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We test whether this impedes educational achievement by conducting the largest-ever field experiment that randomly provides free home computers to students. Although computer ownership and use increased substantially, we find no effects on any educational outcomes, including grades, test scores, credits earned, attendance, and disciplinary actions. Our estimates are precise enough to rule out even modestly-sized positive or negative impacts. The estimated null effect is consistent with survey evidence showing no change in homework time or other \u201cintermediate\u201d inputs in education. 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We show that being in a group randomly chosen to be visited by a successful alumnus of the program increases household income one year after, mostly due to increased business participation and business income. We also randomized the provision of personalized \u201cconsulting sessions\u201d vis\u2013\u00e0\u2013vis group sessions, and observe similar effects on income, with the role model intervention being significantly more cost-effective and better suited for less experienced businesses. 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To understand the potential private and social consequences, we examine the abrupt closure of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) in 2012. Using a novel econometric approach, we show that the lost generation from SONGS was met largely by increased in-state natural gas generation. In the twelve months following the closure, natural gas generation costs increased by $350 million. The closure also created binding transmission constraints, causing short-run inefficiencies and potentially making it more profitable for certain plants to act noncompetitively. 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We run the first randomized evaluation of training work seekers to join and use one of the largest platforms, LinkedIn. Training increases the end-of-program employment rate by 10 percent (7 percentage points), and this effect persists for at least 12 months. The available employment, platform use, and job search data suggest that employment effects are explained by work seekers using the platform to acquire information about prospective employers and perhaps by work seekers accessing referrals and conveying information to prospective employers on the platform. (JEL J22, J23, J24, J64, M53, O15) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T12:32:00Z","timestamp":1648643520000},"page":"101-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["LinkedIn(to) Job Opportunities: Experimental Evidence from Job Readiness Training"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laurel","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Garlick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Gargano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). 2018. Reducing Search Barriers for Jobseekers. Cambridge, MA: J-PAL Policy Insights."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Abebe, Girum, Stefano Caria, Marcel Fafchamps, Paolo Falco, Simon Franklin, and Simon Quinn. 2016. \"Anonymity or Distance? 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Feigenberg. 2019. \"Improving Job Matching among Youth.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Alfonsi, Livia, Oriana Bandiera, Vittorio Bassi, Robin Burgess, Imran Rasul, Munshi Sulaiman, and Anna Vitali. 2017. \"Tackling Youth Unemployment: Evidence from a Labor Market Experiment in Uganda.\" https:\/\/sticerd.lse.ac.uk\/dps\/eopp\/eopp64.pdf."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.05.003"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355301556329"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.3.3.188"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0351.2008.00340.x"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Banerjee, Abijhit, and Sandra Sequiera. 2020. \"Spatial Mismatches and Imperfect Information in the Job Search.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 14414."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassi, Vittorio, and Aisha Nansamba. 2017. \"Information Frictions in the Labor Market: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Uganda.\" Growth and Labour Markets (GLM) in Low Income Counties (LIC) Programme Working Paper 29.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.1005"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2015.11.004"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212382"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt044"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy059"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, Marianne, and Bruno Cr\u00e9pon. 2019. \"Teaching Labor Laws: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in South Africa.\" https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research-paper\/ TeachingLaborLaws_Bertrand-Crepon_January2019.pdf.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3660259"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhorat, Haroon, and Halton Cheadle. 2009. \"Labour Reform in South Africa: Measuring Regulation and a Synthesis of Policy Suggestions.\" University of Cape Town Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 09139.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2176756"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1542476041423368"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553042476215"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439310386567"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2010.02387.x"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvx028"},{"key":"p_26","first-page":"2018","author":"Caria A. 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Lessing. 2019. \"Filling the Gap: How Information Can Help Job-Seekers.\" International Growth Centre IGC Growth Brief."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carranza, Eliana, Robert Garlick, Kate Orkin, and Neil Rankin. 2020. \"Job Search and Hiring with Two-Sided Limited Information about Workseekers' Skills.\" Harvard University Center for International Development (CID) Faculty Working Paper 383.","DOI":"10.17848\/wp20-328"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt001"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Donovan, Kevin, Will Jianyu Lu, and Todd Schoellman. 2012. \"Labor Market Flows and Development.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.3.1014"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2018.1546843"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946706"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Fein, David, and Jill Hamadryk. 2018. \"Bridging the Opportunity Divide for Low-Income Youth: Implementation and Early Impacts of the Year Up Program [OPRE Report 2018-65].\" Washington, DC: Of ce of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, US Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12509"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhz021"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilfoyle, Sarah, Shawn M. 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Geneva: International Labour Of ce."},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs002"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Johnson, Eric, and Laurel Wheeler. 2019. \"The Impact of LinkedIn on Disconnected Young Work-Seekers: Evidence from South Africa.\" August 24, AEA RCT Registry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/rct.1624-10.0."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.09.002"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/saje.12161"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluemper, Donald H., Arjun Mitra, and Siting Wang. 2016. \"Social Media Use in HRM.\" In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 34, edited by M. Ronald Buckley, Jonathon R.B. Halbesleben, and Anthony R. Wheeler, 153-207. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S0742-730120160000034011"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.10.004"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt015"},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Kuchibhotla, Murali, Peter F. Orazem, and Sanjana Ravi. 2017. \"The Scarring Effects of Youth Joblessness in Sri Lanka.\" Iowa State University Economics Working Paper 17029."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2010.05.005"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508730"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"LinkedIn. 2018. \"Powering the Economy: South Africa.\" LinkedIn Graphical Report."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippman, Laura H., Kristin Anderson Moore, Lina Guzman, Renee Ryberg, Hugh McIntosh, Manica F. Ramos, Salma Caal, Adam Carle, and Megan Kuhfeld. 2014. 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Fourteen years later, winners report improved housing but no change in tenure security, family income, or human capital. Winners also report increased isolation from family and caste networks and reduced informal insurance. We observe significant program exit: 34 percent of winners never took up subsidized housing and 32 percent eventually exited. Our results suggest negligible long-run economic value of this expensive public program and point to the importance of considering social networks in housing programs for the poor. (JEL I38, O15, O18, R23, R31, R38, Z13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20150397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T13:45:25Z","timestamp":1482932725000},"page":"1-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Moving to Opportunity or Isolation? 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For many, the transition back to society includes a mandatory stay in residential housing. I estimate the effect of residential housing on reincarceration using administrative data from Iowa. I address selection into residential housing by instrumenting for residential housing assignment with the recommendation rate of randomly assigned case managers. I find no evidence that Iowa\u2019s costly investment in residential housing results in reduced reincarceration relative to parole. Instead, residential housing increases reincarceration due to violent crimes and technical violations, while decreasing drug and public order crimes. (JEL K42, R23, R31, R38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1687954807000},"page":"117-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Halfway Home? 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However, they can create unintended distortions. Regression discontinuity analysis from Chile shows that audits lowered the use of auctions for public procurement, reduced supplier competition, and increased the likelihood of small, local, and incumbent firms winning contracts. Looking inside the black box of the audit process reveals that relative to comparable direct contracts, auctions underwent more than twice as many checks and led to twice as many detected infractions. These findings show that standard audit protocols can mechanically discourage the use of more regulated, complex, and transparent procedures involving more auditable steps. 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Students who barely met the grade point average threshold to major in economics earned $22,000 (46 percent) higher annual early-career wages than they would have with their second-choice majors. Access to the economics major shifts students' preferences toward business\/finance careers, and about half of the wage return is explained by economics majors working in higher-paying industries. The causal return to majoring in economics is very similar to observational earnings differences in nationally representative data. (JEL A22, I26, J24, J31)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T12:32:00Z","timestamp":1648643520000},"page":"1-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Will Studying Economics Make You Rich? 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Accessed February 2020."},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2019. \"All Urban Consumers (Current Series) Consumer Price Index - CPI.\" Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cpi\/data.htm. Accessed December 2019."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2017. \"2017 NAICS Structure with Change Indicator.\" Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/eos\/www\/naics\/downloadables\/downloadables.html (accessed December 2019)."},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"US Department of Education. 2019. Technical Documentation: College Scorecard Data by Field of Study. 2019 ed., Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"US Internal Revenue Service (IRS). 2018. \"SOI Tax Stats - Individual Income Tax Statistics - 2018 ZIP Code Data (SOI).\" Washington, DC: U.S. Internal Revenue Service. https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/statistics\/ soi-tax-stats-individual-income-tax-statistics-2018-zip-code-data-soi (accessed January 2018)."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdu044"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx035"},{"key":"p_63","author":"Zafar Basit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources 48 (3)"},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676661"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/app.20200447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T23:05:24Z","timestamp":1675119924000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/app.20200447"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/app.20200447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20200447","ISSN":["1945-7782","1945-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7782","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7790","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:57:26Z","timestamp":1777690646365,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study the relationship between physician organizational structures and prices negotiated with private insurers. 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Highlighting that increases in mortality occurred primarily among alcohol-related causes and among working-age men (the heaviest drinkers), this paper investigates an alternative explanation: the demise of the 1985\u20131988 Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign. Using archival sources to build a new oblast-year dataset spanning 1978\u20132000, we find a variety of evidence suggesting that the campaign's end explains a large share of the mortality crisis, implying that Russia's transition to capitalism and democracy was not as lethal as commonly suggested. 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Proxying nurses' general human capital by education and their unit-specific human capital by experience on the nursing unit, we find that greater amounts of both types of human capital significantly improve patient outcomes. Disruptions to team functioning attributable to the departure of experienced nurses, the absorption of new hires, and the inclusion of temporary contract nurses are associated with significant decreases in productivity beyond those attributable to changes in nurses' skill and experience. 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We do so in the context of the Papal visit to Brazil in October 1991, in which persuasive messages related to fertility were salient in Papal speeches during the visit. We use individual's exposure to such messages to measure how persuasion shifts short-run beliefs such as intentions to contracept and long-term fertility outcomes such as the timing and total number of births. To measure the short-run causal impact of persuasion, we exploit the fact the Brazil 1991 DHS was fielded in the weeks before, during, and after the Papal visit. We use this fortuitous timing to identify that persuasion significantly reduced individual intentions to contracept by more than 40 percent relative to pre-visit levels, and increased the frequency of unprotected sex by 30 percent. We measure the long-run causal impacts of persuasion on fertility outcomes using later DHS surveys to conduct an event study analysis on births in a five-year window on either side of the 1991 Papal visit. Estimating a hazard model of fertility, we find a significant change in births 9 months post-visit, corresponding to a 1.6\u00a0percent increase in the aggregate birth cohort. Our final set of results examine the very long-run impact of persuasion and document the impacts to be on the timing of births rather than on total fertility. 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To establish causality, we exploit decreases in connection caused by apolitical deaths of rulers\u2019 mutual relatives. These deaths are associated with substantial increases in the frequency and duration of war. We provide evidence that these deaths affect conflict only through changing the kinship network. Over our period of interest, the percentage of European monarchs with kinship ties increased threefold. Together, these findings help explain the well-documented decrease in European war frequency. 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In the short term, cash transfers delayed marriage and lowered geographic mobility. In the long run, transfers had no impact on the probability of remarriage, spouse quality, or fertility. Cash transfers did not affect women\u2019s well-being, measured by longevity and family income in 1940. Given the lack of significant negative behavioral impacts, the benefits of transfers appear to exceed costs if they have\u2014even modest\u2014positive impacts on children. 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We estimate marginal treatment effects (MTEs) for learning in math and Spanish in telesecundarias relative to traditional Mexican secondary schools using an empirical framework that allows for unobserved sorting on gains. The estimated MTEs reveal that school choice is not random and that the average student experiences significant improvements in both math and Spanish after just one year of attendance in telesecundarias. We find that the existing policy reduces educational inequality, and our policy-relevant treatment effects show that expanding telesecundarias would yield significant improvements in academic performance. 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The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States. W. W. Norton."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.143307"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.1.325"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"US Commission on Civil Rights. 1961. United States Commission on Civil Rights Report: Justice. US Government Priniting Of ce."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, Gavin. 2013. Sharing the Prize: The Economics of the Civil Rights Revolution in the American South. 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The quasi-exogenous division of the French regions Alsace and Lorraine allows us to implement a geographical regression discontinuity design at the municipal level. Using measures of stated and revealed preferences, we find that more negative experiences with nation-states are associated with a stronger regional identity in the short, medium, and long run. This is linked to preferences for more regional decision-making. Establishing regional organizations seems to be a key mechanism to maintaining and strengthening regional identity. 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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. 2nd ed. London: Verso Books."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00343409950078648"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9248.1972.tb00694.x"},{"issue":"167","key":"p_10","first-page":"62","volume":"129","author":"Bandiera Oriana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12220"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisin, Alberto, and Thierry Verdier. 2010. \"Chapter 9-The Economics of Cultural Transmission and Socialization.\" In Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew O. Jackson, 339-416. 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Lanham, MD: Lexington Books."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Dehdari, Sirus, and Kai Gehring. 2022. \"Replication Data for: The Origins of Common Identity: Evidence from Alsace-Lorraine.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E120243V1."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx037"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180805"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150243"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpx036"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12253"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban, Joan, Sabine Flamand, Massimo Morelli, and Dominic Rohner. 2018. \"A Dynamic Theory of Secession.\" CESifo Working Paper 7257.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3275431"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"FAO\/GAEZ. 2012. \"Soil Suitability for Production of Crops.\" http:\/\/www.fao.org\/nr\/gaez\/en\/ (accessed in 2018)."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6765.2009.01907.x"},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"86","volume":"29","author":"F\u00f6rster Stig","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pariser Historische Studien"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055419000017"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdz024"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Fouka, Vasiliki, and Hans-Joachim Voth. 2019. \"Collective Remembrance and Private Choice: German-Greek Con ict and Consumer Behavior in Times of Crisis.\" https:\/\/vfouka.people.stanford. edu\/sites\/g\/ les\/sbiybj4871\/f\/collective_memory.pdf."},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.10.011"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvx009"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"GADM. 2014. \"GIS Data on French Administrative Borders.\" GADM. https:\/\/gadm.org\/download_ country_v2.html (accessed in 2014)."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055420000842"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160038"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104073"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Gellner, Ernest. 2008. 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Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0064(00)80172-9"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.4.3"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20140335"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131126"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Handel, Benjamin, Jonathan Holmes, Jonathan Kolstad, and Kurt Lavetti. 2019. \"Insurer Innovation and Health Care Ef ciency: Evidence from Utah.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Hull, Peter. 2020. \"Estimating Hospital Quality with Quasi-experimental Data.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"IBM. 2020. \"IBM Micromedex RED BOOK.\" https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/micromedex-red-book."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"Iowa State University, Iowa Community Indicators Program. 2022. \"Urban Percentage of the Population for States, Historical.\" https:\/\/www.icip.iastate.edu\/tables\/population\/urban-pct-states."},{"key":"p_47","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2001. Medicaid and Managed Care. San Francisco, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation."},{"key":"p_48","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2010. Medicaid and Managed Care: Key Data, Trends, and Issues. San Francisco, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation."},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2017. Medicare Advantage 2017 Spotlight: Enrollment Market Update. San Francisco, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2019a. 10 Things to Know About Medicaid Managed Care. San Francisco, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2019b. \"Medicaid MCO Enrollment by Plan and Parent Firm.\" https:\/\/ www.kff.org\/other\/state-indicator\/medicaid-enrollment-by-mco\/?currentTimeframe=0&sortMode l=%7B%22colId%22:%22State%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, Jennifer H. 2019. \"How Do Primary Care Physicians In uence Healthcare? 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Washington, DC: MACPAC."},{"key":"p_58","unstructured":"Medi-Cal Managed Care Division. 2012. Statewide Collaborative Quality Improvement Project Reducing Avoidable Emergency Room Visits. Sacramento, CA: CA Department of Health Care Services."},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"National Committee for Quality Assurance. 2022. Adult and Child Health Care Quality. Baltimore, MD: Medicaid."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health. 2008-2012. \"Claims and Eligibility Data.\" https:\/\/health.data. ny.gov\/."},{"key":"p_61","unstructured":"Office of the New York State Comptroller. 2021. Medicaid: Enrollment Growth, COVID-19 and the Future. New York, NY: Of ce of the New York State Comptroller."},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"OIG. 2015. The Medicaid Program Could Have Achieved Savings if New York Applied Medical Loss Ratio Standards Similar to Those Established by the Affordable Care Act. Washington, DC: OIG."},{"key":"p_63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1881793"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_64","first-page":"1121","volume":"72","author":"Salop S.","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1541"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.09.004"},{"key":"p_67","unstructured":"Sparer, Michael. 2012. Medicaid Managed Care: Costs, Access, and Quality of Care. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation."},{"key":"p_68","unstructured":"United Hospital Fund. 2004. UHF Codes. New York, NY: United Hospital Fund."},{"key":"p_69","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. 2010. \"Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs).\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/ programs-surveys\/geography\/guidance\/geo-areas\/zctas.html."},{"key":"p_70","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. 2019. \"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019.\" https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/ programs-surveys\/popest\/tables\/2010-2019\/state\/totals\/nst-est2019-01.xlsx."},{"key":"p_71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20210162"},{"key":"p_72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-0881"},{"key":"p_73","unstructured":"Washington Health Alliance. 2015. Measure Specifications for Potentially Avoidable ER Visits in 2015. Seattle, WA: Washington Health Alliance."},{"key":"p_74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(70)90010-4"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/app.20210843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:22:18Z","timestamp":1687954938000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/app.20210843"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/app.20210843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20210843","ISSN":["1945-7782","1945-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7782","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7790","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:07:17Z","timestamp":1780553237445,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper shows that partisan cable news broadcasts have a causal effect on the size and composition of budgets in US localities. Using exogenous channel positioning as an instrument for viewership, we show that exposure to the conservative Fox News channel reduces revenues and expenditures. Multiple mechanisms drive these results: Fox News improves election chances for local Republicans, alters politician campaign agendas, and shifts voter policy preferences on fiscal issues. Consistent with the priorities of small-government conservatism, we find evidence that private provision compensates for the reduced public services. The \u201cFox News effect\u201d extends beyond vote shares to rightward policy shifts. (JEL D72, H71, H72, H75, I20, L82) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20210501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T12:50:21Z","timestamp":1695905421000},"page":"292-320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["How Cable News Reshaped Local Government"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elliott","family":"Ash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12171"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Ash, Ellitt, and Sergio Galletta. 2023. \"Replication Data for: How Cable News Reshaped Local Government.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E168941V1."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ash, Elliott, Sergio Galletta, Matteo Pinna, and Christopher Warshaw. 2021. \"The Effect of Fox News Channel on US Elections: 2000-2020.\" Center for Law and Economics Working Paper Series 2021(07).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3837457"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ash, Elliott, Sergio Galletta, Dominik Hangartner, Yotam Margalit, and Matteo Pinna. 2020. \"The Effect of Fox News on Health Behavior during COVID-19.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/abqe5"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130318"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302320935061"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706588114"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Broockman, David E., and Joshua L. Kalla. 2022. \"The Manifold Effects of Partisan Media on Viewers' Beliefs and Attitudes: A Field Experiment with Fox News Viewers.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2008. \"Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.\" United States Department of Labor. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cew."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.02.006"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassino, Dan. 2016. Fox News and American Politics: How One Channel Shapes American Politics and Society. New York: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315707488"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381614000425"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.3.82"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/686308"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1187"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiMaggio, Anthony. 2019. \"Slanting the News: Media Bias and Its Effects.\" In News on the Right: Studying Conservative News Cultures, edited by Anthony Nadler and A.J. Bauer, 190-212. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190913540.003.0011"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190480"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190480"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.3.159"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150958"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.02.001"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.3253"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2011.02479.x"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.1.399"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.03.040"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.06.003"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy028"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.3.931"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.7.2980"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9607"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00012099"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Leip, Dave. 2016. \"Dave Leip US Presidential General County Election Results.\" https:\/\/doi. org\/10.7910\/DVN\/SUCQ52."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"LexisNexis. 2008. \"TV and Radio News Transcript.\" https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.com\/ap\/academic\/form_ news_tv.asp."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160812"},{"key":"p_36","author":"Martin Gregory J","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Economic Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E113143V1."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Mastrorocco, Nicola, and Arianna Ornaghi. 2021. \"Who Watches the Watchmen? Local News and Police Behavior in the United States.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2008a. \"Common Core of Data Public Elementary\/ Secondary School Universe Survey Data.\" https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ccd\/pubschuniv.asp."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2008b. Private School Survey. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/ surveys\/pss\/tableswhi.asp."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Nielsen Media. 2008. Nielsen Local TV View Ratings (accessed July 2018)."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Nielsen Media. 2016. Nielsen Focus Cable Channel Lineups."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peck, Reece. 2019. Fox Populism: Branding Conservatism as Working Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108634410"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JEEA.2008.6.5.1037"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Pierson, Kawika, Michael L. Hand, and Fred Thompson. 2016. \"The Government Finance Database.\" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/LMS8NT."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X221106418"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20350-0"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2015.03.009"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652903"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839560"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080213-041101"},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Texas Secretary of State. 2008. \"Election History.\" https:\/\/elections.sos.state.tx.us\/index.htm."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2000. \"Cartographic Boundary Shape les.\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geographies\/ mapping-files\/2000\/geo\/carto-boundary-file.html."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2007. \"County Business Patterns.\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/ cbp\/data\/datasets.html."},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2008. \"Annual Survey of Public Employment and Payroll United States Department of Labor.\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/apes.html."},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Wesleyan University. 2008. \"Wesleyan Media Project.\" https:\/\/mediaproject.wesleyan.edu\/."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widmer, Philine, Sergio Galletta, and Elliott Ash. 2020. \"Media Slant Is Contagious.\" Center for Law and Economics Working Paper Series 14\/2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3712218"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/app.20210501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T12:56:16Z","timestamp":1695905776000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/app.20210501"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/app.20210501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20210501","ISSN":["1945-7782","1945-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7782","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7790","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:55:12Z","timestamp":1780502112595,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In many emerging democracies women are less likely to vote than men and, when they do vote, are likely to follow the wishes of male household and clan heads. We assess the impact of a voter awareness campaign on female turnout, candidate choice and party vote shares. Geographic clusters within villages were randomly assigned to treatment or control, and within treated clusters, some households were not targeted. Compared to women in control clusters, both targeted and untargeted women in treated clusters are 11 percentage points more likely to vote, and are also more likely to exercise independence in candidate choice, indicating large spillovers. Data from polling stations suggests that treating 10 women increased female turnout by about seven votes, resulting in a cost per vote of US$3.1. Finally, a 10 percent increase in the share of treated women at the polling station led to a 7 percent decrease in the share of votes of the winning party. 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The direction and size of the effect depend on the combination of vehicles in the fleet. I provide empirical estimates of vehicle safety across classes, accounting for unobserved driving behavior and selection. I apply the model to the present structure of US fuel economy standards, accounting for shifts in the composition of vehicle ownership, and estimate an adverse safety effect of 33 cents per gallon of gasoline saved. I show how two alternative regulatory provisions fully offset this effect, producing a nearzero change in accident fatalities. 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Using 2000 census microdata, we relate the English proficiency, marriage, fertility, and residential location variables of immigrants to their age at the time of arrival in the United States, and, in particular, whether that age fell within the \u201ccritical period\u201d of language acquisition. We interpret the differences between younger and older arrivers as effects of English language skills and construct an instrumental variable for English language skills. Two-stage-least-squares estimates suggest English proficiency increases the likelihood of divorce and intermarriage. It decreases fertility and, for some, ethnic enclave residence. 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We use data from parents of almost 22,000 participants in admission lotteries to medical school in the Netherlands. Our findings indicate that informal access to medical expertise and services is not an important cause of differences in health care use and mortality. (JEL H51, I11, I12, I14, I18) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20190629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T12:31:04Z","timestamp":1656419464000},"page":"164-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Do Doctors Improve the Health Care of Their Parents? 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Using a city-specific CPI, I find that real wage differences between college and high school graduates have grown significantly less than nominal differences. Changes in the geographical location of different skill groups are to a significant degree driven by city-specific shifts in relative demand. I conclude that the increase in utility differences between skilled and unskilled workers since 1980 is smaller than previously thought based on nominal wage differences. 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Our analysis of 551,000 nursing home stays yields three main insights. First, due to limited cost-sharing, Medicaid-covered residents prolong their nursing home stays instead of transitioning to community-based care. Second, when facility capacity binds, nursing homes shorten Medicaid stays to admit more profitable out-of-pocket private payers. Third, providers react more elastically to financial incentives than patients. Thus, targeting provider incentives through alternative payment models, such as episode-based reimbursement, is more effective than increasing patient cost sharing in facilitating transitions to community-based care and generating long-term care savings. 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Our identification strategy relies on the widely held perception in the United Kingdom that South Asian households store gold jewelry at home. Price movements on the international market for gold exogenously affect the expected gains from burgling these households. Using a neighborhood-level panel on crime and difference-in-differences, we find that burglaries in South Asian neighborhoods are more sensitive to variations in the gold price than other neighborhoods in the same municipality. We conduct various tests on neighborhood and individual data to eliminate alternative explanations. 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Greater Manchester Police: An Inspection of the Service Provided to Victims of Crime by Greater Manchester Police. Birmingham, UK: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500302"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0700700207"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/44.1.55"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uead089"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvz014"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Lawrence, Colin. 2003. Why Is Gold Different from Other Assets? An Empirical Investigation. London, UK: World Gold Council."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Levin, Eric J., and Robert E. Wright. 2006. Short-Run and Long-Run Determinants of the Price of Gold. London, UK: World Gold Council."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"London Bullion Metals Authority. 2020. \"Precious Metal Prices.\" London Bullion Metals Authority. https:\/\/www.lbma.org.uk\/prices-and-data\/precious-metal-prices#\/ (accessed November 20, 2020)."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2012.748175"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.05.003"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdaa009"},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"1","author":"McMillen Daniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics 110 (C)"},{"key":"p_36","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2011. \"Census of 2011, Key Statistics and Quick Statistics.\" Of ce for National Statistics. www.nomisweb.co.uk (accessed April 5, 2023)."},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2023a. \"CPI Index 00: All Items 2015=100.\" Of ce for National Statistics. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/economy\/inflationandpriceindices\/timeseries\/d7bt\/mm23 (accessed April 7, 2023)."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2023b. \"Model-based Estimates of Unemployment.\" Of ce for National Statistics. www.nomisweb.co.uk (accessed April 6, 2023)."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Ordnance Survey. 2023. \"OS Open Roads.\" Ordnance Survey. https:\/\/www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk\/ products\/os-open-roads (accessed January 18, 2023)."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Picard, Robert. 2010. \"geodist: Stata module to compute geographical distances.\" Statistical Software Components S457147, Boston College Department of Economics, revised June 24, 2019."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Saner, Emine. 2012. \"The Great Asian Gold Theft Crisis.\" Guardian, January 31. https:\/\/www. theguardian.com\/uk\/2012\/jan\/31\/gold-theft-asian-families."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/41.1.101"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/1555-5879.1591"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-019-09431-y"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00889"},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"World Bank. 2023. \"Commodity Markets Monthly Prices.\" World Bank. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/ en\/research\/commodity-markets (accessed April 11, 2023)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/app.20220585","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T12:56:57Z","timestamp":1727355417000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/app.20220585"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/app.20220585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20220585","ISSN":["1945-7782","1945-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7782","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7790","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T17:20:54Z","timestamp":1775496054142,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The gender gap in STEM widens during high school due both to differences in student choices and institutional barriers to accessing STEM education. Using rich data from Mexico City's centralized assignment system and a structural model of high school choice, we document strong demand for elite STEM programs and relatively weak demand for non-elite STEM programs. Decomposition and counterfactual simulations demonstrate that most of the gap is due to gendered choices, with males more strongly preferring STEM. Test-based assignment restricts elite STEM access for females, who have lower placement test scores despite similar low-stakes exam scores. 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Shorrer. 2021. \"The College Portfolio Problem.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Arenas, Andreu, and Caterina Calsamiglia. 2022. \"Gender Differences in High-Stakes Performance and College Admission Policies.\" IZA Discussion Paper 15550."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Artemov, Georgy, Yeon-Koo Che, and Yinghua He. 2021. \"Strategic Mistakes: Implications for Market Design Research.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2019.03.005"},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Avitabile, Ciro, Matteo Bobba, and Marco Pariguana. 2017. \"High School Track Choice and Liquidity Constraints: Evidence from Urban Mexico.\" IZA Discussion Paper 10506."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastarrica, Mar\u00eda Cecilia, Nancy Hitschfeld, Ma\u00edra Marques Samary, and Jocelyn Simmonds. 2018. \"Af rmative Action for Attracting Women to STEM in Chile.\" In 2018 IEEE\/ACM 1st International Workshop on Gender Equality in Software Engineering, 45-48. 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Mexico City, Mexico: COMIPEMS."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00220"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.448"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuberes, David, Florencia Saravia, and Marc Teignier. 2022. \"Gender Gaps in STEM Occupations in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico.\" UB Economics Working Paper E22\/432.","DOI":"10.18235\/0004578"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01529.x"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Carpio, Lucia, and Thomas Fujiwara. 2023. \"Do Gender-Neutral Job Ads Promote Diversity? 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I examine whether variation in people's emotions over time predicts changes in risk attitudes. Using a large-panel dataset, I identify happiness, anger, and fear as significant correlates of within-person changes in risk attitudes. Robustness checks indicate a limited role for alternative explanations. An event study around the death of a parent or child further confirms a large relationship between emotions and risk attitudes. 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This paper provides causal evidence of how increasing constraints on the executive\u2014via removal of presidential discretion in judicial appointments\u2014promotes the rule of law. The age structure of judges at the time of the reform and the mandatory retirement age law provide us with an exogenous source of variation in the termination of presidential discretion in judicial appointments. Overall, the results indicate that presidential appointment of judges deteriorates the rule of law. Even one degree of separation between the judiciary and the president matters. 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Development Effects of Rural Electri cation, Energy Institute at Haas.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carleton, Tamma, and Michael Greenstone. 2021. \"Updating the United States Government's Social Cost of Carbon.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3764255"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carleton, Tamma A., and Solomon M. Hsiang. 2016. \"Social and Economic Impacts of Climate.\" Science 353 (6304).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9837"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carleton, Tamma A., Amir Jina, Michael Delgado, Michael Greenstone, Trevor Houser, Solomon M. 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A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change. Durham, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2021.102507"},{"key":"p_57","unstructured":"Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, Electricity Supply-Demand Verification Subcommittee. 2008-2021. http:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/electricity_supply\/ (accessed 2020)."},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2015.05.014"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00354"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2008.00032.x"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20110309"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.05.011"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"WHO. 2009. Protecting Health from Climate Change: Global Research Priorities. 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We study how the loss of hospital-based obstetric units in over 400 counties affects maternal and infant health via a difference-in-differences design. We find that closures lead mothers to experience a significant change in birth procedures such as inductions and C-sections. In contrast to concerns voiced in the public discourse, the effects on a range of maternal and infant health outcomes are negligible or slightly beneficial. While women travel farther to receive care, closures induce women to receive higher quality care. 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Zephyrin. 2019. \"The Rural Maternity Care Crisis.\" Commonwealth Fund, August 15. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/blog\/2019\/rural-maternitycare-crisis."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0976"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01455.x"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160319"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 1989-1991, 1996-2017. \"Data File Documentations, Cohort Linked Births\/Infant Deaths Files.\" National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland (accessed July 1, 2019)."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 1989-2019a. \"Data File Documentations, Natality Files.\" National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 1989-2019b. \"Data File Documentations, Detailed Mortality Files.\" National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 2013. \"NCHS Urban-Rural Classi cation Scheme for Counties.\" https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data_access\/urban_rural.htm."},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Olenski, Andrew. 2022. \"Reallocation and the (In)ef ciency of Exit in the US Nursing Home Industry.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa065029"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"Regional Economic Information System. 1969-2019. \"Regional Economic Accounts.\" https:\/\/www. bea.gov\/data\/economic-accounts\/regional (accessed July 1, 2019)."},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabety, Adrienne. 2022. \"The Value of Relationships in Health Care.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4191234"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001331"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2581"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, Jonathan. 2011. \"Causes and Consequences of Regional Variations in Health Care.\" In Handbook of Health Economics, Vol. 2, edited by Mark V. 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I estimate willingness to pay for a rich set of compensation elements and working conditions. Highly effective teachers usually have the same preferences as their peers, but they have stronger preferences for performance pay. I use the preference estimates to investigate the optimal compensation structure for three key objectives: maximizing teacher utility, maximizing teacher retention, and maximizing student achievement. Under each objective, schools underutilize salary and performance pay while overutilizing retirement benefits. Restructuring compensation can significantly improve both teacher welfare and student achievement. (JEL H75, I21, J31, J32, J45, J81) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20210763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T12:33:47Z","timestamp":1750941227000},"page":"310-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preferences, Selection, and the Structure of Teacher Pay"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Merced (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Aldine Independent School District. 2016-2020. Confidential Administrative Staffing Records: Retention, Evaluations, Assignments and Demographics. Houston, TX: Aldine ISD District Of ces. Unpublished data (accessed October 10, 2020)."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Altonji, Joseph G., and Richard K. Mansfield. 2011. \"The Role of Family, School, and Community Characteristics in Inequality in Education and Labor Market Outcomes.\" In Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, 339-358. Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(75)90042-1"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946659"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146122"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballou, Dale, and Michael John Podgursky. 1997. Teacher Pay and Teacher Quality. W.E. Upjohn Institute.","DOI":"10.17848\/9780585282961"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Barnes, Gary, Edward Crowe, and Benjamin Schaefer. 2007. The Cost of Teacher Turnover in Five School Districts: A Pilot Study. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, Jason E. 2020. \"Union Reform, Performance Pay, and New Teacher Supply: Evidence from Wisconsin's Act 10.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3317540"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Barro, Robert J. 2001. \"Education and Economic Growth.\" In The Contribution of Human and Social Capital to Sustained Economic Growth and Well-being, edited by John F. Helliwell, 13-41. OECD."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, Michael D., Michael Dinerstein, Andrew C. Johnston, and Isaac Sorkin. 2022. \"Teacher Labor Market Equilibrium and Student Achievement.\" NBER Working Paper 29728.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4114596"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, Michael Carlos, James Cloyne, Ethan Ilzetzki, and Henrik Kleven. 2018. \"Estimating the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution Using Mortgage Notches.\" NBER Working Paper 24948.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24948"},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Biasi, Barbara. 2019. \"Higher Salaries or Higher Pensions? 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I find that the cross-center standard deviation of cognitive effects is 0.18 test score standard deviations, which is larger than typical estimates of variation in teacher or school effectiveness. Centers offering full-day service and home visiting are more effective, while centers that draw more children from center-based preschool have smaller effects. Other key inputs, including the High\/Scope curriculum, teacher education, and class size are not correlated with Head Start effectiveness. 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The increased time served did not harm post-release health and actually reduced mortality risk. We find especially large decreases in mortality for offenders not previously incarcerated, younger offenders, and those more attached to the labor market. Risk of suicide and circulatory death fell for inmates with mental health problems and older inmates, respectively. In-prison health care utilization and program participation increased with time served, suggesting health care treatment and services as the key mechanism for mortality declines. 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We use plausibly exogenous variation created by the NFSA to estimate the effect of food transfers on child nutrition. Using individual panel data across eight states in India over five years, we find that increased transfers significantly reduced stunting. The food transfers increased wage incomes and improved dietary diversity. Our results suggest that, in the states we study, the NFSA prevented approximately 1.8 million children from being stunted (JEL I12, I18, I38, J13, O12) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20220505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T12:33:47Z","timestamp":1750941227000},"page":"161-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Food Transfers and Child Nutrition: Evidence from India's Public Distribution System<sup>\u2020<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aditya","family":"Shrinivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Baylis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Santa Barbara (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Crost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Akhter U., John Hoddinott, and Shalini Roy. 2019. \"Food Transfers, Cash Transfers, Behavior Change Communication and Child Nutrition: Evidence from Bangladesh.\" International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper 1868.","DOI":"10.2499\/p15738coll2.133420"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akseer, Nadia, Hana Tasic, Michael Nnachebe Onah, Jannah Wigle, Ramraj Rajakumar, Diana Sanchez-Hernandez, Jonathan Akuoku, etal 2022. \"Economic Costs of Childhood Stunting to the Private Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.\" eClinicalMedicine 45: 101320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101320"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpl008"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2579"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2023.102797"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx003"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/lkx002"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41055-016-0001-1"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261469"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2005.00747.x"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32417-0"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191726"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905228116"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"CSO. 2014. \"Consumer Price Index.\" Central Statistics Of ce, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy018"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currie, Janet, and Douglas Almond. 2011. \"Chapter 15 - Human Capital Development before Age Five.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1315-486. 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Using newly constructed data on the locations and characteristics of over 1,000 wind farms in India, we estimate that at least 52 percent of approved carbon offsets were allocated to projects that would very likely have been built anyway. 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Levitt, and John A. List. 2015. \"Parental Incentives and Early Childhood Achievement: A Field Experiment in Chicago Heights.\" NBER Working Paper 21477.","DOI":"10.3386\/w21477"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Goldammer, Christian. 2012.\"Racial Gaps in Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills: The Asian Exception.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gresham, Frank M., and Stephen N. Elliott. 1990. Social Skills Rating System Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.","DOI":"10.1037\/t10269-000"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2008.00163.x"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2012.05.014"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2052"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.2.145"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Jencks, Christopher, and Meredith Phillips. 1998. \"The Black-White Test Score Gap: An Introduction.\" In The Black-White Test Score Gap, edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, 1-51. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Kautz, Tim, James J. Heckman, Ron Diris, Bas ter Weel, and Lex Borghans. 2017. \"Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success.\" NBER Working Paper 20749."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Kautz, Tim, Wladimir Zanoni, and Chapin Hall. 2015. \"Using School Administrative Data to Measure Non-Cognitive Skills\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Lundberg, Shelly. 2017. \"Chapter 6-Noncognitive Skills as Human Capital.\" In Education, Skills, and Technical Change-Implications for Future US GDP Growth, edited by Charles R. Hulten and Valerie A. Ramey, 219-250. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Magnuson, Katherine, and Jane Waldfogel, eds. 2008. Steady Gains and Stalled Progress: Inequality and the Black-White Test Score Gap. Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"2002","author":"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), US Department of Education.","year":"2002","journal-title":"NCES Working Paper"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0692(06)01009-9"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00012"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2456"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022106297299"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12025"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2008.0011"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373715597298"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/app.20180732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T11:47:59Z","timestamp":1618746479000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/app.20180732"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/app.20180732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20180732","ISSN":["1945-7782","1945-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7782","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7790","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:53:37Z","timestamp":1780494817860,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The climate economy literature has documented adverse effects of extreme temperatures on well-being through mechanisms such as mortality, productivity, and conflict. Impacts due simply to discomfort are less well understood. This paper investigates individuals' valuations of weather using a revealed preference approach. We first quantify the decline in attendance at Major League Baseball games on hot and cold days. Leveraging this finding coupled with the historically informed assumption of a horizontal supply curve, we infer a monetized estimate of the disutility of extreme temperatures. We estimate a $1.53 utility loss per hour of exposure to high temperatures, implying nontrivial aggregate welfare effects. (JEL D12, I31, L83, Q54, Z21) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20220606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T12:56:12Z","timestamp":1735649772000},"page":"126-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Willingness to Pay for a Cooler Day: Evidence from 50 Years of Major League Baseball Games"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kuruc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin, University of Oklahoma (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"LoPalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montana State University (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Housing Finance Agency (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00886"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_2","first-page":"79","volume":"2","author":"Ahn Seung C","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Finance"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684573"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"ATUS. 2003-2018. \"American Time Use Survey.\" https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/tus\/data.htm (accessed May 8, 2019)."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_5","first-page":"109","volume":"3","author":"Bahill A. Terry","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312030121"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2011.07.004"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684582"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104161"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_10","first-page":"142","volume":"15","author":"Budish Eric","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microeonomics"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15725"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Castrovince, Anthony. 2023. \"Pitch Timer, Shift Restrictions among Announced Rule Changes for '23.\" MLB, February 1. https:\/\/www.mlb.com\/news\/mlb-2023-rule-changes-pitch-timer-largerbases-shifts."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-020-00420-5"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-021-00624-3"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522067"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002519867367"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.52.3.740"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013497"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.4.659"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131002"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002515580927"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2011.04.002"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feddersen, John, Robert Metcalfe, and Mark Wooden. 2012. \"Subjective Well-Being: Weather Matters; Climate Doesn't.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2182862"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Florio, John, and Ouisie Shapiro. 2016. \"How Will Rising Temperatures Change Baseball?\" Atlantic, October 4. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2016\/10\/how-will-rising-temperatureschange-to-baseball\/502778\/."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.1108"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.1109"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"GAO. 2018. Event Ticket Sales: Market Characteristics and Consumer Protection Issues. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Of ce."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002519885427"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671766"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Greenstone, Michael, Faraz Hayat, and Michael Galperin. 2019. \"Technical Support Document: The Marathon, the Climate, and Your Race against Time.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-017-0166-z"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009510107"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/705554"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Jones, Bryan, and Brian O'Neill. 2020-2090. \"Global One-Eighth Degree Population Base Year and Projection Grids Based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Revision 01.\" https:\/\/doi. org\/10.7927\/m30p-j498 (accessed June 15, 2022)."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-13-00002.1"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002505275093"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Kuruc, Kevin, Melissa LoPalo, and Sean O'Connor. 2025. Data and code for \"The Willingness to Pay for a Cooler Day: Evidence from 50 Years of Major League Baseball Games.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E192427V1."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Lawrence, Jesse. 2014. \"Here's How Major League Baseball Teams are Fighting the Secondary Ticket Market.\" Forbes, March 14. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jesselawrence\/2014\/03\/14\/major-leaguebaseball-teams-are-combatting-the-secondary-market-by-selling-less-tickets\/?sh=40d8ff88e999."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt033"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Lindholm, Scott. 2014. \"Hitting and Temperature.\" Beyond the Box Score, March 27. https:\/\/www. beyondtheboxscore.com\/2014\/3\/27\/5546952\/hitting-temperature-baseball."},{"key":"p_42","author":"McCormick Bret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Business Journal"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2009.0018"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"NEX-GDDP-CMIP6. 2080-2090. \"NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections.\" https:\/\/www.nccs.nasa.gov\/services\/data-collections\/land-based-products\/nex-gddp-cmip6 (accessed July 30, 2022)."},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"NOAA. 1950-2019. \"Global Hourly - Integrated Surface Database (ISD).\" https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/ products\/land-based-station\/integrated-surface-database (accessed July11, 2023)."},{"key":"p_46","unstructured":"NOAA. 2023. \"Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters.\" https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/access\/ billions\/."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/250063"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20180612"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_49","first-page":"152","volume":"22","author":"Paul Rodney J","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport Marketing Quarterly"},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"PRISM Climate Group. 2021. \"PRISM Gridded Climate Data.\" https:\/\/prism.oregonstate.edu (accessed July 7, 2023)."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Retrosheet. 1950-2000. \"Game Logs (Various).\" retrosheet.org (accessed July12, 2023)."},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"Roodman, David. 2021. \"BOOTTEST: Stata Module to Provide Fast Execution of the Wild Bootstrap with Null Imposed.\" (accessed June 28, 2023)."},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"Schlenker, Wolfram. 1950-2019. \"Daily Weather Data for Contiguous United States.\" http:\/\/www. columbia.edu\/~ws2162\/links.html (accessed March 15, 2020)."},{"key":"p_54","unstructured":"SeatGeek. 2021. \"The SeatGeek Platform.\" https:\/\/platform.SeatGeek.com\/ (accessed April 28, 2021-October 11, 2021)."},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Shaikin, Bill. 2005. \"Attendance Figures That Count Tickets Sold, Not Turnstile Clicks, Make It Hard for Fans to Reconcile What They Hear with the Empty Seats They See.\" Los Angeles Times, August 23. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/la-sp-attendance-082305-story.html."},{"key":"p_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.08.005"},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669254"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.11.001"}],"container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/app.20220606","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T13:01:08Z","timestamp":1735650068000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/app.20220606"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/app.20220606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20220606","ISSN":["1945-7782","1945-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7782","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7790","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:07:01Z","timestamp":1778814421173,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We report the results of a field experiment that randomly placed unemployed young people as apprentices with small firms in Ghana and included no cash subsidy to firms (or workers) beyond in-kind recruitment services. Treated firms experienced increases in firm size of approximately half a worker and firm profits of approximately 10 percent for each apprentice placement offered, documenting frictions to novice hiring. We interpret the program as providing a novel worker screening technology to firms, as (voluntary) worker participation included nonmonetary application costs, echoing the widespread use of an entrance fee mechanism for hiring apprentices in the existing labor market. (JEL D22, J13, J23, L25, M51, M53, O14) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T12:11:33Z","timestamp":1680091893000},"page":"253-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Are Small Firms Labor Constrained? Experimental Evidence from Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Morgan","family":"Hardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi ()"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"McCasland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia ()"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Abebe, Girum, Stefano Caria, Marcel Fafchamps, Paolo Falco, Simon Franklin, and Simon Quinn. 2018. \"Anonymity or Distance? 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This paper tests whether consumers use HSAs as self-insurance over the life cycle. Using administrative data from a large employer and a regression discontinuity design, I estimate the marginal propensity to consume from HSA assets is 0.85 and reject the neoclassical benchmark of 0. Comparisons with 401(k) saving show most employees do not treat HSA money as fungible with retirement savings. In this setting, HSAs did not reduce health spending and instead increased the share that was financed tax-free. (JEL D15, D82, G22, G51, I13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T12:32:00Z","timestamp":1648643520000},"page":"200-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Health Insurance Design Meets Saving Incentives: Consumer Responses to Complex Contracts"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Leive","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Aaron, Henry, Patrick Healy, and Surachai Khitatrakun. 2008. \"What's in a Name? Are Health Savings Accounts Really Health Savings Accounts?\" In Using Taxes to Reform Health Insurance, edited by Henry J. Aaron and Leonard E. Burman, 92-118. 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