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In the context of a canonical unit good certification setup, these dimensions act as perfect substitutes for achieving trade efficiency and (monotone) distributions of rents; adjustments in the disclosure dimension can fully mitigate restrictions in the fee dimension, but these changes do affect market transparency. 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Revealing Quality through Private-Sector Certi cation.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12033","volume":"44","author":"Farhi Emmanuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"RAND Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2009.00063.x","volume":"40","author":"Faure-Grimaud Antoine","year":"2009","journal-title":"RAND Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20110077"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hht072","volume":"27","author":"Fulghieri Paolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20130078"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Kartik, Navin, and Weijie Zhong. 2023. \"Lemonade from Lemons: Information Design and Adverse Selection.\" arXiv: 2305.02994."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1086\/721618","volume":"131","author":"Kattwinkel Deniz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Kovbasyuk, Sergey. 2018. \"Seller-Paid Ratings.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2307\/2556078","volume":"30","author":"Lizzeri Alessandro","year":"1999","journal-title":"RAND Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2018.05.005","volume":"108","author":"Loerke Petra","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2009.04.004","volume":"56","author":"Mathis J\u00e9r\u00f4me","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Monetary Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2012.10.011","volume":"108","author":"Opp Christian C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2013.11.003","volume":"11","author":"Ozerturk Saltuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Finance Research Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_26","first-page":"1099","volume":"20","author":"Peyrache Elo\u00efc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Economics and Management Strategy"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2016.08.005","volume":"89","author":"Pollrich Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190185"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160145"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2009.04.006","volume":"56","author":"Skreta Vasiliki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Monetary Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_31","first-page":"1842","volume":"84","author":"Stahl Konrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2004.09.002","volume":"23","author":"Strausz Roland","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Vellodi, Nikhil. 2021. \"Ratings Design and Barriers to Entry.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/3003627","volume":"9","author":"Viscusi W. 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In this paper, we introduce a self-interested sender into the model and study her problem of designing this information structure. If agents cannot observe each other, the model reduces to Bayesian persuasion. However, when agents observe predecessors\u2019 actions, they may learn from them, potentially harming the sender. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions under which the sender can nevertheless obtain the same utility as when the agents are unable to observe each other. 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Drugs approved before these informal deadlines are associated with significantly more adverse effects, including more hospitalizations, life-threatening incidents, and deaths\u2014particularly, drugs most rushed through the approval process. These patterns are consistent with a model in which regulators rush to meet internal production benchmarks associated with salient calendar periods: this \u201c desk-clearing\u201d behavior results in more lax review, leading both to increased output and increased safety issues at particular\u2014and predictable\u2014periodicities over the year. 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Gurun, and Danielle Li. 2021. \"Internal Deadlines, Drug Approvals, and Safety Problems: Dataset.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E120110."},{"issue":"26","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402114","volume":"370","author":"Darrow Jonathan J","year":"2014","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhle1710706","volume":"377","author":"Darrow Jonathan J","year":"2017","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(02)00126-1","volume":"22","author":"DiMasi Joseph A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_15","first-page":"1097","volume":"96","author":"Gelbach Jonah B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Texas Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2018.12.009","volume":"211","author":"Isakov Leah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4633","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4633","volume":"351","author":"Kesselheim Aaron S","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger, Joshua L., Danielle Li, and Dimitris Papanikolaou. 2018. \"Missing Novelty in Drug Development.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 24595.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24595"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1162\/003355397555253","volume":"112","author":"Laibson David","year":"1997","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/673371","volume":"32","author":"Larkin Ian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131296"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc086158","volume":"359","author":"Nardinelli Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.1.103"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1162\/003355399556142","volume":"114","author":"O'Donoghue Ted","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555559","volume":"113","author":"Oyer Paul","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2307\/2296547","volume":"35","author":"Phelps E. 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To separate such influence motives from social pressure, we study participants\u2019 willingness to register for a COVID-19 vaccination in a field experiment in Germany. We vary whether participants\u2019 registration decisions are shared with a peer, to activate social pressure, and whether peers are informed before their own decision, to isolate influence motives. We find that influence motives double participants\u2019 registration likelihood, an effect driven by individuals with ex ante trust in the vaccine. Despite anticipating to influence their peers, participants cannot alter peer behavior in the experiment. (JEL C93, D12, D82, D91, I12, I18)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20220163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T11:56:03Z","timestamp":1685447763000},"page":"275-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence Motives in Social Signaling: Evidence from COVID-19 Vaccinations in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Emilio","family":"Esguerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (LMU Munich) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonhard","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (LMU Munich) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (LMU Munich) (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alatas, Vivi, Arun Chandrasekhar, Markus Mobius, Benjamin Olken, and Cindy Paladines. 2022. \"Designing Effective Celebrity Messaging: Results from a Nationwide Twitter Experiment Promoting Vaccination in Indonesia.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uead102"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdac011","volume":"90","author":"Miano Armando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1086\/261662","volume":"97","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"7","key":"p_5","first-page":"1605","volume":"88","author":"Petrie Ragan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00355-011-0626-2","volume":"40","author":"Villeval Marie-Claire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Choice and Welfare"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c2220","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2220","volume":"340","author":"Vinayak Abhijit","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7914","key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04805-y","volume":"606","author":"Bauer Michal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Bayerisches Landesamt f\u00fcr Statistik. 2019. \"Demographie-Spiegel f\u00fcr Bayerische Gemeinden bis zum Jahr 2037 Ver\u00f6ffentlicht.\" https:\/\/www.e-statistik.eu\/presse\/mitteilungen\/2019\/pm181\/index.html (accessed July 25, 2022)."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Bayerisches Landesamt f\u00fcr Statistik. 2022. \"Arbeitslose (Jahresdurchschnitt): Gemeinden, Ausgew\u00e4hlte Personengruppen, Jahr (code: 13211-004r).\" Die Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes f\u00fcr Statistik. https:\/\/www.statistikdaten.bayern.de\/genesis\/\/online?operation=statistic&cod e=13211#abreadcrumb (accessed August 16, 2022)."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1652"},{"issue":"10232","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30729-7","volume":"395","author":"Wieler Lothar H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100618760521","volume":"18","author":"Noel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180975"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv021","volume":"130","author":"Jensen Robert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-063016-103625","volume":"9","author":"Jensen Robert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz002","volume":"134","author":"Yang David Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"7","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2225","volume":"62","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.3.481","volume":"73","author":"Robert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"COSMO. 2021. \"COSMO - 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We propose a method to overcome this challenge and apply it to study the effects of ownership liberalization in Chinese nonferrous metal industries. We find that private firms have much higher labor-augmenting productivity levels than state-owned enterprises (SOEs). However, we also find that private firms exert higher monopsony power over their workers than SOEs, although this only holds for domestically owned firms. This suggests that privatization policies imply a trade-off between increased productivity and monopsony power. 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The action that he takes is an estimated function of the agent\u2019s report. The estimation procedure involves model selection. We ask the following question: Is truth-telling optimal for the agent given the statistician\u2019s procedure? We analyze this question in the context of a simple example that highlights the role of model selection. We suggest that our simple exercise may have implications for the broader issue of human interaction with machine learning algorithms. 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In the United States, airborne lead dropped sharply near affected plants, most of which were battery-recycling plants. Exports of used batteries to Mexico rose markedly. In Mexico, production increased at battery-recycling plants relative to comparable industries, and birth outcomes deteriorated within two miles of those plants relative to areas slightly farther away. The case provides a salient example of a pollution-haven effect between a developed and a developing country. 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Moreover, automation\u2019s introduction increased online searches for face masks and air filters, which are strong predictors of purchases. Overall, our findings suggest that the biased and imperfect information prior to automation led to suboptimal investments in defensive measures, plausibly imposing meaningful welfare costs. (JEL D82, O13, P28, Q53, Q55, Q58) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T13:29:18Z","timestamp":1645795758000},"page":"54-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Can Technology Solve the Principal-Agent Problem? 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The simplest set tuition to zero for everyone. More targeted approaches limit free tuition to those who demonstrate need through an application process. We experimentally test the effects of these two models on the schooling decisions of low-income students. An unconditional free tuition offer from a large public university substantially increases application and enrollment rates. A free tuition offer contingent on proof of need has a much smaller effect on application and none on enrollment. These results are consistent with students placing a high value on financial certainty when making schooling decisions. 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Kane. 2004. \"Student Perceptions of College Opportunities: The Boston COACH Program.\" In College Choices: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay for It, edited by Caroline Hoxby, 355-394. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226355375.003.0009"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22131","volume":"38","author":"Bergman Peter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjs017","volume":"127","author":"Bettinger Eric P","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burland, Elizabeth, Susan Dynarski, Katherine Michelmore, Stephanie Owen, and Shwetha Raghuraman. 2023. \"Replication data for: The Power of Certainty: Experimental Evidence on the Effective Design of Free Tuition Programs.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E177842V1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29864"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1086\/686643","volume":"34","author":"Castleman Benjamin L","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.4.251"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Currie, Janet. 2006. \"The Take-Up of Social Bene ts.\" In Public Policy and the Income Distribution, edited by Alan J. 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Last accessed June 28, 2022."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"University of Michigan Office of Financial Aid. 2022. \"University of Michigan Financial Aid Data (2016-2020)\" [dataset]. Michigan Education Data Center [distributor]. Last accessed June 28, 2022."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: 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Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We study a simple variant of the house allocation problem (one-sided matching). We demonstrate that agents with recursive preferences may systematically prefer one allocation mechanism to the other, even among mechanisms that are considered to be the same in standard models, in the sense that they induce the same probability distribution over successful matchings. Using this, we propose a new priority groups mechanism and provide conditions under which it is preferred to two popular mechanisms, random top cycle and random serial dictatorship. 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In a stylized optimal control setting calibrated to the United States, we show that the disease is endemic in steady state and that its dynamics are characterized by damped oscillations. The magnitude of the oscillations depends on how fast immunity wanes. The optimal social distancing policy both curbs peak prevalence and postpones the infection waves relative to the uncontrolled dynamics. Last, we perform sensitivity analysis with respect to the duration of immunity, the infection fatality rate, and the planning horizon. 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Data and Code for: \"Dynamic Spending Responses to Wealth Shocks: Evidence from Quasi Lotteries on the Stock Market.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E196641V1."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160137"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auclert, Adrien, Matthew Rognlie, and Ludwig Straub. 2020. \"Micro Jumps, Macro Humps: Monetary Policy and Business Cycles in an Estimated HANK Model.\" NBER Working Paper 26647.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26647"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/698106"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhac010"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Bureau van Dijk. 2018. ISIN-Firm Linkages. Brussels, Belgium: Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing. 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Specifically, in the context of a random growth model of wealth accumulation, the shape of the top of the wealth distribution changes rapidly only if the pace with which new fortunes are created is fast. Quantitatively, the decision of a few families to bear a large amount of idiosyncratic risk in the form of family firms is crucial in accounting for both the prevalence of new fortunes and the dynamics of top wealth inequality. 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Using administrative data on African refugees who applied for Swiss asylum between 2008 and 2017, I compare French-speaking refugees assigned to the French-speaking region to French-speaking refugees assigned to the German-speaking region and adjust for common regional differences with outcomes from English-speaking African refugees. The results suggest that language proficiency more than doubles the employment level in the first five years after arrival. 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We show that this pattern of propagation arises when uncertainty is about future, rather than current, fundamentals and if the expected duration of uncertainty is sufficiently long. We reach this conclusion within the confines of a heterogeneous firms model featuring news uncertainty rather than conventional uncertainty shocks. In the quantitative analysis, uncertainty is informed by firm-level probability distributions on the expected effect of Brexit on sales. 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Quarterly Data.\" Special Questions. https:\/\/decisionmakerpanel.co.uk\/data\/ (accessed August 2018)."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Faccini, Renato, and Edoardo Palombo. 2021. \"Replication Data for: News Uncertainty in Brexit United Kingdom.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E119681V3."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz021","volume":"134","author":"Tarek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"HM Government. 2018. \"EU Exit: Long Term Economic Analysis.\" https:\/\/assets.publishing.service. gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/760484\/28_November_EU_ Exit_-_Long-term_economic_analysis__1_.pdf."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"HM Treasury. 2016. \"HM Treasury Analysis: The Immediate Economic Impact of Leaving the EU.\" https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/ file\/524967\/hm_treasury_analysis_the_immediate_economic_impact_of_leaving_the_eu_web. pdf."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F4","DOI":"10.1177\/002795011925000103","volume":"250","author":"Young Garry","year":"2019","journal-title":"National Institute Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2008.00837.x","volume":"76","author":"Thomas Julia K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2016. \"National Accounts.\" Capital Consumption (N3AB). https:\/\/cy.ons.gov.uk\/economy\/nationalaccounts\/uksectoraccounts\/timeseries\/n3ab\/capstk (accessed October 2018)."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2018. \"Labour Force Survey.\" Average Actual Weekly Hours for Full-Time Employed Workers (YBUY). https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/employmentandlabourmarket\/ peopleinwork\/ earningsandworkinghours\/timeseries\/ybuy\/lms (accessed October 2018)."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2008.05.002","volume":"11","author":"Rogerson Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Review of Economic Dynamics"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"World Bank Open Data. 2018. \"World Development Indicators.\" Real Interest Rate Tables. https:\/\/ data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/FR.INR.RINR (accessed October 2018)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20200019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T12:12:34Z","timestamp":1622203954000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20200019"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20200019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20200019","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:12:15Z","timestamp":1768284735192,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Cognitive decline may lead older Americans to make poor financial decisions. Preventing poor decisions may require timely transfer of financial control to a reliable agent. Cognitive decline, however, can develop unnoticed, creating the possibility of suboptimal timing of the transfer of control. This paper presents survey-based evidence that older Americans with significant wealth regard suboptimal timing of the transfer of control, in particular delay due to unnoticed cognitive decline, as a substantial risk to financial well-being. This paper provides a theoretical framework to model such a lack of awareness and the resulting welfare loss. (JEL G51, G53, H55, J14, J26, J32) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T14:03:47Z","timestamp":1677506627000},"page":"125-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cognitive Decline, Limited Awareness, Imperfect Agency, and Financial Well-Being"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Ameriks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vanguard Group Inc. 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Based on these factors, welfare for Black Americans was 40 percent of that for White Americans in 1984 and 59 percent by 2022. There has been remarkable progress for Black Americans: The level of their consumption-equivalent welfare increased by a factor of 3.5 over the last 38 years when aggregate consumption per person only doubled. Despite this progress, the welfare gap in 2022 remains disconcertingly large at 41 percent, much larger than the 16 percent gap in consumption per person. 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We find that experimentally providing firms with a combination of advertising and the ability to verify applicant identity increases portal-based hiring by 68 percent and the likelihood of filling a vacancy by 11 percent. Advertising attracts more skilled applicants, while verification enables the screening of unfamiliar applicants. Portal-based hires are retained beyond the standard assessment period, suggesting that they are well suited to the vacancies. Firms assigned only advertising also attract more skilled applicants, but providing neither advertising nor verification alone increases hiring. 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Kost\u00f8l, and Trond C. Vigtel. 2020. \"How Broadband Internet Affects Labor Market Matching.\" IZA Discussion Paper 12895.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3525222"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv010","volume":"130","author":"Burks Stephen V","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_13","author":"Cappelli Peter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"CareerPlug. 2020. 2020 Recruiting Metrics: Benchmark Data by Industry. 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However, insurance may also transfer resources from high-liquidity periods to low-liquidity periods. We test for this type of transfer from health insurance by studying the distribution of Social Security checks among Medicare recipients. When Social Security checks are distributed, prescription fills increase by 6\u201312 percent among recipients who pay small copayments. We find no such pattern among recipients who face no copayments. The results demonstrate that more complete insurance allows recipients to consume healthcare when they need it rather than only when they have cash. 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The government sequentially chooses policy, taking into account how current choices\u2014which impact future policy\u2014feed back into current bond prices. We show that issuing consols constitutes the unique stationary optimal debt portfolio, as it boosts government credibility to future policy and reduces the debt financing costs. 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Using data from a large e-commerce platform and a bunching estimation approach, we find that the coupons caused large increases in spending of 3.1\u20133.2 yuan per yuan spent by the government. The large spending responses do not come from substitution away from nontargeted spending categories or from short-run intertemporal substitution. To rationalize these results, we develop a dynamic consumption model showing how coupons' minimum spending thresholds create temporary notches that lead to large spending responses. 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We exploit a unique policy experiment that increased the coinsurance rate some elderly individuals face when they are aged 70\u201374 but not before or after. Higher coinsurance rates have an immediate and persistent effect on health care expenditure, and a sizable share of this effect persists after age 75. We find no evidence that higher coinsurance rates affect health. These results suggest that health care utilization depends on dynamic factors other than health stock, such as habits. 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Data and Code for: \"Dynamics of Consumer Responses to Medical Price Changes.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E217721V1."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2012.12.004"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"McGuire, Thomas G. 2011. \"Demand for Health Insurance.\" In Handbook of Health Economics, Vol. 2, edited by Mark V. Pauly, Thomas G. McGuire, and Pedro P. Barros, 317-96. Elsevier."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Newhouse, Joseph P., and Insurance Experiment Group. 1993. Free for All? Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment. 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We first document that residents from predominantly White and high-income neighborhoods are substantially overrepresented on juries. Using quasirandom variation in those called for jury duty each day, we next establish that Black defendants are more likely to be convicted and receive longer sentences from juries with more residents from these overrepresented neighborhoods. We estimate that equal representation would reduce Black defendants\u2019 median sentence length by 50\u00a0percent and the probability of receiving a life sentence by 67\u00a0 percent. Straightforward remedies could mitigate these legally unwarranted racial disparities. 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Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Manhattan Jury Pools: Results of a Survey and Suggestions for Reform. 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FJD Juror Participation Initiative. https:\/\/www.courts. phila.gov\/pdf\/report\/FJD_JPIC_Final.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1086\/698193","volume":"61","author":"Flanagan Fran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Fraser, Jayme. 2013. \"Only a Third of Those Summoned for Jury Duty Show Up.\" Houston Chronicle. December 4. https:\/\/www.houstonchronicle.com\/politics\/houston\/article\/Only-a-third-of-thosesummoned-for-jury-duty-show-5036084.php."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans, Valerie, and Neil Vidmar. 1986. Judging the Jury. New York: Springer Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-6463-2"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Harris County District Clerk. 2012a. \"Juror Demographics.\" Data delivered April 2012."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Harris County District Clerk. 2012b. \"Defendant History.\" Data delivered April 2012."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Harris County Zipcode Shapefiles. 2018. https:\/\/koordinates.com\/layer\/97880-harris-county-txzipcodes\/. Data posted on September 25, 2018 by the provider, and last accessed on September 2, 2020."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoekstra, Mark, and Brittany Street. 2018. \"The Effect of Own-Gender Jurors on Conviction Rates.\" NBER Working Paper 25013.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25013"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"IPUMS NHGIS. 2000. \"2000 Census.\" https:\/\/www.nhgis.org\/ (accessed on June 2, 2021)."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Mize, Gregory, Paula Hannaford-Agor, and Nicole Waters. 2007. The State-of-the States Survey of Jury Improvement Efforts: A Compendium Report. National Center for State Courts and State Justice Institute. https:\/\/cdm16501.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/juries\/id\/112."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Noye, Ursula. 2015. Blackstrikes: A Study of the Racially Disparate Use of Peremptory Challenges by the Caddo Parish District Attorney's Office. Reprieve Australia. www.prisonpolicy.org\/ scans\/ reprieve_australia\/Blackstrikes_Caddo_Parish_August_2015.pdf."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"Office of Court Research for Chief Administrative Judge Ann Pfau. 2011. \"Jury Representativeness: A Demographic Study of Juror Quali cation and Summoning in Monroe County, New York.\""},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Orlando, James, and Duke Chen. 2020. Jury Pools and Fair Cross Section Requirement. Of ce of Legislative Research: Objective Research for Connecticut's Legislature. https:\/\/www.cga.ct.gov\/2020\/ rpt\/pdf\/2020-R-0299.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1086\/699210","volume":"126","author":"Philippe Arnaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_28","first-page":"71","volume":"29","author":"Randall Ronald","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Justice System Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/jels.12182","volume":"15","author":"Rose Mary R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1348\/135532507X189687","volume":"12","author":"Sommers Samuel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Legal and Criminological Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2409.2008.00011.x","volume":"2","author":"Sommers Samuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Issues and Policy Review"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Spohn, Cassia C., Dawn Beichner, Erika Davis Frenzel, and David Holleran. 2002. 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This paper asks whether the two are causally related. Controlling for compositional changes and labor market tightness, a 1 percentage point increase in WFH increases full-time employment by 1.0 percent for individuals with a physical disability. The postpandemic increase in working from home explains 68\u201385 percent of the rise in full-time employment. Wage data suggest that WFH increased the supply of workers with a physical disability, likely by reducing commuting costs and enabling better control of working conditions. 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To do so, we combine a randomized control trial with new survey and administrative microdata. In contrast to existing case studies, we find little evidence for income gains to rural producers and workers. Instead, the gains are driven by a reduction in cost of living for a minority of rural households that tend to be younger, richer, and in more remote markets. These effects are mainly due to overcoming logistical barriers to e-commerce rather than additional investments to adapt e-commerce to the rural population. 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China's Taobao Villages. Hangzhou: Alibaba Group Research Department."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180268"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/695476","volume":"126","author":"Atkin David","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"11","key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.11.1580.20580","volume":"49","author":"Brynjolfsson Erik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casaburi, Lorenzo, Rachel Glennerster, and Tavneet Suri. 2013. \"Rural Roads and Intermediated Trade: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from Sierra Leone.\" https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/ les\/ lorenzocasaburi\/ les\/casaburi_glennester_suri_roads.pdf.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2161643"},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Chapman, Robert, and Tom Slaymaker. 2002. \"ICTs and Rural Development: Review of the Literature, Current Interventions and Opportunities for Action.\" Overseas Development Institute Working Paper 192."},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center. 2015a. Research Report on China's Online Shopping Market in 2014. Beijing: China Internet Network Information Center."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center. 2015b. The 36th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China. Beijing: China Internet Network Information Center."},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Connor, Neil. 2016. \"Inside China's Tech Villages Where Farmers Have Replaced Communism with E-Commerce.\" Telegraph, November 5. https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2016\/11\/05\/insidechinas-tech-villages-where-farmers-have-replaced-communis\/."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Couture, Victor, Benjamin Faber, Yizhen Gu, and Lizhi Liu. 2017. \"E-Commerce Integration and Economic Development: Evidence from China.\" AEA RCT Registry. June 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/ rct.1582-5.0."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Couture, Victor, Benjamin Faber, Yizhen Gu, and Lizhi Liu. 2021. \"Replication Data for: Connecting the Countryside via E-Commerce: Evidence from China.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E117506V1."},{"key":"p_12","unstructured":"Dobbs, Richard, Yougang Chen, Gordon Orr, James Manyika, Michael Chui, and Elsie Chang. 2013. China's E-Tail Revolution: Online Shopping as a Catalyst for Growth. New York City: McKinsey Global Institute."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Dolfen, Paul, Liran Einav, Peter J. Klenow, Benjamin Klopack, Jonathan D. Levin, Larry Levin, and Wayne Best. 2017. \"Assessing the Gains from E-Commerce.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Egypt Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. 2016. Egypt's National E-Commerce Strategy. Giza Governorate: Ministry of Communications and Information Technology."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2018.07.002","volume":"114","author":"Fan Jingting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2016. \"E-Commerce Retail Sales as a Percent of Total Sales (ECOMPCTSA).\" Federal Reserve Economic Data. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/ECOMPCTSA."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.556"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Freedman, Josh. 2017. \"Once Poverty-Stricken, China's \"Taobao Villages\" Have Found a Lifeline Making Trinkets for the Internet.\" Quartz, February 12. https:\/\/qz.com\/899922\/once-povertystricken-chinas-taobao-villages-have-found-a-lifeline-making-trinkets-for-the-internet\/."},{"issue":"545","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2009.02310.x","volume":"120","author":"Goldmanis Maris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.3.22"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161385"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"India Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. 2016. Digital India: Driving E-Commerce in Rural and Semi-Urban India. New Delhi: India Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.879","volume":"122","author":"Jensen Robert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x","volume":"75","author":"Kling Jeffrey R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Xubei, Yue Wang, and Xiaobo Zhang. 2019. \"E-Commerce Development and Household Consumption Growth in China.\" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8810.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-8810"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Xubei, and Chivu Niu. 2019. \"E-Commerce Participation and Household Income Growth in Taobao Villages.\" World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Practice Working Paper 198.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-8811"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x","volume":"72","author":"Miguel Edward","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"PFSweb. 2016. China's E-Commerce Market 2015. Allen, Texas: PSFweb."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Prime Minister of Vietnam. 2016. Vietnam's E-Commerce Development Masterplan. Ha Noi: Vietnam's Of ce of the Prime Minister."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Statista. 2016. \"Online Retail Statistics for China.\" Market Statistics."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"UNCTAD. 2016. \"E-Commerce Opens New Opportunities for Developing Countries.\" http:\/\/unctad14. org\/Documents\/U14_IN_2016_011_Ecommerce_En.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/19439340902727701","volume":"1","author":"van de Walle Dominique","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Development Effectiveness"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"World Bank. 2016. World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends. 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Each additional police officer abates approximately 0.1 homicides. In per capita terms, effects are twice as large for Black versus White victims. Larger police forces also make fewer arrests for serious crimes, with larger reductions for crimes with Black suspects, implying that police force growth does not increase racial disparities among the most serious charges. At the same time, larger police forces make more arrests for low-level \u201cquality-of-life\u201d offenses, with effects that imply a disproportionate impact for Black Americans. 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We provide analytic results characterizing equilibria. We show that labor groups earning a greater share of wage income in sectors with relative price declines experience a relative increase in unemployment and nonparticipation and decrease in wages and welfare. Our framework provides a guide for quantitative and empirical investigations into the labor market impacts of trade shocks. 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We exploit the surprise 2016 election of Trump to identify the effects of a shift in political power on one of the most consequential household decisions: whether to have a child. Republican-leaning counties experience a sharp and persistent increase in fertility relative to Democratic counties, a shift amounting to 1.2\u20132.2 percent of the national fertility rate. In addition, Hispanics see fertility fall relative to non-Hispanics, especially compared to rural or evangelical Whites. 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Unintended Consequences of a Declining Population.\" NBER Working Paper 26651.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26651"},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"Jones, Jeffrey M. 2017. Americans' Satisfaction with U.S. Same in 2017 as in 2016. Washington, DC: Gallup."},{"key":"p_41","author":"Kaplan Ethan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics 211: Article 104668."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.1.137","volume":"91","author":"Kearney Melissa S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip Levine. 2021. \"Will Births in the US Rebound? 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Some citizens hold values that make them protest to preserve democracy with the share of such citizens evolving endogenously over time. There is then a natural complementarity between values and institutions creating persistence without assuming any form of commitment. The approach unifies ideas in the literature, explains observed patterns in the data on democratic values and political institutions, and suggests new insights into sources of heterogeneity in values. 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National survey data also indicate that victims of crime became less likely to report their victimization to law enforcement due to mistrust of police. Our results suggest that high-profile acts of police violence may erode community engagement with law enforcement and highlight the call-to-shot ratio as a natural measure of attitudes toward the police. 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We focus on equilibria in the prisoner\u2019s dilemma that are coordination proof, meaning that matched partners never play a Pareto-dominated Nash equilibrium in the one-shot game induced by the equilibrium continuation payoffs at their current histories. We show that a noise-tolerant version of contagion strategies is optimal among all coordination-proof equilibria. Welfare under tolerant contagion strategies decreases in the noise level and the gain from defection faster than welfare in a fixed partnership does. Thus, community enforcement has a comparative advantage in supporting \u201c low-stakes\u201drelationships. 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These mistakes increase the value of changing current consumption relative to changing saving, as additional saving will not be spent optimally. Various behavioral biases can cause these mistakes, such as inattention, present bias, diagnostic expectations, and near-rationality (epsilon-mistakes). This result helps explain the empirical puzzle of high-liquidity consumers\u2019 high MPCs. In my approach, predictions of sophistication (anticipation of future mistakes) can be derived independently of the underlying biases. 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Data and Code for: \"The Socioeconomic Distribution of Choice Quality: Evidence from Health Insurance in the Netherlands.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E196007V1."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.06.005"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12207"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_35","first-page":"537","volume":"104","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.6.2639"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.4.1047"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_38","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"Boerma Wienke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Systems in Transition"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"Mullainathan, Sendhil, and Eldar Shafir. 2013. 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I test this \u201csuperstar model\u201d in the entertainer labor market, where the historic rollout of television creates a natural experiment in scale-related technological change. The resulting inequality changes are consistent with superstar theory: the launch of a local TV station skews the entertainer wage distribution sharply to the right, with the biggest impact at the very top of the distribution, while negatively impacting workers below the star level. The findings provide evidence of superstar effects and distinguish such effects from popular alternative models. 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The Winner-Take-All Society. New York: The Free Press."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckert, Fabian, Sharat Ganapati, and Conor Walsh. 2019. \"Skilled Tradable Services: The Transformation of U.S. High-Skill Labor Markets.\" Unpublished.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3439118"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Feigenbaum, James, and Daniel P. Gross. 2020. \"Automation and the Fate of Young Workers.\" NBER Working Paper 28061."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Fenton, George, and Felix Koenig. 2020. \"Labor Supply and Innovation in Entertainment: Evidence from TV.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.1.49","volume":"123","author":"Gabaix Xavier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"574","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12084","volume":"124","author":"Gabaix Xavier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/jleo\/ewn003","volume":"25","author":"Garicano Luis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.121.3.931","volume":"121","author":"Gentzkow Matthew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.1.279","volume":"123","author":"Gentzkow Matthew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhp006","volume":"23","author":"Kaplan Steven N","year":"2010","journal-title":"Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.27.3.35"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2307\/2118323","volume":"107","author":"Katz Lawrence F","year":"1992","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenig, Felix. 2023. \"Replication data for: Technical Change and Superstar Effects: Evidence from the Rollout of Television.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E162421V1.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4114505"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/425431","volume":"23","author":"Krueger Alan B","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Krueger, Alan B. 2019. Rockonomics: What the Music Industry Can Teach Us About Economics and Life. London: John Murray."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.3.461"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00754","volume":"100","author":"Michaels Guy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Murray, Susan. 1999. \"`Hitch Your Antenna to the Stars!' Early Television and the Renegotiation of Broadcast Stardom.\" PhD diss. University of Texas at Austin."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_32","first-page":"845","volume":"71","author":"Rosen Sherwin","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2307\/1914276","volume":"43","author":"Sattinger Michael","year":"1975","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a041437","volume":"31","author":"Sattinger Michael","year":"1979","journal-title":"Oxford Economic Papers"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw036","volume":"132","author":"Scheuer Florian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.3.642"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_37","first-page":"155","volume":"77","author":"Tinbergen Jan","year":"1956","journal-title":"Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv"}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20210539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T18:19:40Z","timestamp":1686075580000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20210539"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20210539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20210539","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:43:26Z","timestamp":1772754206069,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A randomized experiment in Togo found that personal initiative training for small businesses resulted in large and significant impacts for both men and women after two years. We revisit these entrepreneurs after seven years and find long-lasting average impacts of personal initiative training of $91-higher profits per month, which is larger than the two-year impacts. However, these long-term impacts are very different for men and women: The impact for men grows over time as they accumulate more capital and increase self-efficacy, whereas the impact for women is flat or declines, and capital buildup is much more limited. 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Innovative Approaches to Addressing Gender Gaps in Productivity and Earnings. AEA RCT Registry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/rct.888-3.1.","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.888-3.1"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5329"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20181026"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, Francisco, Michael Frese, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary C. Johnson, David McKenzie, and Mona Mensmann. 2025. Reproducibility Package for: \"Long-Term and Lasting Impacts of Personal Initiative Training on Entrepreneurial Success.\" World Bank Reproducible Research Repository. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60572\/6hva-fr94.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-10938"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(97)00029-3"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjad054"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chioda, Laura, David Contreras-Loya, Paul Gertler, and Dana Carney. 2023. \"Making Entrepreneurs: The Return to Training Youth in Hard versus Soft Business Skills.\" Centre of Excellence for Development Impact and Learning Research Paper 11.","DOI":"10.51744\/CRPP11"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.3.1"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212973"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-024-00960-w"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.04.008"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2013.0234"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueaa040"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2024.103345"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258790"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3003596"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grab002"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20180340"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_31","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Woodruff Christopher","year":"2023","journal-title":"VoxDevLit"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Mensmann, Mona, and Michael Frese. 2017. \"Proactive Behavior Training: Theory, Design, and Future Directions.\" In Proactivity at Work: Making Things Happen in Organizations, edited by Sharon K. Parker and Uta K. Bindl, 434-468. 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Our key result provides necessary and sufficient conditions for innovation and diffusion to generate max-stable Fr\u00e9chet productivity, linking generalized extreme value expenditure to knowledge flows. Innovation makes a country technologically distinct, reducing its substitutability with other countries. In contrast, diffusion generates technological similarity, increasing head-to-head competition and substitutability. In an innovation-only model where countries do not share ideas, productivities are independent across countries and expenditure is CES. Consequently, departures from CES reveal diffusion patterns. 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The remaining members, a rotating group of presidents from the 12 Federal Reserve districts, come instead from subnational jurisdictions. Does this structure have implications for the monetary policymaking process? We provide novel evidence that regional economic conditions influence the voting behavior of district presidents. Specifically, a regional unemployment rate that is 1 percentage point higher than the national level is associated with an approximately 9 percentage point higher probability of dissenting in favor of looser policy at the FOMC. (JEL E24, E32, E43, E52, E58) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20240184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T13:26:27Z","timestamp":1748525187000},"page":"268-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regional Dissent: Do Local Economic Conditions Influence FOMC Votes?"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Bobrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupal","family":"Kamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Bloomington (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Ulate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2017.08.014"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3731"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Bobrov, Anton, Rupal Kamdar, and Mauricio Ulate. 2025. 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Xu. 2024. \"Do the Voting Rights of Federal Reserve Bank Presidents Matter?\" European Corporate Governance Institute Finance Working Paper 856\/2022."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hack, Lukas, Klodiana Istrefi, and Matthias Meier. 2023. \"Identi cation of Systematic Monetary Policy.\" ECB Working Paper 2851.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4594060"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmacro.2012.10.002"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Hazell, Jonathon, Juan Herre\u00f1o, Emi Nakamura, and J\u00f3n Steinsson. 2022a. \"Online Appendix for: `The Slope of the Phillips Curve: Evidence from US States.'\" https:\/\/eml.berkeley.edu\/~jsteinsson\/ papers\/StateLevelCPIs_Appendix.pdf."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac010"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Istrefi, Klodiana. 2019. \"In Fed Watchers' Eyes: Hawks, Doves and Monetary Policy.\" Banque de France Working Paper 725.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3441659"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2015.06.004"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2014.05.005"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302320935034"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Manson, Steven M., Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, Tracy Kugler, and Steven Ruggles. 2024. 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Runkle, and David Fettig. 1999. \"The Federal Reserve's Beige Book: A Better Mirror than Crystal Ball.\" Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, March 1. https:\/\/www. minneapolisfed.org\/article\/1999\/the-federal-reserves-beige-book-a-better-mirror-than-crystal-ball."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Rosengren, Eric. 2015. \"Assessing the Economy's Progress.\" Presentation, Newport County Chamber of Commerce, November 9. https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/statements-speeches-ericrosengren-9015\/assessing-economys-progress-667525."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3932(03)00029-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_32","first-page":"213","volume":"96","author":"Thornton Daniel L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Louis Review"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornton, Daniel L., and David C. Wheelock. 2023. Data for: \"Making Sense of Dissents: A History of FOMC Dissents.\" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https:\/\/www.stlouisfed.org\/on-theeconomy\/2014\/september\/a-history-of-fomc-dissents.","DOI":"10.20955\/r.96.213-227"},{"key":"p_34","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"Tootell Geoffrey M. B.","year":"1991","journal-title":"New England Economic Review"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tousey, Colton. 2019a. Data for: \"Federal Reserve District County Shapefiles.\" Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. https:\/\/www.kansascityfed.org\/research\/technical-briefings-sub\/federal-reservedistrict-county-shapefiles\/ (accessed November 3, 2024).","DOI":"10.18651\/TB\/TB1901"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tousey, Colton. 2019b. Federal Reserve District County Shapefiles. 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Historical US County Population Data: 1900 to 2010. https:\/\/ andrewvanleuven.com\/post\/countypopulations\/ (accessed November 3, 2024)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20240184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T13:26:54Z","timestamp":1748525214000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20240184"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20240184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20240184","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T13:56:04Z","timestamp":1773150964530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Imperfect competition in labor markets can lead to efficiency losses and lower aggregate output. This paper examines how variations in labor market competitiveness may account for differences in GDP per capita among countries. By structurally estimating an oligop-sony model with free entry across different development stages, we find that labor market power increases with GDP per capita. Wage markdowns vary from 54\u00a0percent in low-income countries to around 24\u00a0percent in the richest ones. If labor markets in poorer countries were as competitive as in more developed ones, their output per capita could rise by up to 44\u00a0percent. 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Data and Code for: \"Labor Market Power and Development.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E202183V1."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autor, David, Arindrajit Dube, and Annie McGrew. 2023. \"The Unexpected Compression: Competition at Work in the Low Wage Labor Market.\" NBER Working Paper 31010.15See column 4 of panel A in Table D1 in Supplemental Appendix D1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31010"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azar, Jos\u00e9 A., Steven T. Berry, and Ioana Marinescu. 2022. \"Estimating Labor Market Power.\" NBER Working Paper 30365.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30365"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irel.12135"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20150281"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, David W., Kyle F. Herkenhoff, Andreas R. Kost\u00f8l, and Simon Mongey. 2023. \"An Anatomy of Monopsony: Search Frictions, Amenities and Bargaining in Concentrated Markets.\" NBER Working Paper 31149.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31149"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191521"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Bollard, Albert, Peter J. Klenow, and Huiyu Li. 2016. \"Entry Costs Rise with Development.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41308-021-00144-6"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2021.102627"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/694153"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Castro, Rui, and Gian Luca Clementi. 2023. \"The Dynamics of Firm-Level Pay: Theory and Evidence from Portugal.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Datta, Nikhil. 2022. \"Local Monopsony Power.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvac060"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab028"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eaton, Jonathan, Samuel S. Kortum, and Sebastian Sotelo. 2012. \"International Trade: Linking Micro and Macro.\" NBER Working Paper 17864.","DOI":"10.3386\/w17864"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649905"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Louzao, Jose, and Alessandro Ruggieri. 2023. \"Labor Market Competition and Inequality.\" CESifo Working Paper 10829.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4671544"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goolsbee, Austan, and Chad Syverson. 2019. \"Monopsony Power in Higher Education: A Tale of Two Tracks.\" NBER Working Paper 26070.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26070"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guner, Nezih, and Alessandro Ruggieri. 2022. \"Misallocation and Inequality.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 17113.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4114734"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2008.01.005"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.4.1403"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190790"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Luccioletti, Claudio. 2022. \"Labor Market Power across Cities.\" CEMFI Working Paper 2214."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdq028"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maestas, Nicole, Kathleen J. Mullen, David Powell, Till von Wachter, and Jeffrey B. Wenger. 2018. \"The Value of Working Conditions in the United States and Implications for the Structure of Wages.\" NBER Working Paper 25204.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25204"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-5371(03)00018-6"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbp042"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning, Alan. 2013. Monopsony in Motion: Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400850679"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793920922499"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161500"},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"McFadden, Daniel. 1978. \"Modelling the Choice of Residential Location.\" In Spatial Interaction Theory and Planning Models, edited by Anders Karlqvist, Lars Lundqvist, Folke Snickars, and J. Weibull, 75-96. Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20140181"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, Tristan, and Trang Thu Tran. 2019. \"The Large-Firm Wage Premium in Developing Economies.\" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8997.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-8997"},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Robinson, Joan. 1933. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: Macmillan."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793920965562"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy001"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652734"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.33.3.23"},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"World Bank. 2023a. Enterprise Surveys. Washington, DC: World Bank. https:\/\/login.enterprisesurveys. org\/content\/sites\/financeandprivatesector\/en\/signin.html (accessed April 15, 2023)."},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"World Bank. 2023b. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank. https:\/\/ databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators?_gl=1*eljlks*_gcl_ au*MTc4NTMwMDg0Mi4xNzIyODgxNjk1 (accessed April 15, 2023)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20230564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T13:26:43Z","timestamp":1748525203000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20230564"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20230564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20230564","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:10:21Z","timestamp":1780067421402,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the causes of sustained participation in political movements. To identify the persistent effect of protest participation, we randomly indirectly incentivize Hong Kong university students into participation in an antiauthoritarian protest. To identify the role of social networks, we randomize this treatment\u2019s intensity across major-cohort cells. We find that incentives to attend one protest within a political movement increase subsequent protest attendance but only when a sufficient fraction of an individual\u2019s social network is also incentivized to attend the initial protest. One-time mobilization shocks have dynamic consequences, with mobilization at the social network level important for sustained political engagement. (JEL D72, D74, I23, Z13)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1622203681000},"page":"233-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Persistent Political Engagement: Social Interactions and the Dynamics of Protest Movements"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bursztyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Cantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Y.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, CEPR, and CESifo (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noam","family":"Yuchtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. Jane","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSE, CEPR, and CESifo (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishers.","DOI":"10.1355\/ae29-2j"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. 2019. The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty. New York: Penguin Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11484","volume":"83","author":"Aidt Toke S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"484","key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1198\/016214508000000841","volume":"103","author":"Anderson Michael L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00019002","volume":"15","author":"Barber\u00e0 Salvador","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055410000274","volume":"104","author":"Bueno de Mesquita Ethan","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Bursztyn, Leonardo, Davide Cantoni, David Y. Yang, Noam Yuchtman, and Y. Jane Zhang. 2021. \"Replication Data for: Persistent Political Engagement: Social Interactions and the Dynamics of Protest Movements.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E122421V1."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Cantoni, Davide, David Y. Yang, Noam Yuchtman, and Y. Jane Zhang. 2016. \"The Fundamental Determinants of Anti-Authoritarianism.\" https:\/\/faculty.haas.berkeley.edu\/yuchtman\/Noam_Yuchtman_ files\/antiauthoritarian_draft.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz002","volume":"134","author":"Cantoni Davide","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdw056","volume":"84","author":"DellaVigna Stefano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt020","volume":"80","author":"Edmond Chris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA14281","volume":"88","author":"Enikolopov Ruben","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140533"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S000305540808009X","volume":"102","author":"Gerber Alan S","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Goldstone, Jack A. 1991. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China. Berkeley: University of California Press."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104220","volume":"188","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Felipe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1086\/225469","volume":"78","author":"Granovetter Mark S","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hager, Anselm, Lukas Hensel, Johannes Hermle, and Christopher Roth. 2019a. \"Political Activists as Free-Riders: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment.\" IZA Discussion Paper 12759.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3488186"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hager, Anselm, Lukas Hensel, Johannes Hermle, and Christopher Roth. 2019b. \"Strategic Interdependence in Political Movements and Countermovements.\" CESifo Working Paper 7790.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3468019"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Hirschman, Albert O. 1984. Getting Ahead Collectively: Grassroots Experiences in Latin America. New York: Pergamon Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055418000084","volume":"112","author":"Hobbs William R","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055413000014","volume":"107","author":"King Gary","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuran, Timur. 1997. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. 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Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1086\/228463","volume":"92","author":"McAdam Doug","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1086\/691700","volume":"125","author":"Passarelli Francesco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.1.117"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055411000359","volume":"105","author":"Shadmehr Mehdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. 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We argue that underpinning the triangle is the role of the dollar as a key barometer of risk-taking capacity in global capital markets. 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A possible consequence is take-up of this behavior among individuals who engage in other positive health behaviors. If this occurs, later analyses of observational data may be biased by the change in selection. This paper evaluates these dynamic biases in empirical settings. Using data from vitamin supplementation and diet, I show that selection responds endogenously to health recommendations. These results highlight how spurious findings on health behaviors can be self-reinforcing. 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Pass rates declined from 2019 to 2021: an average of 12.8 percentage points in math and 6.8 in English language arts (ELA). Focusing on within-state, within\u2013commuting zone variation in schooling mode, we estimate that districts with full in-person learning had significantly smaller declines (13.4 pp in math, 8.3 in ELA). The value to in-person learning was larger for districts with larger populations of Black students. 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Policy interventions such as cash transfers could attenuate conflict risk by raising poor households\u2019 opportunity costs. However, cash transfers may also trigger looting, and expanding government programs may attract attacks to undermine state legitimacy. We study the net effect across these forces based on the large-scale randomization of a government-led cash transfer program and georeferenced conflict events. Cash transfers did not yield greater pacification but\u2014if anything\u2014triggered a short-term increase in conflict events (by 0.63 percentage points), substantially driven by terrorist attacks by foreign rebel groups. 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The fitted county model is then aggregated and used to generate in-sample and rolling out-of-sample (nowcast) estimates of the weather effect on national monthly employment. These nowcasts, which use only employment and weather data available prior to a given employment report, are significantly predictive not only of the surprise component of employment reports but also of stock and bond market returns on the days of employment reports. 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For \u201cjacks of all trades\u201d\u2014workers whose productivity is similar across different jobs in their labor market\u2014declining search frictions lead to minimal growth. For \u201cmasters of one trade\u201d\u2014workers whose productivity varies a great deal across different jobs in their labor market\u2014declining search frictions lead to fast growth. A rudimentary calibration suggests that differential returns to declining search frictions may account for a non-negligible fraction of the wage growth differential between routine and nonroutine workers. 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We document that aggregate export growth in Chile is driven by only a few new exporters. These exporters are new business entities, operate new plants, and behave much like experienced exporters: they start large and have high survival rates. Moreover, 70 percent of these new firms are owned by existing businesses and are likely the by-product of either domestic spin-offs or foreign direct investment (24 percent). By focusing on the average new exporter, the existing models of new exporter dynamics miss these key features of export growth. 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This paper studies the state-dependent effects of monetary policy on financial crisis risk. Based on the near-universe of advanced economy financial cycles since the nineteenth century, we show that discretionary leaning against the wind policies during credit and asset price booms are more likely to trigger crises than prevent them. (JEL\u00a0E43, E44, E52, E58, F33) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1622203681000},"page":"199-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Leaning against the Wind and Crisis Risk"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Schularick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of New York; Department of Economics, University of Bonn; and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas ter","family":"Steege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Bonn (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, and Tinbergen Institute (email: 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We find that the elasticity of revenues with respect to the tax rate over a 10-year period is \u22120.5 to \u22120.3, indicating that capital gains tax cuts do not pay for themselves and that a 5 percentage point rate increase would yield $18 to $30\u00a0billion in annual federal tax revenue. Our long-run estimates yield revenue-maximizing capital gains tax rates of 38 to 47 percent. 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Gentry. 2014. \"Capital Gains Taxes and Realizations: Evidence from a Long Panel of State-Level Data.\" https:\/\/web.williams.edu\/Economics\/wp\/BakijaGentryCapitalG ainsStatePanel.pdf."},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 1971-2019. \"U.S.\/U.K Foreign Exchange Rate (AEXUSUK).\" FRED. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/AEXUSUK (accessed December 9, 2020)."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2307\/2109864","volume":"77","author":"Bogart William T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buhlmann, Florian, Philipp D\u00f6rrenberg, Benjamin Loos, and Johannes Voget. 2020. \"How Do Taxes Affect the Trading Behavior of Private Investors? 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Phelan, and Anne E. Winkler. 1960-1998. \"Welfare Bene ts Data Base.\" http:\/\/www.econ2.jhu.edu\/people\/moffitt\/datasets.html (accessed June 19, 2019)."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"OECD. 1965-2018. \"Details of Tax Revenue - United States.\" OECD.Stat. https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index. aspx?DataSetCode=REVUSA (accessed May 27, 2020)."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 1988-2020. \"Consumer Price In ation Time Series.\" https:\/\/www.ons. gov.uk\/economy\/inflationandpriceindices\/datasets\/consumerpriceindices (accessed May 6, 2020)."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx043","volume":"133","author":"Piketty Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4420(02)80021-0","volume":"3","author":"Poterba James M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Handbook of Public Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00166","volume":"68","author":"Saez Emmanuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.1.3"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.34.2.90"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, Matthew, Owen M. 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MKTP.KD (accessed November 23, 2020)."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20200535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T18:32:42Z","timestamp":1638297162000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20200535"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20200535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20200535","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T13:30:46Z","timestamp":1747661446937},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Most doctors in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) match with one of their most preferred internship programs. However, surveys indicate doctors\u2019 preferences are similar, suggesting a puzzle: how can so many doctors match with their top choices when positions are scarce? We provide one possible explanation. We show that the patterns in the NRMP data may be an artifact of the interview process that precedes the match. Our study highlights the importance of understanding market interactions occurring before and after a matching clearinghouse. It casts doubts on analyses of clearinghouses that take reported preferences at face value. (JEL C78, I11, I18, J44) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T11:51:12Z","timestamp":1654084272000},"page":"223-238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Top of the Batch: Interviews and the Match"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Echenique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Caltech (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruy","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Caltech (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alistair J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leeat","family":"Yariv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Princeton University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131006"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnosti, Nick. 2015. \"Short Lists in Centralized Clearinghouses.\" EC '15: Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Economics and Computation 751.","DOI":"10.1145\/2764468.2764533"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1086\/689869","volume":"125","author":"Ashlagi Itai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Beyhaghi, Hedyeh, and \u00c9va Tardos. 2019. \"Two-Sided Matching with Limited Interviews.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Beyhaghi, Hedyeh, Daniela Saban, and \u00c9va Tardos. 2017. \"Effect of Sel sh Choices in Deferred Acceptance with Short Lists.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.13.4.619","volume":"13","author":"Blair Charles","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mathematics of Operations Research"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2019.06.004","volume":"117","author":"Chen Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_8","first-page":"233","volume":"1","author":"Echenique Federico","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theoretical Economics"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Echenique, Federico, and Leeat Yariv. 2013. \"An Experimental Study of Decentralized Matching.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_10","unstructured":"Echenique, Federico, Ruy Gonz\u00e1lez, Alistair J. Wilson, and Leeat Yariv. 2022. \"Replication Data for: Top of the Batch: Interviews and the Match.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ E141541V1."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.28.1.103.14256","volume":"28","author":"Fleiner Tam\u00e1s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mathematics of Operations Research"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171027"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2656202","volume":"3","author":"Immorlica Nicole","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Kadam, Sangram V. 2015. \"Interviewing in Matching Markets.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2005.02.001","volume":"129","author":"Konishi Hideo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12193","volume":"48","author":"Lee Robin S","year":"2017","journal-title":"The RAND Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdw041","volume":"84","author":"Lee SangMok","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Manjunath, Vikram, and Thayer Morrill. 2021. \"Interview Hoarding.\" arXiv:2102.06440."},{"issue":"16","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13080","volume":"320","author":"Melcher Marc L","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"NRMP. 2019. 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Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework and Its Applications. 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Interest and Prices. Princeton: Princeton University Press."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20220109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T18:20:17Z","timestamp":1686075617000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20220109"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20220109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20220109","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T13:40:12Z","timestamp":1756302012419,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Cousin marriage rates are high in many countries today. While previous studies have documented increased risks of infant and child mortality, we provide the first estimate of the effect of such marriages on life expectancy throughout adulthood. By studying couples married over a century ago, we can observe their offspring across the entire lifespan. US genealogical data allow us to identify children whose parents were first cousins and compare their years of life to the offspring of their parents' siblings. Marrying a cousin leads to more than a two-year reduction in age-five life expectancy, compounding the documented early-life effects. 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Consanguinity in Context. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139015844"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_11","first-page":"1779","volume":"107","author":"Alan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1094-117"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, Sandra E., Neil Duzett, Adriana Lleras-Muney, Nolan G. Pope, and Joseph Price. 2023. \"Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity.\" NBER Working Paper 31034.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4393374"},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Blanc, Guillaume. 2023. \"Crowdsourced Genealogies.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckles, Kasey, Adrian Haws, Joseph Price, and Haley E. B. Wilbert. 2023. \"Breakthroughs in Historical Record Linking Using Genealogy Data: The Census Tree Project.\" NBER Working Paper 31671.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31671"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.1.220"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Corno, Lucia, Eliana La Ferrara, and Alessandra Voena. 2020. \"Female Genital Cutting and the Slave Trade.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 15577."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.1.87"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2007.07.006"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Economist. 2024. \"Cousin Marriage Is Probably Fine in Most Cases.\" February 15. https:\/\/www. economist.com\/united-states\/2024\/02\/15\/cousin-marriage-is-probably-fine-in-most-cases."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"FamilySearch. 2022-2024. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, Raquel. 2011. \"Does Culture Matter?\" In Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Jess Benhaviv, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew O. Jackson, 481-510. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53187-2.00011-5"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190825"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjad018"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. 2002. \"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States.\" US Census Bureau Working Paper POP-WP056."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_28","first-page":"17","volume":"2","author":"Masood Ghausia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdaa074"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01615441003720449"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e318217477f"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150232"},{"key":"p_33","unstructured":"Hwang, Sam Il Myoung, Deaglan Jakob, and Munir Squires. 2025. Data and Code for: \"Health Effects of Cousin Marriage: Evidence from US Genealogical Records.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E200601V1."},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2024.101579"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9309"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261782"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Claude. 1969. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342506"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180284"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210604"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2011.170"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2019.1699942"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932018000275"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0208-2"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060320"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2021.101391"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.12.925"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/163.3.1011"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Matthew Sobek, Daniel Backman, Annie Chen, Grace Cooper, Stephanie Richards, Renae Rogers, and Megan Schouweiler. 2024a. IPUMS USA: Version 15.0, 1% Random Sample of US Federal Census 1850-1930. IPUMS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V15.0."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Sarah Flood, Matthew Sobek, Daniel Backman, Annie Chen, Grace Cooper, Stephanie Richards, Renae Rogers, and Megan Schouweiler. 2024b. IPUMS USA: Version 15.0, IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data. IPUMS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V15.0."},{"key":"p_51","unstructured":"Ruggles, Steven, Matt A. Nelson, Matthew Sobek, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, J. David Hacker, Evan Roberts, and J. Robert Warren. 2024. IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data: Version 4.0. IPUMS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D014.V4.0."},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss, John, and Duncan Thomas. 2007. \"Health over the Life Course.\" In Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. 4, edited by T. Paul Schultz and John A. Strauss, 3375-474. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4471(07)04054-5"},{"key":"p_53","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2021. Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020. US Deparment of Commerce. https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programssurveys\/decennial\/2020\/data\/apportionment\/population-change-data-table.pdf (accessed October 13, 2023)."},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.58.2.0619-10265R2"}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20230544","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T13:00:38Z","timestamp":1756299638000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20230544"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20230544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20230544","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T17:06:16Z","timestamp":1761239176582},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper provides field evidence on the link between morals and political behavior. We create a district-level variable that reflects to what degree charitable giving decreases as a function of (geographic and social) distance, which we interpret as a real-stakes measure of citizens\u2019 values on the universalism-particularism continuum. Our measure of district universalism is strongly predictive of local Democratic vote shares, legislators\u2019 roll call voting, and the moral content of congressional speeches. Spatial heterogeneity in universalism is a substantially stronger predictor of geographic variation in political outcomes than traditional economic variables such as income or education. (JEL D72, D91, Z13) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20230222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T12:53:00Z","timestamp":1717159980000},"page":"214-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Universalism and Political Representation: Evidence from the Field"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Enke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Fisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Mota","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University and Global Priorities Institute (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parthenon Capital (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.32.3.259"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappelen, Alexander W., Benjamin Enke, and Bertil Tungodden. 2022. \"Moral Universalism: Global Evidence.\" NBER Working Paper 30157.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30157"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Danieli, Oren, Noam Gidron, Shinnosuke Kikuchi, and Ro'ee Levy. 2024. \"Decomposing the Rise of the Populist Radical Right.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200230"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz001","volume":"134","author":"Enke Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1086\/708857","volume":"128","author":"Enke Benjamin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enke, Benjamin, Raymond Fisman, Luis Mota Freitas, and Steven Sun. 2024. \"Replication data for: Universalism and Political Representation: Evidence from the Field.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E194021V1.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4454885"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdac066","volume":"90","author":"Enke Benjamin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.1.2.64"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gee, Laura K., and Jonathan Meer. 2020. \"The Altruism Budget: Measuring and Encouraging Charitable Giving.\" In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, 3rd ed., edited by Walter W. 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Protective actions adopted by any one person reduce future risks to other people. The positive externalities associated with these behaviors provide motivation for vaccine and social-distancing subsidies, but subsidizing one protective action reduces incentives for other protective actions. A vaccine subsidy increases vaccine adoption and reduces steady-state infection prevalence; a social distancing subsidy can either increase or reduce steady-state infection prevalence. 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Two players, A and B, contest a divisible resource until one side collapses or agreement is reached. If player B is militarily strong, then he insists on getting a large share. However, player A only concedes this large share if player B credibly signals his strength by fighting a sufficiently long war. Thus, the Coase conjecture fails, and asymmetric information about military strength explains why long wars may be inevitable. Using a mechanism design approach, we derive a lower bound on the expected duration of war. 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Both methods are widely used to measure spending caused by increases in liquidity. Using federal stimulus payments disbursed quasi-randomly in 2008, we find larger revealed-preference estimates of spending propensities for households who report greater spending responses, and the methods produce similar average propensities. But evidence is mixed on the relationship between spending propensities and liquidity. 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.1086\/696061"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, Jonathan A., and Nicholas S. Souleles. 2019. \"Reported Effects versus Revealed-Preference Estimates: Evidence from the Propensity to Spend Tax Rebates: Dataset.\" AER: Insights. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20180333.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3317044"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2530"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, Vithala R. 2014. Applied Conjoint Analysis. New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87753-0"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahm, Claudia R., Matthew D. Shapiro, and Joel B. Slemrod. 2010. \"Household Response to the 2008 Tax Rebate: Survey Evidence and Aggregate Implications.\" In Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 24, edited by Jeffrey R. Brown, 69-110. 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L.","year":"1931","journal-title":"Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2009. \"Consumer Expenditure Survey Results on the 2008 Economic Stimulus Payments (Tax Rebates).\" http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cex\/taxrebate.htm."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20180333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:08:08Z","timestamp":1696536488000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20180333"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20180333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20180333","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:48:06Z","timestamp":1771483686316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the impact of web search personalization on ideological segregation in search results. We deploy 150 synthetic internet users with randomized partisan browsing preferences across 25 US cities. These users are active during the US 2020 election and its aftermath. Daily experiments in which the users enter identical election-related queries provide strong evidence for ideological segregation in search results across locations with different partisan leanings but only limited evidence for ideological segregation within location across users with different partisan browsing habits. We discuss the important role of the national and local (online) media landscape for understanding these results. (JEL D72, D83, L82, L86)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20240115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:24:06Z","timestamp":1764080646000},"page":"516-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Web Search Personalization during the US 2020 Election"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Matter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences and University of St.Gallen (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Hodler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St.Gallen (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"ABYZ News Links. 2020. \"Newspaper and News Media Guide.\" http:\/\/abyznewslinks.com (accessed June 1-15, 2020)."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Advanced Web Ranking. 2021. \"Google Organic CTR History.\" https:\/\/www.advancedwebranking. com\/ctrstudy (accessed February 2, 2021)."},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Ahrefs. 2020. \"Top 100 Most Visited Websites in the US.\" https:\/\/ahrefs.com\/blog\/most-visitedwebsites (accessed October 1, 2020)."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190658"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"AMS-IX. 2024. 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USENIX Association."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706588114"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfw007"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Cantwell, Maria. 2020. Local Journalism: America's Most Trusted News Sources Threatened. US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Comscore. 2022. \"Top 50 Multi-platform Properties (Desktop and Mobile) December 2021: Total US - Home and Work Locations.\" https:\/\/www.comscore.com\/Insights\/Rankings?country=US (accessed February 15, 2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/237748.237749","volume":"16","author":"Christin Nicolas","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on the Web"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"DE-CIX. 2024. DE-CIX Chicago Traffic Statistics. https:\/\/www.de-cix.net\/en\/locations\/chicago\/ statistics (accessed August 20, 2024)."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Tella, Rafael, Ramiro H. G\u00e1lvez, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2021. \"Does Social Media Cause Polarization? Evidence from Access to Twitter Echo Chambers during the 2019 Argentine Presidential Debate.\" NBER Working Paper 29458.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29458"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.307"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Dottle, Rachel. 2019. \"Where Democrats and Republicans Live in Your City.\" FiveThirtyEight, May 20. https:\/\/projects.fivethirtyeight.com\/republicans-democrats-cities."},{"issue":"33","key":"p_22","first-page":"E4512","volume":"112","author":"Robertson Ronald E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-030810-110815"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Federal Election Commission. 2022. Federal Elections 2020: Election Results for the US President, the US Senate and the US House of Representatives. 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Data and Code for: \"Web Search Personalization during the US 2020 Election.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E209061V1."},{"key":"p_50","unstructured":"Mitchell, Amy, Jeffrey Gottfried, Jocelyn Kiley, and Katerina Eva Matsa. 2014. Political Polarization and Media Habits. Pew Research Center."},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828054825619"},{"key":"p_52","unstructured":"NewsGuard. 2023. NewsGuard Ratings and Data. https:\/\/newsguardtech.com (accessed April 24, 2023)."},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06297-w"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NYIIX. 2024. NYIIX Traffic Analysis for Entire Traffic. https:\/\/www.nyiix.net\/mrtg\/sum.html (accessed August 20, 2024).","DOI":"10.12968\/S1356-9252(24)40104-4"},{"key":"p_55","unstructured":"Oliveira, Marcos, Jonathan Yang, Daniel Griffiths, Denis Bonnay, and Juhi Kulshrestha. 2023. \"Browsing Behavior Exposes Identities on the Web.\" Preprint, arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ arXiv.2313.15489."},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Page, Lawrence, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd. 1999. The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web. Stanford InfoLab."},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pariser, Eli. 2011. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2019.55"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12535"},{"key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.361990"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06078-5"},{"key":"p_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, Ronald E., Shan Jiang, Kenneth Joseph, Lisa Friedland, David Lazer, and Christo Wilson. 2018. \"Auditing Partisan Audience Bias within Google Search.\" In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2 (CSCW), edited by Karrie Karahalios, Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez, Airi Lampinen, and Gerladine Fitzpatrick, 148. Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3274417"},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Sandvine. 2023. Global Internet Phenomena Report. Sandvine Corporation."},{"key":"p_64","unstructured":"Sunstein, Cass R. 2001. Republic.com. 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Data and Code for: \"2018 US Congressional Election Tweet Ids.\" Harvard Dataverse. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/AEZPLU."},{"key":"p_68","first-page":"17095","volume":"2404","author":"Henrique","year":"2024","journal-title":"Preprint, arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv."},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-081919-050239"}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20240115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:24:26Z","timestamp":1764080666000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20240115"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20240115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20240115","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:36:01Z","timestamp":1780108561001,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper investigates whether the impact of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men\u2014child penalties\u2014can be explained by the biological links between mother and child. We estimate child penalties in biological and adoptive families using event studies around the arrival of children and almost 40 years of adoption data from Denmark. Short-run child penalties are slightly larger for biological mothers than for adoptive mothers, but their long-run child penalties are virtually identical and precisely estimated. This suggests that biology is not a key driver of child-related gender gaps. (JEL\u00a0J12, J13, J16) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1622203681000},"page":"183-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Does Biology Drive Child Penalties? Evidence from Biological and Adoptive Families"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Henrik","family":"Kleven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, NBER, CEPR, and the Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality (CEBI) (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Landais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob Egholt","family":"S\u00f8gaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen and CEBI (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Andresen, Martin Eckhoff, and Emily Nix. 2019. \"What Causes the Child Penalty? Evidence from Same Sex Couples and Policy Reforms.\" Statistics Norway Research Department Discussion Paper 902."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1086\/684851","volume":"34","author":"Johansson Per","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","first-page":"23","volume":"85","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phi Kappa Phi Forum"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, Marianne. 2011. \"New Perspectives on Gender.\" In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4B, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter, 1543-90. 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Many \u201cbystander\u201d countries grew their exports of taxed products into the rest of the world (excluding the United States and China). Country-specific components of tariff elasticities, rather than specialization patterns, drove large cross-country variation in export growth of tariff-exposed products. The elasticities of exports to US-Chinese tariffs identify whether a country\u2019s exports complement or substitute the United States or China and its supply curve\u2019s slope. Countries that operate along downward-sloping supplies whose exports substitute (complement) the United States and China are among the larger (smaller) beneficiaries of the trade war. 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We document new facts about wage garnishment between 2014 and 2019 using data from a large payroll processor that distributes paychecks to approximately 20 percent of US private-sector workers. By 2019, over 1 in every 100 workers was being garnished for delinquent debt. The average garnished worker experiences garnishment for five months, during which approximately 11 percent of gross earnings is remitted to their creditor(s). The beginning of a garnishment is associated with an increase in job turnover but no intensive margin change in hours worked. 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Nadauld, and Christopher Palmer. 2021. \"Personal Bankruptcy and the Accumulation of Shadow Debt.\" NBER Working Paper 28901.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28901"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auclert, Adrien, Will S. 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Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit 2021: Q1. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Fonseca, Julia, Katherine Strair, and Basit Zafar. 2017. \"Access to Credit and Financial Health: Evaluating the Impact of Debt Collection.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac040","volume":"138","author":"Ganong Peter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190318"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191311"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00391","volume":"96","author":"Gross Tal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.13263","volume":"78","author":"Indarte Sasha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keys, Benjamin J., Neale Mahoney, and Hanbin Yang. 2020. \"What Determines Consumer Financial Distress? 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Survey of Employment Conditions in Colombia 2010.\" Government of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1086\/588493","volume":"26","author":"Oreopoulos Philip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"p_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.10.012","volume":"169","author":"Palmer Caroline","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdr002","volume":"78","author":"Rege Mari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rege, Mari, Torbj\u00f8rn Skardhamar, Kjetil Telle, and Mark Votruba. 2019. \"Job Displacement and Crime: Evidence from Norwegian Register Data.\" Labour Economics 61: Article 101761.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2019.101761"},{"key":"p_62","unstructured":"Rose, Evan. 2017. \"The Effects of Job Loss on Crime: Evidence from Administrative Data.\" https:\/\/ ssrn.com\/abstract=2991317."},{"key":"p_63","unstructured":"Saltiel, Fernando. 2018. \"The Effect of Involuntary Displacement on Brazilian Workers.\" http:\/\/ econweb.umd.edu\/~saltiel\/files\/displacement_draft.pdf."},{"issue":"608","key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12415","volume":"128","author":"Schnepel Kevin T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2307\/2555678","volume":"15","author":"Spiller Pablo T","year":"1984","journal-title":"RAND Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.3.1265","volume":"124","author":"Sullivan Daniel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.4.175"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2016.12.003","volume":"147","author":"Yang Crystal S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2006.06.008","volume":"31","author":"Yildirim H. Semih","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Banking and Finance"}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20190547","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T03:52:54Z","timestamp":1671421974000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20190547"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20190547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20190547","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T12:14:59Z","timestamp":1775823299145,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> One-fifth of US high school students report being bullied each year. We use internet search data for real-time tracking of bullying patterns as COVID-19 disrupted in-person schooling. We first show that pre-pandemic internet searches contain useful information about actual bullying behavior. We then show that searches for school bullying and cyberbullying dropped 30\u201335 percent as schools shifted to remote learning in spring 2020. The gradual return to in-person instruction starting in fall 2020 partially returned bullying searches to pre-pandemic levels. This rare positive effect may partly explain recent mixed evidence on the pandemic\u2019s impact on students\u2019 mental health and well-being. (JEL H75, I12, I21, I28, I31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T12:12:41Z","timestamp":1661947961000},"page":"353-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupted Both School Bullying and Cyberbullying"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bacher-Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Greif","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Azevedo, Joao Pedro, Amer Hasan, Koen Geven, Diana Goldemberg, and Syedah Aroob Iqbal. 2020. \"Learning Losses Due to COVID-19 Could Add Up to $10 Trillion.\" Brookings Institution, July 30. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/future-development\/202%7\/30\/learning-losses-due-to-covid-19-could-add-up-to-10-trillion\/."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacher-Hicks, Andrew, Joshua Goodman, Jennifer Greif Green, and Melissa K. Holt. 2022. \"Replication data for: The COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupted Both School Bullying and Cyberbullying.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E156901V1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29590"},{"key":"p_3","author":"Goodman Joshua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics 193: Article 104345."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X211011237","volume":"50","author":"Drew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_5","first-page":"28","volume":"69","author":"Kathleen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Supplements"},{"key":"p_6","author":"Clark Andrew E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics 193: Article 104346."},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Burbio. 2020-2021. \"K-12 School Opening Tracker.\" https:\/\/cai.burbio.com\/school-opening-tracker\/ (accessed March 15, 2021)."},{"issue":"10","key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1086\/630200","volume":"49","author":"Anthony Herman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013-2019. \"Youth Risk Behavior Survey.\" https:\/\/www. cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/data\/yrbs\/data.htm (accessed February 13, 2021)."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty, Raj, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hendren, Michael Stepner, and the Opportunity Insights Team. 2020. \"The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data.\" NBER Working Paper 27431.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27431"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"2","author":"Varian Hal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economic Record 88 (s1)"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, Gregory, and Edward Sobiesk. 2007. \"An Honest Man Has Nothing to Fear: User Perceptions on Web-Based Information Disclosure.\" In SOUPS 2007: Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, 112-121. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/1280680.1280695"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Darmanjian, Sarah. 2020. \"Organizations Say Rise in Cyberbullying Likely during COVID-19 Isolation.\" NEWS10 ABC, April 8."},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Das, Sanchari, Andrew Kim, and Sayar Karmakar. 2020. \"Change-Point Analysis of Cyberbullying-Related Twitter Discussions during COVID-19.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_15","author":"Pandey Neena","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management 55."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diliberti, Melissa Kay, and Julia H. Kaufman. 2020. Will This School Year Be Another Casualty of the Pandemic? Key Findings from the American Educator Panels Fall 2020 COVID-19 Surveys. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/RRA168-4"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engzell, Per, Arun Frey, and Mark D. Verhagen. 2021. \"Learning Loss Due to School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (17).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022376118"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"Farge, Emma. 2020. \"Children at Risk as Pandemic Pushes Them Online, Warns UN Agency.\" Reuters, May 5."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, Tamsin, Ann John, and David Gunnell. 2021. \"Mental Health of Children and Young People during Pandemic.\" BMJ 372 (8284).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n614"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21742","volume":"44","author":"Card Noel A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1456","volume":"174","author":"Wen Hefei","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul, and Aaron Sojourner. 2020. \"Predicting Initial Unemployment Insurance Claims Using Google Trends.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Google. 2016-2021. \"Google Trends.\" https:\/\/trends.google.com\/trends\/ (accessed March 30, 2021)."},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Woessmann. 2020. \"The Economic Impacts of Learning Losses.\" Unpublished."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e496","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1864","volume":"135","author":"Melissa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaeger, David A., Jaime Arellano-Bover, Krzysztof Karbownik, Marta Mart\u00ednez-Matute, John Nunley, R. Alan Seals, Miguel Almunia, etal 2021. \"The Global COVID-19 Student Survey: First Wave Results.\" IZA Discussion Paper 14419.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3860600"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, Ojasvi, Muskan Gupta, Sidh Satam, and Siba Panda. 2020. \"Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected the Susceptibility to Cyberbullying in India?\" Computers in Human Behavior Reports 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100029"},{"issue":"12","key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140012","volume":"105","author":"Melissa","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_29","first-page":"49","volume":"148","author":"Alex","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Koeze, Ella, and Nathaniel Popper. 2020. \"The Virus Changed the Way We Internet.\" New York Times, April 7."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018","volume":"53","author":"Robin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035618","volume":"140","author":"Robin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.02.009","volume":"45","author":"Robin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X20965918","volume":"49","author":"Soland James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"issue":"45","key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6945a3","volume":"69","author":"Rebecca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007","volume":"55","author":"Kathryn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.09.009","volume":"56","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"11","key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1086\/593098","volume":"47","author":"Philip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, Daniel I., Joseph J. Sabia, and Gokhan Kumpas. 2020. \"Anti-bullying Laws and Suicidal Behaviors among Teenagers.\" NBER Working Paper 26777.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26777"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737024002133","volume":"24","author":"Buckley Jack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis"},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Sparks, Sarah D. 2020. \"Cyberbullying, Mental Health, and Other School-Safety Takeaways for School Reopening.\" Education Week, July 22."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.04.010","volume":"118","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"7","key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13101401","volume":"171","author":"Maughan Barbara","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"p_44","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2019. \"Single Year of Age and Sex Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 - CIVILIAN (SC-EST2019-AGESEX-CIV).\" https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/timeseries\/demo\/popest\/2010s-state-detail.html (accessed December 10, 2021)."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21986","volume":"47","author":"Brittain Heather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573509358686","volume":"25","author":"Brittain Heather","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of School Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4143","volume":"168","author":"Geel Van","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.12.002","volume":"56","author":"Tracy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"p_49","unstructured":"Wang, Claire. 2020. \"`You Have Chinese Virus!': 1 in 4 Asian American Youths Experience Racist Bullying, Report Says.\" NBC News, September17."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.07.012","volume":"48","author":"Nansel Tonja R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, Katharina, and Ludger Woessmann. 2021. \"The Legacy of Covid-19 in Education.\" IZA Discussion Paper 14796.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3945280"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306667","volume":"100","author":"Lereya Suzet Tanya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"10","key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613481608","volume":"24","author":"Copeland William E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Science"}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20210456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T12:16:25Z","timestamp":1661948185000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20210456"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20210456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20210456","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:54:49Z","timestamp":1774659289855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the optimal lock-down for a planner who controls the fatalities of COVID-19 while minimizing the output costs of the lock-down. The policy prescribes a severe lock-down beginning a few weeks after the outbreak, covering almost 50 percent of the population after a month, with a total duration shy of 4 months. The intensity of the optimal lock-down depends on the gradient of the fatality rate with respect to the infected and the availability of antibody testing, which yields a welfare gain of 2 percent of GDP. We also study test-tracing-quarantine, which we show to be complementary to lock-down. (JEL E23, I12, I15, I18)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T12:02:26Z","timestamp":1630065746000},"page":"367-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lock-down, Testing, and Tracing"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Argente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LUISS University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Acemoglu, Daron, Victor Chernozhukov, Iv\u00e1n Werning, and Michael D. Whinston. 2020. \"A Multirisk SIR Model with Optimally Targeted Lockdown.\" https:\/\/mitsloan.mit.edu\/shared\/ods\/documents\/?PublicationDocumentID=7393."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, Fernando, David Argente, and Francesco Lippi. 2021. \"Replication Data for: A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lockdown,Testing, and Tracing.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.3886\/E120689V1.13This can be easily extended to other cases. For instance, we have also analyzed the case with congestion","DOI":"10.3386\/w26981"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkeson, Andrew. 2020. \"What Will Be the Economic Impact of COVID-19 in the US? Rough Estimates of Disease Scenarios.\" Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Staff Report 595.","DOI":"10.21034\/sr.595"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkeson, Andrew, Karen Kopecky, and Tao Zha. 2020. \"Estimating and Forecasting Disease Scenarios for COVID-19 with an SIR Model.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27335.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27335"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chari, Varadarajan V., Rishabh Kirpalani, and Christopher Phelan. 2020. \"The Hammer and the Scalpel: On the Economics of Indiscriminate versus Targeted Isolation Policies during Pandemics.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27232.","DOI":"10.21034\/sr.602"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Collard, Fabrice, Christian Hellwig, Tiziana Assenza, Sumudu Kankanamge, Martial Dupaigne, Nicolas Werquin, and Patrick F\u00e8ve. 2020. \"The Hammer and the Dance: Equilibrium and Optimal Policy During a Pandemic Crisis.\" Center for Economic and Policy Research Working Paper 14731."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2307\/3003332","volume":"10","author":"Peter","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bell Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(81)90001-6","volume":"25","author":"P.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eichenbaum, Martin S., Sergio Rebelo, and Mathias Trabandt. 2020. \"The Macroeconomics of Epidemics.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 26882.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26882"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farboodi, Maryam, Gregor Jarosch, and Robert Shimer. 2020. \"Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27059.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27059"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favero, Carlo A., Andrea Ichino, and Aldo Rustichini. 2020. \"Restarting the Economy While Saving Lives under COVID-19.\" Center for Economic and Policy Research Discussion Paper 14664.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3580626"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Ferguson, Neil M., Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Natsuko Imai, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia et al. 2020. Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand. London: Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Villaverde, Jes\u00fas, and Charles I. Jones. 2020. \"Estimating and Simulating a SIRD Model of COVID-19 for Many Countries, States, and Cities.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27128.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27128"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garriga, Carlos, Rody Manuelli, and Sangh Siddhartha. 2020. \"Optimal Management of an Epidemic When a Vaccine is on the Horizon: An Application to COVID-19.\" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.","DOI":"10.20955\/wp.2020.046"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Eiras, Mart\u00edn, and Dirk Niepelt. 2020. \"On the Optimal `Lockdown' during an Epidemic.\" CESifo Working Paper 8240.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3587254"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, Robert E., Charles I. Jones, and Peter J. Klenow. 2020. \"Trading Off Consumption and COVID19 Deaths.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27340.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27340"},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":"Hansen, Elsa, and Troy Day. 2011. \"Optimal Control of Epidemics with Limited Resources.\""},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Journal of Mathematical Biology 62: 423-51."},{"issue":"772","key":"p_22","first-page":"700","volume":"115","author":"Ogilvy William","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kniesner, Thomas J., and W. Kip Viscusi. 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At the border, import tariff pass-through is much higher than exchange rate pass-through. Chinese exporters did not lower their dollar prices by much, despite the recent appreciation of the dollar. By contrast, US exporters significantly lowered prices affected by foreign retaliatory tariffs. In US stores, the price impact is more limited, suggesting that retail margins have fallen. Our results imply that, so far, the tariffs\u2019 incidence has fallen in large part on US firms. 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Parker, 395-457. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.1086\/700897"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Bown, Chad P., and Melina Kolb. 2020. \"Trump's Trade War Timeline: An Up-To-Date Guide.\" Peterson Institute for International Economics, August 6. https:\/\/piie.com\/system\/files\/documents\/ trump-trade-war- timeline.pdf."},{"key":"p_6","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2005. \"IPP Microdata.\" United States Department of Labor. https:\/\/www. bls.gov\/rda (accessed February 2020)."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160542"},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Cavallo, Alberto, Gita Gopinath, Brent Neiman, and Jenny Tang. 2021. \"Tariff Pass-Through at the Border and at the Store: Evidence from US Trade Policy: Dataset.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Harvard Dataverse [distributor]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/JV7FCH."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.30.2.151"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2018.04.009","volume":"113","author":"Cole Matthew T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Datamyne. 2020. \"Datamyne 3.0.\" Descartes Datamyne. www.datamyne.com."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz036","volume":"135","author":"Fajgelbaum Pablo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdt036","volume":"81","author":"Farhi Emmanuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2018.04.005","volume":"113","author":"Fitzgerald Doireann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Flaaen, Aaron B., Ali Horta\u00e7su, and Felix Tintelnot. 2019. \"The Production, Relocation, and Price Effects of US Trade Policy: The Case of Washing Machines.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 25767."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171201","volume":"110","author":"Gopinath Gita","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.2.531","volume":"123","author":"Gopinath Gita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.304"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund. 2020. \"Exchange Rates, CPIs, and PPIs for Various Countries.\" Haver Analytics."},{"key":"p_20","author":"Kapner Suzanne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2020. \"Exchange Rates, CPIs and PPIs for Various Countries.\" Haver Analytics."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"PriceStats. 2020. \"PriceStats Microdata.\" PriceStats. https:\/\/www.pricestats.com (accessed February 2020)."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(98)00009-9","volume":"48","author":"Rauch James E","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"United Nations. 2018. \"UN Classi cation of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP).\" https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/unsdclassifications\/COICOP_2018_-_preedited_white_cover_version_-_2018-12-26.pdf."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"USDA. 2019. \"GATS Harmonized Import Product Group Commodity Aggregation De nitions.\""},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2019. Global Agricultural Trade System. https:\/\/apps.fas.usda. gov\/gats (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"WCO. 2017. \"Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System 2017 (HS 2017).\" World Customs Organization."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20190536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T13:56:45Z","timestamp":1614347805000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20190536"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20190536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20190536","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:18:20Z","timestamp":1779891500837,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The charter school movement encompasses many school models. In Massachusetts in the 2010s, the site of our study, urban charter schools primarily used \u201cNo Excuses\u201d practices, whereas nonurban charters had greater model variety. Using randomized admissions lotteries, we estimate the impact of charter schools by locality on college preparation, enrollment, and graduation. Urban charter schools boost all of these outcomes. Nonurban charter schools raise college enrollment and graduation despite reducing state test scores and AP enrollment. Notably, the nonurban charter college graduation edge is more than twice as large as that from urban charter attendance. (JEL H75, I21, I23, I28)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20240391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:59:28Z","timestamp":1779890368000},"page":"160-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Different Paths to College Success: The Impact of Massachusetts\u2019s Charter Schools on College Trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Cohodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerald R. 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Data and Code for: \"Different Paths to College Success: The Impact of Massachusetts's Charter Schools on College Trajectories.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E220584V1."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190259"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00244"},{"key":"p_18","unstructured":"DeAngelo, Linda, Ray Franke, Sylvia Hurtado, John H. Pryor, and Serge Tran. 2011. Completing College: Assessing Graduation Rates at Four-Year Institutions. Higher Education Research Institute."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Demers, Alicia, Ira Nichols-Barrer, Elisa Steele, Maria Bartlett, and Philip Gleason. 2017. Long-Term Impacts of KIPP Middle and High Schools on College Enrollment, Persistence, and Attainment. Mathematica."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.4.28"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/682718"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/706534"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dynarski, Susan, Daniel Hubbard, Brian Jacob, and Silvia Robles. 2018. \"Estimating the Effects of a Large For-Pro t Charter School Operator.\" NBER Working Paper 24428.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24428"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dynarski, Susan, Aizat Nurshatayeva, Lindsay C. Page, and Judith Scott-Clayton. 2023. \"Addressing Non nancial Barriers to College Access and Success: Evidence and Policy Implications.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 6, edited by Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, 319-403. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30054"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epple, D., R. Romano, and R. Zimmer. 2016. \"Charter Schools: A Survey of Research on Their Characteristics and Effectiveness.\" In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 5, edited by Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, 139-208. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63459-7.00003-8"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/728109"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/717931"},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Gleason, Philip, Melissa Clark, Christina C. Tuttle, and Emily Dwoyer. 2010. The Evaluation of Charter School Impacts: Final Report. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/690818"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.12.006"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.91.4.717"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/699018"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200029"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144113"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00098"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00536.x"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Massachusetts Charter School Lottery Records. 2002-2014. Collected by the authors and their research collaborators from individual schools, multiple electronic les."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Massachusetts DESE (Department of Elementary and Secondary Education). 2002-2023. College Board AP and SAT Scores of Massachusetts Students, Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System, National Student Clearinghouse College Enrollment Records for Massachusetts Students, Student Course System, Student Information Management System. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, multiple electronic les."},{"key":"p_39","first-page":"2019","author":"Place Kate","year":"2019","journal-title":"National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance Brief"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp_a_00411"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/edfp.2006.1.1.91"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21913"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.56.4.0219-10040R2"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, Chris. 2022. \"Classroom Management in `No-Excuses' Charter Schools.\" In Handbook of Classroom Management, edited by Edward J. Sabornie and Dorothy L. Espelage, 152-166. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003275312-11"},{"key":"p_45","unstructured":"US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). 2025. 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Respondents who learn of a higher personal exposure to unemployment risk during recessions increase their demand for an expert forecast about the likelihood of a recession. This finding is consistent with macroeconomic models of endogenous information acquisition, according to which the demand for information depends on its expected benefits. Moreover, respondents\u2019 updating about their personal unemployment risk suggests that households are imperfectly informed about their exposure to aggregate fluctuations, which may distort their beliefs about the benefits of acquiring macroeconomic information. (JEL D12, D83, E24, E32, G01, J64) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T13:29:18Z","timestamp":1645795758000},"page":"34-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk Exposure and Acquisition of Macroeconomic Information"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Roth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cologne and ECONtribute (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Settele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen and CEBI (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Wohlfart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen and CEBI (email: 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A politico-legal system determines eligibility of citizen groups for protection. A ruling authority can reallocate property if and only if reallocation is preferable to the status quo for one such group. Along the solution path, SQ protections distort allocations across different assets and different property owners. Asset distortions vanish in the limit as the path converges to a stationary assignment. Ownership distortions vanish in the limit if no individuals belong to every eligible group. If the authority is self-interested, systemic protection of vulnerable groups may be welfare improving. 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Studying such practices is important for understanding financial decision-making of households in dire circumstances, and also for setting appropriate consumer protection policies. We conduct a simple experiment in three sites in which we paid off high-interest moneylender debt of individuals. Most borrowers returned to debt within six weeks. One to two years after intervention, treatment individuals were borrowing at the same rate as control households. (JEL D14, D18, D91) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20180030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T12:55:53Z","timestamp":1559048153000},"page":"27-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Debt Traps? 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Results from one to three months after the program show strong impacts on mental and perceived physical health, cognitive and socioemotional skills, and economic self-perceptions. These effects hold regardless of baseline mental distress. We argue that this is because CBT can improve well-being for a general population of poor individuals through two pathways: reducing vulnerability to deteriorating mental health and directly increasing cognitive capacity and socioemotional skills. 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We find positive impacts on yields, especially in poor countries. Our estimates imply that without GM crops, the world would have needed 3.4 percent additional cropland to keep global agricultural output at its 2019 level. We also find that bans on GM cultivation have limited the global gain from GM adoption to one-third of its potential. Poor countries would benefit most from lifting such bans. 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Martell, Arthur H. Goodwin, and Natalie P. O'Brien. 2011. Measuring Changes in Teenage Driver Crash Characteristics during the Early Months of Driving. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traf c Safety.","DOI":"10.1037\/e554022012-001"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2019.04.003","volume":"66","author":"Gilpin Gregory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(01)00118-7","volume":"21","author":"Glied Sherry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber, Jonathan. 2001. \"Introduction to `Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis.'\" In Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis, edited by Jonathan Gruber, 1-28. 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However, a standard theory of insurance markets, in which insurers maximize firm value subject to regulatory or risk constraints, predicts no allocation to corporate bonds. We resolve this puzzle in an equilibrium asset pricing model with leverage-constrained households and institutional investors. Insurers have relatively cheap access to leverage through their underwriting activity. They hold a leveraged portfolio of low-beta assets in equilibrium, relaxing other investors\u2019 leverage constraints. The model explains recent empirical findings on insurers\u2019 portfolio choice and its impact on asset prices. 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The candidates compete by choosing policy on a second issue dimension about which voters\u2019 preferences are uncertain. Existing work predicts that the low-valence candidate \u201cgambles for resurrection\u201d by adopting non-centrist policies in order to differentiate from a stronger opponent. We show that this prediction is reversed in a highly polarized environment: the strong candidate chooses policies less aligned with the electorate but nonetheless wins the election with higher probability. 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In this article we show, however, that rejection of a point null often carries very little information, while failure to reject may be highly informative. This is particularly true in empirical contexts that are common in economics, where data-sets are large and there are rarely reasons to put substantial prior probability on a point null. Our results challenge the usual practice of conferring point null rejections a higher level of scientific significance than non-rejections. Therefore, we advocate visible reporting and discussion of nonsignificant results. 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The intuition is that when Russians are unable to buy the mix of foreign goods they wish, foreign goods become less attractive, increasing demand for domestic goods. To reestablish an equilibrium, a real appreciation is needed to raise the relative price of domestic goods and incentivize imports from nonsanctioning countries. We also review well-known forces for depreciation. Our analysis emphasizes that the exchange rate is an inadequate signal of the welfare impact and of the effectiveness of sanctions. (JEL D74, E31, F14, F31, F51, P24, P33) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20220303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T13:14:58Z","timestamp":1693487698000},"page":"347-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Minimalist Model for the Ruble during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Lorenzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Booth School of Business (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Werning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Bachmann, R\u00fcdiger, David Baqaee, Christian Bayer, Moritz Kuhn, Andreas L\u00f6schel, Benjamin Moll, Andreas Peichl, Karen Pittel, and Moritz Schularick. 2022. What if? The Economic Effects for Germany of a Stop of Energy Imports from Russia. Munich: CESifo."},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Hausmann, Ricardo. 2022. \"The Case for a Punitive Tax on Russian Oil.\" Project Syndicate, February 26. https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/case-for-punitive-tax-on-russian-oil-byricardo-hausmann-2022-02."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"2022","volume":"14","author":"Ribakova Elina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Online Presentation, Markus' Academy, Princeton University Bendheim Center for Finance"},{"key":"p_4","unstructured":"Sturm, John. 2022. \"A Note on Designing Economic Sanctions.\" Unpublished."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20220303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T13:15:25Z","timestamp":1693487725000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20220303"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20220303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20220303","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T12:51:10Z","timestamp":1774702270855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We apply deep learning to daytime satellite imagery to predict changes in income and population at high spatial resolution in US data. For grid cells with lateral dimensions of 1.2 km and 2.4 km (where the average US county has dimension of 51.9 km), our model predictions achieve R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values of 0.85 to 0.91 in levels, which far exceed the accuracy of existing models, and 0.32 to 0.46 in decadal changes, which have no counterpart in the literature and are 3\u20134 times larger than for commonly used nighttime lights. Our network has wide application for analyzing localized shocks. (JEL C45, R11, R23) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T14:07:56Z","timestamp":1669817276000},"page":"491-506","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Using Neural Networks to Predict Microspatial Economic Growth"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Arman","family":"Khachiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of San Francisco (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huye","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, UC San Diego (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Cloninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Hal\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu Data Science Institute, UC San Diego (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tajana","family":"Rosing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit K.","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Division, Columbia Business School, and National Bureau of Economic Research (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Abadi, Mart\u00edn, Ashish Agarwal, Paul Barham, Eugene Brevdo, Zhifeng Chen, Craig Citro, Greg S. 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If entrepreneurs are subject to collateral constraints, they face heterogeneous rates of return, which generate a meaningful distinction between capital income and wealth taxation. We find that taxing capital income is preferable to taxing wealth because the efficiency gains from wealth taxation are swamped by the redistributional benefits of taxing the profits of richer entrepreneurs. Consequently, the gains from taxing wealth are modest. This conclusion is robust to the planner\u2019s preference for redistribution and allowing for nonlinear taxes. 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Survey of Consumer Finances. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20170441"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.5.1964"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1086\/508032","volume":"114","author":"Cagetti Marco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1086\/375382","volume":"111","author":"Castaneda Ana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.1.25"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crouzet, Nicolas, and Neil Mehrotra. 2017. \"Small and Large Firms over the Business Cycle.\" Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Working Paper 741.","DOI":"10.21034\/wp.741"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Dyrda, Sebastian, and Benjamin Pugsley. 2018. \"Taxes, Regulations of Businesses and Evolution of Income Inequality in the US.\" Society for Economic Dynamics Meeting Paper 318."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, Germ\u00e1n, Callum Jones, and Thomas Philippon. 2019. \"Entry Costs and the Macroeconomy.\" NBER Working Paper 25609.","DOI":"10.3386\/w25609"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Guvenen, Fatih, Gueorgui Kambourov, Burhan Kuruscu, and Sergio Ocampo. 2022. \"Taxing Wealth and Capital Income when Returns are Heterogeneous.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guvenen, Fatih, Gueorgui Kambourov, Burhanettin Kuruscu, Sergio Ocampo-Diaz, and Daphne Chen. 2019. \"Use It or Lose It: Ef ciency Gains from Wealth Taxation.\" NBER Working Paper 26284.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26284"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1086\/675535","volume":"122","author":"Guvenen Fatih","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal 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We provide a unique window into this global phenomenon using transaction-level tax data from Ecuador. Five percent of firms use ghost invoices annually. Among these firms, ghost transactions comprise 14 percent of purchases. Ghost transactions are prevalent among large firms and firms with high-income owners and exhibit suspicious patterns, such as bunching below financial system thresholds. An innovative enforcement intervention targeting ghost clients rather than ghosts themselves led to substantial tax recovery. (JEL D22, H25, H26, K34, L25, O14) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20220321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T15:27:22Z","timestamp":1702394842000},"page":"427-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ghosting the Tax Authority: Fake Firms and Tax Fraud in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Pomeranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich and CEPR (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac012","volume":"137","author":"Ad\u00e3o Rodrigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160229"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20172043"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asatryan, Zareh, and Andreas Peichl. 2017. \"Responses of Firms to Tax, Administrative and Accounting Rules: Evidence from Armenia.\" CESifo Working Paper 6754.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3106710"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1086\/683849","volume":"123","author":"Best Michael Carlos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brounstein, Jakob. 2021. \"The Tax-Price Elasticity of Offshore Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Ecuadorian Transaction Data.\" WIDER Working Paper 2021\/187.","DOI":"10.35188\/UNU-WIDER\/2021\/127-3"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustos, Sebasti\u00e1n, Dina Pomeranz, Juan Carlos Su\u00e1rez Serrato, Jos\u00e9 Vila-Belda, and Gabriel Zucman. 2022. \"The Race Between Tax Enforcement and Tax Planning: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Chile.\" NBER Working Paper 30114.","DOI":"10.3386\/w30114"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20140495"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrillo, Paul, Dave Donaldson, Dina Pomeranz, and Monica Singhal. 2023. \"Replication data for: Ghosting the Tax Authority: Fake Firms and Tax Fraud in Ecuador.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E183084V1.23Also little studied is the extent to which misreporting in administrative tax data sources may affect research","DOI":"10.3386\/w30242"},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"evaluate is our prior work (Ad\u00e3o etal 2022), in which case we have veri ed that removing all ghost rms and"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jols.12221","volume":"47","author":"de la Feria Rita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Society"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"DIAN (Directorate of National Taxes and Customs). 2021. 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Evidence from India's Demonetization Experiment.\" CEPR Discussion Paper 16891.","DOI":"10.1920\/wp.ifs.2022.0322"},{"issue":"5","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.051","volume":"40","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Pamela Castell\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"7","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.04.001","volume":"93","author":"Gordon Roger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyton, John, Patrick Langetieg, Daniel Reck, Max Risch, and Gabriel Zucman. 2021. \"Tax Evasion at the Top of the Income Distribution: Theory and Evidence.\" NBER Working Paper 28542.","DOI":"10.3386\/w28542"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irle.2009.08.002","volume":"30","author":"Hashimzade Nigar","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Review of Law and Economics"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.3.89"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT). 2008. 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Panama City, Panama: CIAT."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Jorrat, Michael. 2001. \"The Instruments for the Measurement of Tax Evasion.\" Presented at the 35th Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT) General Assembly, Santiago, Chile, April 2-5."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2006.4.07","volume":"59","author":"Keen Michael","year":"2006","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_24","first-page":"40","volume":"15","author":"Kinney Michael R","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Taxation Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt004","volume":"128","author":"Kleven Henrik J","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimek, Peter, Ra\u00fal Jim\u00e9nez, Manuel Hidalgo, Abraham Hinteregger, and Stefan Thurner. 2018. \"Forensic Analysis of Turkish Elections in 2017-2018.\" PLoS ONE 13 (10): article e0204975.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204975"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"329","volume":"3","author":"Krever Richard","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Tax Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s10797-019-09567-4","volume":"27","author":"Li Jianjun","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Tax and Public Finance"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20131296"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200319"},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Mak'Osewe, Florence. 2019. 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Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia.\" International Centre for Tax and Development Working Paper 82."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Mascagni, Giulia, Denis Mukama, and Fabrizio Santoro. 2019. \"An Analysis of Discrepancies in Taxpayers' VAT Declarations in Rwanda.\" International Centre for Tax and Development Working Paper 92."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Minister of Finance of Poland. 2018. \"Supervision of the Minister of Finance over the Collection of Tax on Goods and Services.\" https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web &cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjj6OH95s-BAxUJtKQKHQepD1AQFnoECBAQAQ&ur l=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fattachment%2Fcd5de010-f558-4087-aaad-73bf789a4167& usg=AOvVaw3JBAGuWB6IYr2sDQd1sXli&opi=89978449."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12026","volume":"68","author":"Mironov Maxim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Finance"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, Shekhar, Ofir Reich, and Aprajit Mahajan. 2018. \"Who Is Bogus? 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Paris: OECD Publishing."},{"key":"p_43","unstructured":"Portafolio. 2019. \"`Cartel' del IVA Evadi\u00f3 Impuestos por $2,3 Billones durante 12 A\u00f1os.\" Portafolio, August 8. https:\/\/www.portafolio.co\/economia\/panama-papers-criollo-asi-cayo-banda-quedesfalcaba-a-la-dian-532373."},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogoff, Kenneth S. 2017. The Curse of Cash: How Large-Denomination Bills Aid Crime and Tax Evasion and Constrain Monetary Policy. 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Using the World Bank's newly constructed Women, Business and the Law database, we document large and persistent gender inequalities, especially with regard to pay and treatment of parenthood. We find positive correlations between more equal laws pertaining to women in the workforce and more equal labor market outcomes, such as higher female labor force participation and a smaller wage gap between men and women. (JEL D63, J16, J31, J71, J78, K31, K38) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20190542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T08:19:10Z","timestamp":1606810750000},"page":"475-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Gendered Laws and Women in the Workforce"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Hyland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Djankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Peterson Institute of International Economics (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinelopi Koujianou","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Yale University (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, Bina. 1994. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511522000"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"Agarwal, Bina. 2005. \"Landmark Step to Gender Equality.\" The Hindu, September 25. https:\/\/www. thehindu.com\/todays-paper\/tp-features\/tp-sundaymagazine\/landmark-step-to-gender-equality\/article28531805.ece."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2011.03.001","volume":"97","author":"Aldashev Gani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.499"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesina, Alberto, Paola Giuliano, and Nathan Nunn. 2011b. \"On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 17098.","DOI":"10.3386\/w17098"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2014.1000354","volume":"21","author":"Amin Mohammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Feminist Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00443","volume":"97","author":"Atalay Kadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, Martha J., Tanya S. Byker, Elena Patel, and Shanthi Ramnath. 2019. \"The Long-Term Effects of California's 2004 Paid Family Leave Act on Women's Careers: Evidence from US Tax Data.\" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 26416.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26416"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Barlas, Asma. 2019. Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. Austin: University of Texas Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-003-0159-9","volume":"17","author":"Berger Lawrence M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0097700411403265","volume":"37","author":"Bossen Laurel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Modern China"},{"issue":"326","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2307\/2230003","volume":"82","author":"Cheung Steven N. 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15\/02.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781498354424.006"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.01.008","volume":"70","author":"Hallward-Driemeier Mary","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvz026","volume":"18","author":"Heath Rachel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/sp\/jxy042","volume":"26","author":"Htun Mala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2979\/indjglolegstu.18.1.145","volume":"18","author":"Htun Mala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyland, Marie, Simeon Djankov, and Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg. 2020. \"Gendered Laws and Women in the Workforce: Dataset.\" American Economic Review: Insights. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/ aeri.20190542.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3607258"},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"International Labor Organization. 2020. \"Gender Wage Gap by Occupation (%).\" ILOSTAT. https:\/\/ www.ilo.org\/shinyapps\/bulkexplorer44\/session\/6e586e6e78d1723085aea76bdfb7d29c\/download\/ download?w= (accessed April 6, 2020)."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2018.1487055","volume":"55","author":"Islam Asif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Lee, Hyun, Kai Zhao, and Fei Zou. 2017. \"Does the Early Retirement Policy for Women Really Bene t Women?\" https:\/\/editorialexpress.com\/cgi-bin\/conference\/download.cgi?db_ 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Women, Business and the Law 2019: A Decade of Reform. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"World Bank. 2020a. \"Women Business and the Law Data for 1971-2020.\" http:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank. org\/en\/506381582842200909\/WBL50YearPanelData2020.xlsx (accessed April 4, 2020)."},{"key":"p_39","unstructured":"World Bank. 2020b. Women, Business and the Law 2020. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank."},{"key":"p_40","unstructured":"World Bank. 2020c. \"World Development Indicators.\" http:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/download\/ WDI_csv.zip (accessed April 6, 2020)."},{"issue":"379","key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2307\/2233033","volume":"95","author":"Zabalza Antoni","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1086\/374958","volume":"21","author":"Zveglich Joseph E., Jr.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20190542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T08:31:07Z","timestamp":1606811467000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20190542"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20190542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20190542","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:25:40Z","timestamp":1780345540999,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We document five facts about the distributional income effects of monetary policy shocks using Swedish administrative individual-level data. (i) The effects of monetary policy shocks are U shaped over the income distribution\u2014that is, expansionary shocks increase the incomes of high- and low-income individuals relative to middle-income individuals. (ii) The large effects in the bottom are accounted for by the labor-income response and (iii) those in the top by the capital-income response. (iv) The heterogeneity in the labor-income response is due to the earnings heterogeneity channel, whereas (v) that in the capital-income response is due to the income composition channel. (JEL D31, E32, E52, J31) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20210262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T12:12:41Z","timestamp":1661947961000},"page":"289-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Five Facts about the Distributional Income Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Niklas","family":"Amberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sveriges Riksbank, Research Division (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sveriges Riksbank, Research Division (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sveriges Riksbank, Research Division (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rogantini","family":"Picco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sveriges Riksbank, Research Division (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abadie, Alberto, Susan Athey, Guido W. 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Distributional Consequences of Monetary Policy.\" Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System International Finance Discussion Paper 1167.","DOI":"10.17016\/IFDP.2016.1167"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171094"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2014.11.001","volume":"115","author":"Hanson Samuel G","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1086\/715416","volume":"129","author":"Holm Martin Blomhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20180090"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160042"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Las\u00e9en, Stefan. 2020. \"Monetary Policy Surprises, Central Bank Information Shocks, and Economic Activity in a Small Open Economy.\" Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper 396."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150063"},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"2014","volume":"17","author":"Mersch Yves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Keynote Speech, Corporate Credit Conference, Zurich"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2017.07.008","volume":"98","author":"Mumtaz Haroon","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy004","volume":"133","author":"Nakamura Emi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_24","unstructured":"Nasdaq Nordic. 2021. \"OMX Stockholm All Share Index (OMXSPI).\" Retrieved from DORIS, the Riksbank's internal data library (accessed May 12, 2020)."},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"OECD. 2021. \"OECD Based Recession Indicators for Sweden from the Peak through the Period Preceding the Trough (SWERECDP).\" OECD, Main Economic Indicators. Retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/SWERECDP (accessed September 4, 2021)."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Refinitiv. 2020. \"Swedish Treasury Bill Maturity 1 Month (SE 1M).\" Retrieved from Sveriges Riksbank: https:\/\/www.riksbank.se\/en-gb\/statistics\/search-interest-exchange-rates\/ (accessed May 12, 2020)."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 2021. \"M\u00e5nadsl\u00f6n, Median: Samtliga Utbildningsniv\u00e5er, totalt (AM0112C5).\" https:\/\/www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se\/pxweb\/sv\/ssd\/START__AM__AM0110__AM0110D\/ TidsserieUtbniva\/ (accessed September 4, 2021)."},{"key":"p_28","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 1995-2018a. \"Income and Taxation Register (Inkomst- och taxeringsregistret; IoT).\" Documentation available at https:\/\/www.scb.se\/vara-tjanster\/bestall-data-och-statistik\/ bestalla-mikrodata\/vilka-mikrodata-finns\/individregister\/inkomst-och-taxeringsregistret-iot\/."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. 1995-2018b. \"Longitudinal Integrated Database for Health Insurance and Labour Market Studies (LISA).\" Documentation available at https:\/\/www.scb.se\/en\/services\/orderingdata-and-statistics\/ordering-microdata\/vilka-mikrodata-finns\/longitudinella-register\/longitudinalintegrated-database-for-health-insurance-and-labour-market-studies-lisa\/."},{"key":"p_30","unstructured":"Sveriges Riksbank. 2020. \"Repo Rate, Daily Frequency.\" https:\/\/www.riksbank.se\/en-gb\/statistics\/ search-interest-exchange-rates\/ (accessed May 12, 2020)."},{"key":"p_31","unstructured":"Sveriges Riksbank. 1999-2018. \"Minutes of the Executive Board's Monetary Policy Meetings.\" Sveriges Riksbank. https:\/\/www.riksbank.se\/en-gb\/press-and-published\/minutes-of-the-executiveboards-monetary-policy-meetings\/ (accessed May 31, 2020)."},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"World Bank. 2020. \"GDP De ator.\" World Bank, World Development Indicators. Accessed using Stata program wbopendata (country: SWE; series name: NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS) May 12, 2020."}],"container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/aeri.20210262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T12:14:32Z","timestamp":1661948072000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/aeri.20210262"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/aeri.20210262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aeri.20210262","ISSN":["2640-205X","2640-2068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-205X","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-2068","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T15:12:12Z","timestamp":1715181132917},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Economic Review: Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Perceptions of overconfidence can exacerbate the tendency of reputationally concerned leaders to continue bad projects. Reputation concerns alone induce a bias toward inefficient continuation in a leader receiving information privately. When she is overconfident\u2014 or holds a more favorable prior than observers\u2014this tendency is aggravated. This remains true even when she is not really overconfident, but merely perceived to be so. Higher-order beliefs regarding overconfidence induce inefficient equilibrium selection even when there is \u201calmost common knowledge\u201d that the leader is not over-confident. This provides a novel perspective on how culture selects among equilibria: via higher-order beliefs. 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Linking records of reductions to administrative tax data, we find employment benefits for individuals who (likely) requested their reduction, consistent with selection, but no benefits among the larger subset of individuals whose records were reduced proactively. A field experiment notifying a subset of individuals about their proactive reduction also shows null results, implying that lack of awareness is unlikely to explain our findings. (JEL C93, H76, J22, K14, K42) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20230255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T12:16:15Z","timestamp":1725020175000},"page":"341-358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Labor Market Impacts of Reducing Felony Convictions"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Agan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University, NBER, and IZA (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Garin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, NBER, and IZA (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Koustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal S.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Agan, Amanda, Andrew Garin, Dmitri Koustas, Alexandre Mas, and Crystal S. Yang. 2022. \"The Impact of Criminal Records on Employment, Earnings, and Tax Filing.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agan, Amanda, Andrew Garin, Dmitri Koustas, Alexandre Mas, and Crystal Yang. 2024. Data and Code for: \"The Labor Market Impacts of Reducing Felony Convictions.\" Nashville, TN: American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E194965V1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w31773"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agan, Amanda, Alex Mas, Bailey Palmer, and Crystal Yang. 2019. Evaluating the Impact of Reduced Availability of Criminal History on Ex-offenders' Labor Market Outcomes. 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We evaluate this possibility by aggregating evidence from existing experiments on performance incentives with male and female subjects. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, we estimate both the average effect and heterogeneity across studies. We find that the gender response difference is close to zero and heterogeneity across studies is small, while performance pay increases output by 0.36 standard deviations on average. The data thus support agency theory for men and women alike. (JEL C11, C90, J16, J31, J33) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20200466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T18:29:26Z","timestamp":1638296966000},"page":"435-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Do Women Respond Less to Performance Pay? 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It exempts transactions on the basis of size, though small deals can have large anticompetitive effects in segmented industries. I examine its impact on antitrust enforcement and merger activity in the context of an abrupt increase in the US exemption threshold. I find that among newly-exempt deals, antitrust investigations fall to almost zero while mergers between competitors rise sharply. Effectively all of the rise reflects an endogenous response of firms to reduced premerger scrutiny, consistent with large deterrent effects of antitrust enforcement. 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For baseline parameter values for the COVID-19 pandemic applied to the US, we find that optimal policies differentially targeting risk\/age groups significantly outperform optimal uniform policies and most of the gains can be realized by having stricter protective measures such as lockdowns on the more vulnerable, old group. Intuitively, a strict and long lockdown for the old both reduces infections and enables less strict lockdowns for the lower-risk groups. 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Whinston. 2021. \"Replication Data for: Optimal Targeted Lockdowns in a Multigroup SIR Model.\" American Economic Association [publisher], Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3886\/E130626V1.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27102"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, Fernando E., David Argente, and Francesco Lippi. 2020. \"A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lockdown.\" NBER Working Paper 26981.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26981"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Bairoliya, N., and A. \u0130mrohoro\u011flu. 2020. \"Macroeconomic Consequences of Stay-At-Home Policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic.\" Unpublished."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baqaee, David, Emmanuel Farhi, Michael J. Mina, and James H. 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As a consequence, threshold manipulation is a common concern in a variety of settings. Existing methods for detecting and quantifying threshold manipulation assume a continuous counterfactual distribution absent manipulation. This assumption is violated in the presence of rounding, which is prevalent in many applications and distinct from manipulation. This paper develops methods for testing and quantifying threshold manipulation when rounding is a prominent feature of the data. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in an empirical application examining threshold manipulation in lead monitoring under the US Safe Drinking Water Act. 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Data and Code for: \"Quantifying Threshold Manipulation in the Presence of Rounding: The Case of Lead Monitoring in US Drinking Water.\" American Economic Association; distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E210045V1."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr042"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12225"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es803115k"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2022.2087660"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2023.105512"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/714446"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.3.2.41"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2019.1635480"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr013"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190391"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00396"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullen, Julie Berry, and Randall Reback. 2006. \"Tinkering toward Accolades: School Gaming under a Performance Accountability System.\" In Improving School Accountability: Check-Ups or Choice (Advances in Applied Microeconomics, Vol. 14), edited by Timothy J. 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