111"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-021-00830-9"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2017.04.004"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706646"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2021.102150"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209867"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20210692"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv038"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Card, David, Fabrizio Colella, and Rafael Lalive. 2021. \"Gender Preferences in Job Vacancies and Workplace Gender Diversity.\" NBER Working Paper 29350.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29350"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160763"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr041"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.9.2633"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161073"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.08.004"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueab034"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epple, Dennis, and Richard E. Romano. 2011. \"Peer Effects in Education: A Survey of the Theory and Evidence.\" In Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew O. Jackson, 1053-163, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53707-2.00003-7"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0552-8"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Feld, Jan, and Ulf Z\u00f6litz. 2018. \"Peers from Venus and Mars-Higher-Achieving Men Foster Gender Gaps in Major Choice and Labor Market Outcomes.\" Zurich Open Repository and Archive. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.5167\/uzh-153520."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvz071"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2022.03.014"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Getik, Demid, and Armando N. Meier. 2025. Data and Code for: \"The Long-Run Effects of Peer Gender on Occupational Sorting and the Wage Gap.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E208201V1."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Giardili, Soledad. 2019. \"Single-Sex Primary Schools and Student Achievement: Evidence from Admission Lotteries.\" Unpublished. https:\/\/sgiardili.github.io\/inputs\/papers\/SingleSexSchools.pdf."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171065"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/712638"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.4.34"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.01.004"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140030"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2017.01.005"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2018.11.004"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxby, Caroline. 2000. \"Peer Effects in the Classroom: Learning from Gender and Race Variation.\" NBER Working Paper 7867.","DOI":"10.3386\/w7867"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2015.10.025"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.09.002"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.56.1.0618-9558R2"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709907X215938"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180010"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.2.1"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Soohyung, Lesley J. Turner, Seokjin Woo, and Kyunghee Kim. 2014. \"All or Nothing? The Impact of School and Classroom Gender Composition on Effort and Academic Achievement.\" NBER Working Paper 20722.","DOI":"10.3386\/w20722"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677392"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141467"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2022.101898"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706052"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.3.1061"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080614-115329"},{"key":"p_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.11.002"},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2016.1227711"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.335.6065.165-b"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2017.10.007"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.11.002"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-019-01697-2"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Shan, Xiaoyue. 2021. \"The Minority Trap: Minority Status Drives Women Out of Male-Dominated Fields.\" Unpublished. https:\/\/www.ecineq.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/papers_EcineqLSE\/ EcineqLSE-150.pdf."},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.35.4.223"},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueac077"},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2002. Registret \u00f6ver \u00c4mnesprov i \u00c5rskurs 9, 1989-2002. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/lamna-uppgifter\/undersokningar\/Grundskolan-slutbetyg\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"p_65","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2005. Registret \u00f6ver Slutbetyg i Gymnasiet, 1992-2005. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/register\/registret-over-slutbetyg-frangymnasieskolan\/(accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"p_66","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2016a. Flergenerationsregistret. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/ vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/register\/flergenerationsregistret\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2016b. Inkomst- och Taxeringsregistret (IoT), 1989-2016. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/register\/inkomst-och-taxeringsregistretiot\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2016c. Registret \u00f6ver Bef\u00f6lkningens Utblidning. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/register\/registret-over-befolkningensutbildning\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2016d. Universitets- och H\u00f6gskolsregistret, 1992-2016. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/register\/universitets-ochhogskoleregistret-studenter-och-examinerade-i-hogskoleutbildningpa-grundniva-och-avanceradniva\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)"},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2016e. Yrkesregistre, 2001-2016. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb. se\/hitta-statistik\/statistik-efter-amne\/arbetsmarknad\/utbud-av-arbetskraft\/yrkesregistret-medyrkesstatistik\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"p_71","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2017. Registret \u00f6ver Totalkbef\u00f6lkningen, 1973-2017. Microdata Online Access. https:\/\/www.scb.se\/vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/register\/registret-over-totalbefolkningenrtb\/ (accessed July 9, 2024)."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_72","first-page":"259","volume":"35","author":"Sullivan Alice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"p_73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805774670158"},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3860"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20230251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:40:26Z","timestamp":1753882826000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20230251"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20230251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20230251","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1945-7731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-774X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:20:44Z","timestamp":1765887644847},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Although past research has found that recessions reduce contemporaneous mortality, workers nearing retirement age may experience reduced longevity attributable to lengthy unemployment spells and lost health insurance at a particularly vulnerable time. To test this hypothesis, we generate age-specific cohort survival probabilities using 1965\u20132008 Vital Statistics mortality data and link them to labor market conditions at earlier ages. Our results indicate that experiencing a recession in one's late 50s reduces longevity. We also find that it leads to several years of reduced employment, health insurance coverage, and health care utilization, which may contribute to the lower long-term likelihood of survival. (JEL E32, I12, I13, J14, J26) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.3.92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T15:11:15Z","timestamp":1406905875000},"page":"92-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Recessions, Older Workers, and Longevity: How Long Are Recessions Good for Your Health?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Courtney C.","family":"Coile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481 and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip B.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481 and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481 and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1664"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360535171"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"2007","author":"Bound John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2004.09.005"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.11.002"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.23"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.2568"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.3.92"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.26.3.27"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2008.0026"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.2.122"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.4.1.1"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355300554872"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(03)00041-9"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2004.09.007"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.3.1265"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JEM-1986-14306"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282806776157740"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.6.3.92","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:26Z","timestamp":1592423486000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.6.3.92"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.6.3.92"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.6.3.92","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:48:04Z","timestamp":1767980884853,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> How should statistical models used for assigning prices or eligibility be implemented when there is concern about discrimination? In many settings, factors such as race, gender, and age are prohibited. However, the use of variables that correlate with these omitted characteristics (e.g., zip codes, credit scores) is often contentious. We provide a framework to address these issues and propose a method that can eliminate proxy effects while maintaining predictive accuracy relative to an approach that restricts the use of contentious variables outright. We illustrate the value of our proposed method using data from the Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services system. (JEL C53, J15, J65, J71) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.3.206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]],"date-time":"2011-07-27T14:23:22Z","timestamp":1311776602000},"page":"206-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Implementing Anti-Discrimination Policies in Statistical Profiling Models"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Devin G","family":"Pope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Booth School of Business, 5807 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin R","family":"Sydnor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Business, 5287 Grainger Hall, 975 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803769206313"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00113-9"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803322157124"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937919"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.3.206"},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"2005","author":"Ross Stephen L","year":"2005","journal-title":"University of Connecticut, Department of Economics Working Paper"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-246X.1997.tb01085.x"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1928444"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.3.3.206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:53:12Z","timestamp":1592423592000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.3.3.206"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.3.3.206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.3.3.206","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:40:19Z","timestamp":1767980419706,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The acceleration in US productivity growth since 1995 is often attributed to declining prices for information technology (IT) goods, and therefore enhanced productivity growth in that sector. We investigate an alternative explanation for these IT price movements: gains in the US terms of trade and tariff reductions, especially for IT products, which led to greater gains than shown by official indexes. We do not, however, investigate the indexes used to deflate the domestic absorption components of GDP, and if upward biases are present in those indexes that could offset some of the effects of mismeasured export and import indexes. (JEL C43, E23, F13, F14, J24) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.1.59","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T13:52:33Z","timestamp":1359035553000},"page":"59-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Terms of Trade Gains and Tariff Changes on the Measurement of US Productivity Growth"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Robert C","family":"Feenstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California-Davis and NBER, Davis, CA 95616-8578."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Function, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 33 Liberty Street, New York, NY 10045."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marshall B","family":"Reinsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Accounts Research Group, US Bureau of Economic Analysis, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20230."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Slaughter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College and NBER, 100 Tuck Hall, Hanover, NH 03755."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.2.308"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4616.2008.00198.x"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0700700204"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2006.121.2.541"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(76)90009-9"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1909755"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2232984"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_12","first-page":"157","volume":"84","author":"Feenstra Robert C","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5982.2009.01577.x"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"1979","author":"Feenstra Robert C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Estimates for the United States"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2006.11.006"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.5.1.59"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.14.4.49"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","first-page":"8","volume":"78","author":"Grimm Bruce T","year":"1998","journal-title":"Survey of current Business"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_21","first-page":"47","volume":"122","author":"Gullickson William","year":"1999","journal-title":"monthly Labor review"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1564-913X.2007.00005.x"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.2.111"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828054201396"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.1.1"},{"key":"p_26","first-page":"65","author":"Jorgenson Dale W","year":"1972","journal-title":"Survey of current Business 52 (5 Part II)"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.2.109"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2000.0008"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2008.04.001"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JEM-1990-16301"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2003.07.002"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3277"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2003.0006"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.14.4.3"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_40","first-page":"15","volume":"87","author":"Oliner Stephen D","year":"2002","journal-title":"federal reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic review"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465398557375"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1924029"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912771"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913466"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_48","first-page":"121","volume":"3","author":"Vartia Yrj\u00f6 O","year":"1976","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344805"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.364"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.5.1.59","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:33Z","timestamp":1592423553000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.5.1.59"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.5.1.59"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.5.1.59","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T20:29:31Z","timestamp":1773433771595,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We present evidence from a natural field experiment and structural model to shed light on the efficacy of alternative fundraising schemes. In conjunction with the Bavarian State Opera, we mailed 25,000 opera attendees a letter describing a charitable fundraising project organized by the opera house. Recipients were randomly assigned to treatments designed to explore responses to fundraising schemes varying in: the presence of a lead donor; and how individual donations would be matched using the lead donation. The structural model estimates extensive and intensive margin responses, and is then utilized to predict giving behavior in counterfactual fundraising schemes. (JEL C93, D64, L31, L82) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]],"date-time":"2015-04-30T14:39:37Z","timestamp":1430404777000},"page":"326-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Comparing Charitable Fundraising Schemes: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment and a Structural Model"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Steffen","family":"Huck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Economics of Change, WZB, Reichpietschufer 50, 10785 Berlin, Germany and Department of Economics, University College London (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Rasul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University College London, Drayton House, 30 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAX, UK (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Shephard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"522 McNeil Building, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2234133"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250044"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9779.2006.00250.x"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00302"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015793"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.10.007"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2005.12.001"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.11.012"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr050"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.117"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0022051043004577"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1935-1682.2494"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.10.005"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1774"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324392"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cesifo\/ifr023"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199-006-0186-3"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262000"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00078-5"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-007-9190-0"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00187-6"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20120312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:28Z","timestamp":1592423488000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20120312"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20120312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20120312","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T12:05:14Z","timestamp":1769342714615,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study develops a theoretical model of a multinational firm with an internal capital market. Hypotheses regarding the role of local versus foreign characteristics such as profit tax rates, lack of institutional quality, financial underdevelopment, and productivity for internal debt financing at the level of foreign affiliates are derived and assessed empirically in a panel dataset covering the universe of German multinationals. We show that differences in nontax incentives given by fundamentals in local and foreign markets can offset or reinforce tax incentives. The results point at a many times higher tax-sensitivity of internal debt financing compared to previous research. (JEL F23, G32, H25) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.54","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T14:15:09Z","timestamp":1398867309000},"page":"54-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Corporate Taxes and Internal Borrowing within Multinational Firms"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Egger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, WEH E6, Weinbergstrasse 35, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland and Konjunkturforschungstelle, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), CESifo, Globalisation and Economic Policy Centre Nottingham, Norwegian Center for Taxation (NoCeT), and Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Keuschnigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, and University of St. Gallen, Varnbuelstrasse 19, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland and FGN-HSG, CEPR, and CESifo (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen, Mohlstr. 36, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany and CESifo (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Wamser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen, Mohlstr. 36, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany and CESifo and NoCeT (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605583"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.3.1171"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00173-6"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011258605504"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(01)00065-4"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.12.4.95"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-1082.00320"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2009.09.001"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(82)90094-X"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4101(98)00004-4"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jempfin.2008.02.001"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(80)90019-7"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2004.00706.x"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2009.06.007"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.2.54"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(97)00058-4"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.3.379"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2004.07.003"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118361"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2006.09.008"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00151-1"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(95)00857-B"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00006-7"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhg033"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(01)00044-7"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.02.014"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1990.tb03693.x"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555316"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2007.05.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_33","first-page":"323","volume":"76","author":"Jensen Michael","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008749415492"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03809.x"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00246"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1990.tb03724.x"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(03)00060-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_42","first-page":"261","volume":"48","author":"Modigliani Franco","year":"1958","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913646"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171831"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2009.1.01"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11:6<619::AID-JAE418>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2008.05.009"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2329322"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1628\/001522111X588763"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.4.641"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-1082.00299"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03810.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.6.2.54","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:07Z","timestamp":1592423527000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.6.2.54"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.6.2.54"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.6.2.54","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T20:53:23Z","timestamp":1769547203053,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper examines the effect of exogenous shocks to savings on world capital markets. Exogenous tax increases in the United States (from Romer and Romer 2010) are only partially offset by changes in domestic private savings, and only a small amount is absorbed by increased domestic investment (contra Feldstein and Horioka 1980). Almost half the change in taxes is transmitted abroad through a change in the US current account. Other countries experience decreases in current accounts and increases in investment in response to exogenous US tax increases. We cannot reject symmetric responses across countries with different currency regimes and levels of development. (JEL E21, E22, E23, E62, F32, F42) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.4.2.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]],"date-time":"2012-05-04T21:58:21Z","timestamp":1336168701000},"page":"95-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Global Savings and Global Investment: The Transmission of Identified Fiscal Shocks"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Feyrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College Department of Economics and NBER, 6106 Rockefeller Hall, Hanover, NH 03755."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Shambaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University and NBER, Rafik B. Hariri Building, 37th and O St. NW, Washington, DC 20057."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"2005","author":"Arin K. Peren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis Working Paper"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260266"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.3.2.37"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"2006","author":"B\u00e9nassy-Qu\u00e9r\u00e9 Agn\u00e8s","year":"2006","journal-title":"Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales Working Paper"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"2007","volume":"11","author":"Bernanke Ben S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Speech, Bundesbank Lecture, Berlin"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302320935043"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.535"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2005.05.010"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2007.03.006"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13876980802231123"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1158(199804)3:2<169::AID-IJFE74>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.404"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2231790"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jimonfin.2007.03.003"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2007.05.012"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhn034"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjq008"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.0.0046"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.763"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_30","first-page":"142","volume":"31","author":"Seater John J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839605"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.4.2.95","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:52:38Z","timestamp":1592423558000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.4.2.95"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.4.2.95"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.4.2.95","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:31:22Z","timestamp":1772159482907,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Theories of market failures and targeting motivate the promotion of entrepreneurship training programs and generate testable predictions regarding heterogeneous treatment effects from such programs. Using a large randomized evaluation in the United States, we find no strong or lasting effects on those most likely to face credit or human capital constraints, or labor market discrimination. We do find a short-run effect on business ownership for those unemployed at baseline, but this dissipates at longer horizons. Treatment effects on the full sample are also short-term and limited in scope: we do not find effects on business sales, earnings, or employees. (JEL I26, J24, J68, L25, L26, M13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20120337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]],"date-time":"2015-04-30T14:39:37Z","timestamp":1430404777000},"page":"125-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Behind the GATE Experiment: Evidence on Effects of and Rationales for Subsidized Entrepreneurship Training"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Fairlie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Karlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, and IPA, J-PAL, and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Zinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, and IPA, J-PAL, and NBER (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2009.11.018"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2008.00505.x"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261617"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2010.02387.x"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0084.00132"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.2.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_15","first-page":"519","volume":"79","author":"Evans David S","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209914"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jems.12017"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209946"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.2.125"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262131"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2000.10473902"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00074"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00536.x"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rds022"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2010.00593.x"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20120337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:51:31Z","timestamp":1592423491000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20120337"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20120337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20120337","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T22:49:34Z","timestamp":1772837374969,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We create a national-level longitudinal dataset to analyze how children\u2019s participation in public and voucher-assisted housing affects age-26 earnings and adult incarceration. Na\u00efve OLS estimates suggest that returns to subsidized housing participation are negative, but that relationship is driven by household selection into assisted housing. Household fixed effects estimates indicate that additional years of public housing increase earnings by 6.2 percent for females and 6.1 percent for males, while voucher-assisted housing increases earnings by 4.8 percent for females and 2.7 percent for males. Childhood participation in assisted housing also reduces the likelihood of adult incarceration for all household race\/ethnicity groups. (JEL I38, J13, J31, K42, R38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1659096933000},"page":"235-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Childhood Housing and Adult Outcomes: A Between-Siblings Analysis of Housing Vouchers and Public Housing"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Henry O.","family":"Pollakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHW Consulting (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bank of America (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Haltiwanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Palloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Kutzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146403"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140529"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.1.86"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.4.1729"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805774669943"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214508000000841"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueaa089"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12325"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, Peter, Raj Chetty, Stefanie DeLuca, Nathaniel Hendren, Lawrence F. Katz, and Christopher Palmer. 2019. \"Creating Moves to Opportunity: Experimental Evidence on Barriers to Neighborhood Choice.\" NBER Working Paper 26164.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26164"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553053970179"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.1.409"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00690"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdz039"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478575"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2011.07.001"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhe.2012.04.004"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297110"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy007"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy006"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150572"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju022"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161073"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161352"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20150176"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.2.31"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2010.0013"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.1.65"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00065-1"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.5.1927"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/681091"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023875"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Finkel, Meryl, and Larry Buron. 2001. Study on Section 8 Voucher Success Rates-Volume I: Quantitative Study of Success Rates in Metropolitan Areas. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Of ce of Policy Development and Research."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260822"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2018.0001"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130375"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970788"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju030"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.272"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2012.10.008"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2005.120.1.87"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-232X.2007.00455.x"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224648"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.3.226"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, Douglas L., Na'ama Shenhav, and Michel Z. Grosz. 2019. \"Selection into Identi cation in Fixed Effects Models, with Application to Head Start.\" NBER Working Paper 26174.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26174"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Mueller-Smith, Michael. 2015. \"The Criminal and Labor Market Impacts of Incarceration.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913646"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Newman, Oscar. 1972. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhec.2000.0259"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190415"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_51","first-page":"163","volume":"8","author":"Olsen Edgar O","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303322552865"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377021"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/1538-0645.1430"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Pollakowski, Henry O. \u24e1 Daniel H. Weinberg \u24e1 Fredrik Andersson \u24e1 John C. Haltiwanger \u24e1 Giordano Palloni \u24e1 Mark J. Kutzbach. 2022. \"Replication data for: Childhood Housing and Adult Outcomes: A Between-Siblings Analysis of Housing Vouchers and Public Housing.\" Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38886\/E151181V1."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.1.49"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, and Matthew Sobek. 2017. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 7.0.\" Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V7.0 (accessed August 2018)."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Sanbonmatsu, Lisa, Jens Ludwig, Lawrence F. Katz, Lisa A. Gennetian, Greg J. Duncan, Ronald C. Kessler, Emma Adam, Thomas W. McDade, and Stacy Tessler Lindau. 2011. Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program-Final Impacts Evaluation. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Of ce of Policy Development and Research."},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1600078"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffen, Barry L., George R. Carter, Marge Martin, Danilo Pelletiere, David A. Vandenbroucke, and Yung-Gann David Yao. 2015. Worst Case Housing Needs-2015 Report to Congress. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Of ce of Policy Development and Research.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3055230"},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Stevens, David W. 2007. \"Employment That Is Not Covered by State Unemployment Insurance Laws.\" US Census Bureau Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Technical Paper TP-2007-04."},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2000. \"Assisted Housing: National and Local-A Picture of Subsidized Households, 2000.\" Of ce of Policy Development and Research. https:\/\/ www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/assthsg.html (accessed July 2015)."},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2016. \"Af rmatively Furthering Fair Housing Data.\" US Department of Housing and Urban Development. https:\/\/www.hud.gov\/program_ offices\/fair_housing_equal_opp\/affh."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US Department of Justice. 2000. \"Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: County-Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data, 2000.\" Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR03451.v4 (accessed May 2021).","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR03451.v4"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426718"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T12:17:49Z","timestamp":1659097069000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180144"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180144","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:32:25Z","timestamp":1758709945640},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The welfare associated with public insurance is often difficult to quantify because the demand for coverage is unobserved and thus cannot be used to analyze welfare. However, in many settings, individuals can purchase private insurance to supplement public coverage. This paper outlines an approach to use data and variation from private complementary insurance to quantify welfare associated with counterfactuals related to compulsory public insurance. We then apply this approach using administrative data on disability insurance. Our findings suggests that public disability insurance generates substantial surplus for the sample population, and there may be gains to increasing the generosity of coverage. (JEL G22, H55, I13, I38, J32) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20170118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T14:10:32Z","timestamp":1564495832000},"page":"88-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Estimating the Value of Public Insurance Using Complementary Private Insurance"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marika","family":"Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2225 Speedway, BRB 2.152, Austin, TX 78712, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Rd MSOB x338, Stanford, CA 94306, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.3.71"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(78)90053-1"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3214"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_7","first-page":"33","volume":"11","author":"Cabral Marika","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588585"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.2.2.85"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161038"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2678115"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.1.115"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.3.877"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.143254"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2606"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140293"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_20","first-page":"192","volume":"87","author":"Gruber Jonathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317682"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130758"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.7.2643"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA12480"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10931"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151063"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.2.123"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20110108"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2525326"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20170118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:49:49Z","timestamp":1592423389000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20170118"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20170118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20170118","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:55:21Z","timestamp":1774929321312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the geographic incidence and efficiency of an income tax by estimating a spatial equilibrium model with heterogeneous workers. The US income tax shifts households out of high-productivity cities, leading to locational inefficiency of 0.25 percent of output. Removing spatial tax distortions increases inequality because more educated households are more mobile and own larger shares of land. Flattening the tax schedule, or introducing cost-of-living adjustments or local wage adjustments leads to efficiency gains but causes substantial increases in inequality. Differences in mobility and land ownership across skill groups create an equity-efficiency trade-off that is unique to spatial settings. (JEL H24, H22, D31, J31, J24, R23)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T08:28:17Z","timestamp":1619771297000},"page":"100-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Heterogeneous Workers and Federal Income Taxes in a Spatial Equilibrium"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Colas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon, 1285 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uber Technologies Inc., 1455 Market St, San Francisco, CA 94103 (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605309"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auerbach, Alan J. 1985. \"The Theory of Excess Burden and Optimal Taxation.\" In Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, 61-127. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4420(85)80005-7"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.1553"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.2.300"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartik, Timothy J. 1991. Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies? Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Press.","DOI":"10.17848\/9780585223940"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160510"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00328"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2008.08.004"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2004.12.008"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555829"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379939"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.2.897"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.2.1"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Colas, Mark, and Kevin Hutchinson. 2021. \"Replication data for: Heterogeneous Workers and Federal Income Taxes in a Spatial Equilibrium.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E117661V1."},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Coen-Pirani, Daniele. 2018. \"Geographic Mobility and Redistribution.\" Unpublished. http:\/\/www.pitt. edu\/~coen\/research\/mobredis.pdf."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2009.12.003"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131706"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Dorn, David. 2009. \"Essays on Inequality, Spatial Interaction, and the Demand for Skills.\" PhD diss. University of St. Gallen."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Eeckhout, Jan, and Nezih Guner. 2017. \"Optimal Spatial Taxation: Are Big Cities Too Small?\" Center for Monetary and Financial Studies Working Paper 1705."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajgelbaum, Pablo D., and Cecile Gaubert. 2018. \"Optimal Spatial Policies, Geography, and Sorting.\" Unpublished. https:\/\/economicdynamics.org\/meetpapers\/2018\/paper_1319.pdf.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24632"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_21","first-page":"333","volume":"86","author":"Fajgelbaum Pablo D","year":"2018","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3325474"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.4.983"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338747"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00085-8"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098007087341"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.1997.0008"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118323"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(80)90025-0"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080213-041024"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00150"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.1971.tb01680.x"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Moody, Scott, and David K. Hoffman. 2003. Federal Income Taxes and the Cost of Living: States with Lower Cost of Living Enjoy Greater Federal Tax Advantage. Tax Foundation. https:\/\/ les.taxfoundation.org\/legacy\/docs\/8c4b12f729020a3fb81d7721c43fb7ec.pdf."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2003.10.015"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, Enrico. 2011. \"Local Labor Markets.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1237-313. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)02412-9"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.1.65"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150508"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2011.01052.x"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Piyapromdee, Suphanit. 2017. \"The Impact of Immigration on Wages, Internal Migration, and Welfare.\" Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research Discussion Paper 69."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261120"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Rosen, Sherwin. 1979. \"Wage-Based Indexes of Urban Quality of Life.\" In Current Issues in Urban Economics, edited by Peter Mieszkowski and Mahlon Straszheim, 74-104. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, Erin Meyer, Jose Pacas and Matthew Sobek. 2020. IPUMS USA: Version 10.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2020. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.18128\/D010.V10.0."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.3.1253"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(82)90020-2"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141702"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0462(80)90012-5"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20180529","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T17:40:47Z","timestamp":1620063647000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20180529"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20180529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20180529","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21034\/iwp.3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T10:21:42Z","timestamp":1774606902582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We examine the effects of presentation and information on the take-up of financial subsidies for retirement saving in a large randomized experiment carried out with H&amp;R Block. The subsidies raise take-up and contributions with larger effects when the subsidy is characterized as a matching contribution rather than an equivalent-value tax credit (or cash back), and when filers are informed before the tax season about the subsidy. The results imply that both pure incentives and the presentation of those incentives affect consumer choices. (JEL D14, H24, H31, J26) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.1.1.204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]],"date-time":"2009-02-12T23:40:08Z","timestamp":1234482008000},"page":"204-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Details Matter: The Impact of Presentation and Information on the Take-up of Financial Incentives for Retirement Saving"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Saez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California, 549 Evans Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, Marianne, Dean Karlin, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir, and Jonathan Zinman. 2005. \"What's Psychology Worth? A Field Experiment in the Consumer Credit Market.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11892.","DOI":"10.3386\/w11892"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2004.2.07"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/654750"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500000310"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20062118"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Davis, Douglas D., and Edward L. Millner. 2006. \"On Rebate Subsidies, Matching Subsidies and the Methodology of Experiments.\" Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Economics Working Paper 0604."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-005-0867-y"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00098-6"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.4.1311"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00094-9"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Eckel, Catherine C., and Philip J. Grossman. 2005. \"Subsidizing Charitable Contributions: A Field Test Comparing Matching and Rebate Subsidies.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Eckel, Catherine C., and Philip J. Grossman. 2006a. \"Do Donors Care About Subsidy Type? An Experimental Study.\" In Research in Experimental Economics. Vol. 11, ed. R. Marc Isaac and Douglas D. Davis, 163-82. New York: Elsevier."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20111853"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Eckel, Catherine C., and Philip J. Grossman. 2006c. \"Subsidizing Charitable Contributions: Evidence from a Non-Secular Charity.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"2004","author":"Engelhardt Gary V","year":"2004","journal-title":"Center for Retirement Research Working Paper"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0019-8676.2005.00399.x"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10693-007-0003-6"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1774"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144113"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301753265543"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2007.5.6.1203"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Saez, Emmanuel. 2007. \"Details Matter: The Impact of Presentation and Information on the Take-up of Financial Incentives for Retirement Saving.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 6386."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380085"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.1.1.204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T18:44:18Z","timestamp":1686077058000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.1.1.204"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.1.1.204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.1.1.204","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T20:21:14Z","timestamp":1773260474816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We explore how extended unemployment insurance (UI) benefits for older workers affect early retirement and welfare. We argue that extending UI benefits generates program complementarity (more labor market exits and disability benefit take-up in the future) and program substitution (less disability benefit take-up in the present). Exploiting a policy change in Austria, which extended UI benefits to 4 years, we find program complementarity effects for workers aged 50+ and program substitution effects for workers aged 55+. We apply the Baily-Chetty formula for optimal UI to account for complementarity and substitution, showing that UI benefits for older workers were too generous. (JEL J14, J22, J26, J65) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T11:48:41Z","timestamp":1473248921000},"page":"253-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Extended Unemployment Benefits and Early Retirement: Program Complementarity and Program Substitution"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Inderbitzin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SEW-HSG, University of St. Gallen, Varnb\u00fcelstrasse 14, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Staubli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada, The Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), and Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Zweim\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Sch\u00f6nberggasse 1, 8001 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland, CEPR, CESifo, and IZA (e-mail: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360535171"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"14","author":"Autor David H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Discussion Paper"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(78)90053-1"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.2.591"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1542476041423368"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.34"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"2004","author":"Bound John","year":"2004","journal-title":"University of Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00084-0"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(99)00113-9"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.016"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2011.02453.x"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.01.004"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1821"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588585"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.831"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522070"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2006.12.007"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2606"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6688(200021)19:2<275::AID-PAM6>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_21","first-page":"192","volume":"87","author":"Gruber Jonathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Economic review"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.02.002"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10663-006-9018-8"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297382"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.04.014"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(92)90056-L"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.06.011"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.03.004"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2007.5.1.154"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.013"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131273"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2006.00406.x"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.10.002"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2012.11.003"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130248"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938349"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.09.001"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.4.1445"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3558997"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs010"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1145"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2011.05.008"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.09.003"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(01)00198-2"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20130315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:50:58Z","timestamp":1592423458000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20130315"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20130315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20130315","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T22:31:43Z","timestamp":1775946703132,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, gentrification has transformed American central city neighborhoods. I estimate a spatial equilibrium model to show that the rising value of high-skilled workers\u2019 time contributes to the gentrification of American central cities. I show that the increasing value of time raises the cost of commuting and exogenously increases the demand for central locations by high-skilled workers. While change in the value of time has a modest direct effect on gentrification of central cities, the effect is substantially magnified by endogenous amenity change driven by the changes in local skill mix. (JEL J22, J24, R21, R23)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:46:37Z","timestamp":1643996797000},"page":"402-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Rising Value of Time and the Origin of Urban Gentrification"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almagro, Milena, and Tom\u00e1s Dom\u00ednguez-Iino. 2021. \"Location Sorting and Endogenous Amenities: Evidence from Amsterdam. \" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4279562"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426036"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.969"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.03.003"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675536"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autor, David, Christopher Palmer, and Parag Pathak. 2017. \"Gentri cation and the Amenity Value of Crime Reductions: Evidence from Rent Deregulation.\" https:\/\/economics.mit.edu\/ les\/14561.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23914"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.2.775"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Baum-Snow, Nathaniel, and Lu Han. 2021. \"The Microgeography of Housing Supply.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2019.103228"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522381"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2228949"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behrens, Kristian, Brahim Boualam, Julien Martin, and Florian Mayneris. 2021. \"Gentri cation and Pioneer Businesses.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01154"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-5371(01)00030-6"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261796"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555829"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.1.417"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.4.725"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(98)00019-1"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Couture, Victor. 2016. \"Valuing the Consumption Bene ts of Urban Density.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couture, Victor, Cecile Gaubert, Jessie Handbury, and Erik Hurst. 2020. \"Income Growth and the Distributional Effects of Urban Spatial Sorting.\" NBER Working Paper 26142.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26142"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2020.103267"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/701680"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131706"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhe.2019.101636"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/262098"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.1195"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Flood, Sarah, Miriam King, Renae Rodgers, Steven Ruggles, and J. Robert Warren. 2018. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 6.0 [dataset].\" IPUMS, Minneapolis, MN. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D030.V6.0."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/1.1.27"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1091"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.02.001"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11738"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Hoelzlein, Matthias. 2021. \"Two-Sided Sorting and Spatial Inequality in Cities.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.05.012"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"1979","author":"Kuhn Peter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Men"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261010"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdx018"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Manson, Steven, Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, and Steven Ruggles. 2017. \"National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 12.0 [dataset].\" IPUMS, University of Minnesota. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D050.V12.0."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"McFadden, Daniel. 1974. \"Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior.\" In Frontiers in Econometrics, edited by Paul Zarembka, 105-142. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iere.12343"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.3.1253"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Su, Yichen. 2022. \"Replication data for: The Rising Value of Time and the Origin of Urban Gentri - cation.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E132721V1."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261120"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Rosen, Sherwin. 1979. \"Wages-Based Indexes of Urban Quality of Life.\" In Current Issues in Urban Economics, edited by Peter M. Mieszkowski and Mahlon R. Straszheim, 74-104. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal, Stuart S., and William C. Strange. 2004. \"Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies.\" In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 4, edited by J. Vernon Henderson and Jacques-Fran\u00e7ois Thisse, 2119-71. Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0080(04)80006-3"},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, and Matthew Sobek. 2017. \"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 7.0 [dataset].\" Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V7.0."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2017. \"County Business Patterns: 2017.\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/cbp\/data\/datasets.html."},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2017. \"Uniform Crime Report.\" https:\/\/ ucr.fbi.gov."},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2009. National Household Travel Survey. http:\/\/nhts.ornl.gov."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pol.20190550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T22:26:02Z","timestamp":1674685562000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pol.20190550"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pol.20190550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pol.20190550","ISSN":["1945-7731","1945-774X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7731","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-774X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}],"items-per-page":150,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}