{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":776,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T17:41:11Z","timestamp":1650044471799},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to address the effects of the pandemic on the economy and investments in the region - focus Kosovo, compared to the countries of the Western Balkans. CoVid-19 has caused economic shocks worldwide, where many people have lost their jobs, and this has created a negative chain effect on the economic structure in Kosovo as well. The economy consists of a structure in which participate many parties that are interconnected in a chain with each other such as state institutions, companies (manufacturing, trade, services, etc.), employees, suppliers, local and international financial institutions, potential customers, investors, etc., any disconnect in this chain causes a negative economic reaction which will have long-term implications for business recovery. Also, Foreign direct investment in Kosovo is one of the main determinants of the country's development, due to the pandemic many planned investments have been re-oriented in other directions. This study also aims to identify the economic situation and the level of investment decline for this pandemic period, aiming to identify - as proposals - measures to be taken in order to improve the situation and stimulate a debate on the economic situation in times of pandemic. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v4i1.311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T14:45:58Z","timestamp":1645973158000},"page":"77-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Economic trends in times of pandemics: Kosovo case"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ismail","family":"Mehmeti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sokol","family":"Krasniqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7587","unstructured":"Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., & Kotler, P. (2013). Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia."},{"key":"7588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagchi, B., Chatterjee, S., Ghosh, R., & Dandapat, D. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on global economy. In Coronavirus Outbreak and the Great Lockdown (pp. 15-26). Springer, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7782-6_3"},{"key":"7589","unstructured":"Baldwin, R., & Wyplosz, C. (2012). EBOOK The Economics of European Integration 6e. McGraw Hill."},{"key":"7590","unstructured":"Bundo, S. (2010). Finances, Fifth edition, 118,"},{"key":"7591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faque, M., & Hacioglu, U. (2021). Investigating the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on stock markets: Evidence from global equity indices. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 10(7), 199-219.","DOI":"10.20525\/ijrbs.v10i7.1461"},{"key":"7592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gashi, A., Sopa, I., & Havolli, Y. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on economic aspects of business enterprises: The case of Kosovo. Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 26(Special Issue), 63-80.","DOI":"10.30924\/mjcmi.26.si.4"},{"key":"7593","unstructured":"Gjini, G. (2005). Foreign Trade as a factor of economic development in Kosovo, Prizren, 27"},{"key":"7594","unstructured":"Horvat, B. (2007). Dynamic economic development. Belgrade: European Center of Peace and Development ECPD."},{"key":"7595","unstructured":"Horvat, D. and Hovacic, M (2008). Management in small economy: Prishtine 142,"},{"key":"7596","unstructured":"INID (2020). International Burn Injury Database, Kosova www.worldbank.org\/"},{"key":"7597","unstructured":"Komani, S. (2018). Public finances, Pristina 43, 157,"},{"key":"7598","unstructured":"Kottler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing Management 14-Edition."},{"key":"7599","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasniqi, B. A., Kryeziu, L., Bagis, M., Kurutkan, M. N., & Idrizi, S. (2021). COVID-19 and SMEs in Kosovo: Assessing effect and policy preferences. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 26(01), 2150005.","DOI":"10.1142\/S1084946721500059"},{"key":"7600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuqi, B., Elezaj, E., Millaku, B., Dreshaj, A., & Hung, N. T. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in tourism industry: evidence of Kosovo during Q1, Q2 and Q3 period of 2020. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1-12.","DOI":"10.1080\/20430795.2021.1883986"},{"key":"7601","unstructured":"Limani, M. (2012). Microeconomics, Pristina, 34"},{"key":"7602","unstructured":"Limani, M. (2013). Macroeconomics, Pristina, 50"},{"key":"7603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millaku, B., Dreshaj, A., Elezaj, E., & Kuqi, B. (2022). Tourism in Kosovo at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Linguistics and Culture Review, 6, 811-823.","DOI":"10.21744\/lingcure.v6nS1.2166"},{"key":"7604","unstructured":"Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2009). 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Journal of Governance and Regulation\/Volume, 10(2).","DOI":"10.22495\/jgrv10i2art2"},{"key":"7612","unstructured":"Internet Sources:"},{"key":"7613","unstructured":"www.ask.rks-gov.net\/"},{"key":"7614","unstructured":"www.ask.rks-gov.net\/media\/5629\/vjetari-final-2020-per-web.pdf"},{"key":"7615","unstructured":"www.atk-ks.org \u2013 Te hyrat nga tatimet dhe kontributet pensionale,"},{"key":"7616","unstructured":"www.atk-ks.org\/wp, Raporti vjetor i ATK 2020,"},{"key":"7617","unstructured":"www.unctad.org\/en\/PublicationsLibrary\/wir2020_en.pdf"},{"key":"7618","unstructured":"www.unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2020_en.pdf"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/311\/156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/311\/156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T17:00:55Z","timestamp":1650042055000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/311"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v4i1.311","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:36:10Z","timestamp":1755225370067,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study is to investigate how employees' unwillingness to change is influenced by demographic factors (age, gender, and educational attainment). Employees at car dealerships in the eThekwini region of South Africa make up the statistical population of this study. The means of data collection was by administration of questionnaires distributed across 170 employees from selected dealership automobiles. Cronbach's Alpha was used to compute and confirm the questionnaire's reliability, while factor analysis and the KMO index were used to authenticate its validity. The results demonstrate employees' resistance to change in the cognitive rigidity dimension to be significantly influenced by the mean of the variables in the two groups of men and women. Employee resistance to change in the cognitive rigidity construct is unaffected by age, and employees with better educational backgrounds displayed less cognitive resistance than those with lesser educational backgrounds. The tenure of employment also indicated that those with more years of tenure showed less resistance compared to those with lesser years of the tenure at the organisation. The study suggests that these insights are valuable for organisations seeking to improve their change management practices by considering demographic factors as means to understand change is increasingly essential and promises more successful change efforts in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i4.889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:37:47Z","timestamp":1755081467000},"page":"66-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What are the effects of demographic factors on employees\u2019 resistance to change?"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nonye","family":"Chukwuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"39817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aalbers, R., & Smit, S. (2025). 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This examines the impact of digital transformation on training and development practices, particularly through the utilisation of online learning platforms, virtual reality, and augmented reality to enhance learning experiences and engagement, thereby facilitating improved skills acquisition while addressing cultural issues and the digital divide within a South African context. The analysis consolidates findings from literature and studies undertaken between 2020 and 2024, emphasising the improved accessibility to training materials enabled by digital platforms, particularly for underprivileged communities. Nonetheless, a major difference in the use of these technologies between urban and rural areas is evident, highlighting considerable obstacles associated with infrastructure and digital literacy. The review underscores the significance of culturally pertinent frameworks in the execution of digital skills training. Evidence indicates that these frameworks augment involvement and boost outcomes among varied people, addressing particular socioeconomic settings in South Africa. This research emphasises the need for inclusive and contextually relevant strategies to effectively incorporate digital technology into skills development projects by comparing case studies from both emerging and developed economies. The findings underscore that although digitisation has substantial potential for improving skills development, it is essential to tackle institutional constraints and guarantee equitable access to attain favourable outcomes across all communities<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i4.913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:37:16Z","timestamp":1755081436000},"page":"79-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of digitalisation on skills development in South Africa: A comparative analysis"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7568-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarisai Chikungwa","family":"Everson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"40127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afzal, A., Khan, S., Daud, S., Ahmad, Z., & Butt, A. 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For this reason, an empirical study is needed to determine the relationship between the Profit-Sharing Ratio and the Zakah Performance Ratio on Return on Assets in BPRS in Indonesia. The research method used is a quantitative approach using secondary data, and data analysis techniques using multiple regression. The research results show that partially the profit-sharing ratio has a significant effect on the return on assets of BPRS in Indonesia. On the other hand, the zakat performance ratio does not significantly influence the return on assets of BPRS in Indonesia. However, simultaneously or together the profit-sharing ratio and zakat profit ratio significantly affect the profitability of BPRS in Indonesia. Thus, the research is expected to provide a constructive contribution to the development of the world of science, for the government, for practitioners and others related to the implementation of Sharia compliance and financial sustainability of Sharia Financial Institutions in general, and of BPRS both globally and locally\u2014Indonesia in particular.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v6i2.533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T14:16:25Z","timestamp":1717596985000},"page":"194-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between profit sharing ratio and zakah performance ratio on return on assets"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zulhelmy","family":"Hatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dodi Okri","family":"Handoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Firdaus A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Siska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3902-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengku Hafis Nurul","family":"Hidayah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Abbas, M. 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Design Thinking is a creative and innovative approach that focuses on user-centered design. Unlike traditional design methods, Design Thinking involves strong creative thinking and a focus on the user's needs. In this study, a qualitative research methodology was used, including in-depth interviews with several potential and existing customers of IoT intelligent tracking during the Design Thinking empathy stage. The next stage, defining problems and ideas, is validated by the XYZ IoT operator's product development team. Through interviews with three participants from various business backgrounds who are interested in using IoT products and three experts from the IoT development team at mobile operator XYZ, the study identifies the question of \"How Might We\" (HMW), namely: \"How can we develop a more reliable and real-time IoT smart tracking product?\" After brainstorming and discussing of 19 proposed ideas with XYZ's IoT expert team, the results in the ideation stage determined that developing cybersecurity features and predictive algorithms is the most unique and impactful product, while also cost-effective solution in developing new IoT products for XYZ mobile operators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v6i3.579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T21:08:42Z","timestamp":1724360922000},"page":"73-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ideas development of IoT smart tracking products for XYZ company using a design thinking approach"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dodie","family":"Tricahyono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2606-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Azis","family":"Ichwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"ASIOTI. (2019, July). Telkomsel \u2013 IoT Control Centre. Https:\/\/Www.Asioti.Id\/Product\/Telkomsel-Iot-Control-Centre\/.","key":"20226"},{"unstructured":"Bekele, N., Muffatto, M., & Ferrati, F. (2021). Value-based framework development for consumer internet of things (Ciots): A design thinking approach. Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ECIE, 80\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34190\/EIE.21.075","key":"20227"},{"unstructured":"Bisnis.com. (2021, March 8). Kartu SIM Terhubung dengan IoT, Ini Prediksi GSMA Intelligence. Https:\/\/Teknologi.Bisnis.Com\/Read\/20210308\/101\/1365086\/Kartu-Sim-Terhubung-Dengan-Iot-Ini-Prediksi-Gsma-Intelligence.","key":"20228"},{"unstructured":"Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking (Vol. 86). Harvard Business Review.","key":"20229"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diderich, C. (2020). Design Thinking for Strategy. 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Agricultural Systems, 194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103248","key":"20233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103248"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., & Liu, X. (2023). Challenges and opportunities of utilizing design thinking in the industry 4.0 era: based on the case study of industry wastewater treatment system development project process. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13731-023-00315-x","key":"20234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13731-023-00315-x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockwood, T. (2010). Design Thinking in Business: An Interview with Gianfranco Zaccai. Design Management Review, 21(3), 16\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1948-7169.2010.00074.x","key":"20235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7169.2010.00074.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meinel, M., Eismann, T. T., Baccarella, C. V., Fixson, S. K., & Voigt, K. I. (2020). Does applying design thinking result in better new product concepts than a traditional innovation approach? An experimental comparison study. European Management Journal, 38(4), 661\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2020.02.002","key":"20236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2020.02.002"},{"unstructured":"Michael Lewrick, Patrick Link, & Larry Leifer. (2020). The Design Thinking Toolbox: A Guide to Mastering the Most Popular and Valuable Innovation Methods (Illustrated). John Wiley & Sons.","key":"20237"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novera, C. N., Ahmed, Z., Kushol, R., Wanke, P., & Azad, M. A. K. (2022). Internet of Things (IoT) in smart tourism: a literature review. In Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC (Vol. 26, Issue 3, pp. 325\u2013344). Emerald Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SJME-03-2022-0035","key":"20238","DOI":"10.1108\/SJME-03-2022-0035"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shammar, E. A., & Zahary, A. T. (2020). The Internet of Things (IoT): a survey of techniques, operating systems, and trends. In Library Hi Tech (Vol. 38, Issue 1, pp. 5\u201366). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/LHT-12-2018-0200","key":"20239","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-12-2018-0200"},{"unstructured":"Statista. (2023a, August 1). Breakdown of the revenue of the Internet of Things (IoT) market in Indonesia in 2022, by segment(in billion U.S. dollars). Https:\/\/Www.Statista.Com\/Forecasts\/1410740\/Indonesia-Iot-Market-Revenue-by-Segment.","key":"20240"},{"unstructured":"Statista. (2023b, August 1). Total number of Internet of Things (IoT) connections in Indonesia from 2018 to 2028(in million) IoT connections in million. Https:\/\/Www.Statista.Com\/Forecasts\/1410767\/Indonesia-Iot-Connections.","key":"20241"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straker, K., Mosely, G., & Wrigley, C. (2020). An Approach to Integrating Market Research with Customer Insights through the Development of IoT Products. 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The exact services and activities that benefits and create a sustainable competitive advantage to organizations remain underexplored and few studies have been conducted in the Southern Africa developing countries including South African mobile operators. The main purpose of this study was to redress the existing knowledge gap by ascertaining the actual services and activities that the mobile telecom operators are outsourcing for sustainable competitive advantage. A structured closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect raw data from 210 employees. Overall, the results indicate that some of the key services and activities outsourced for sustainable competitive advantage included building and managing network infrastructure, network roll-out and management, manufacturing of mobile network equipment, monitoring the mobile network on capacity overload and breakdowns and assembly operations, maintenance of the base stations of mobile network, manufacturing of hard software components and resolving software problems and fleet management. The practical implications of the findings, assist organizational management in making informed and structured decisions through the identification of critical activities and services that contribute to the attainment of a sustainable competitive advantage and performance improvement of the mobile telecom operators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i3.827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T13:18:41Z","timestamp":1752585521000},"page":"41-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring business process outsourcing services and activities for sustainable competitive advantage in the emerging markets"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0061-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samson","family":"Mbanje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4197-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Mutangadura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1633-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blessing","family":"Takawira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Mithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"37762","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi Kamardi, A., Amoozad Mahdiraji, H., Masoumi, S., & Jafari-Sadeghi, V. 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Multiple regression analysis examined predictive relationships. The findings reveal media advertisements were the strongest predictor of skin bleaching behavior , followed by self-image and self-esteem. The model explained 62.4% of variance. Currently, 25.4% of participants used skin bleaching products, 77.1% had family history of the practice, and only 8.1% demonstrated adequate knowledge of health risks. The findings highlight media influence as the primary behavioral driver, supporting Social Learning Theory's emphasis on environmental factors and observational learning. Interventions must address media messaging, regulatory frameworks, and health literacy rather than relying solely on individual psychological interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.1022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:34:05Z","timestamp":1767616445000},"page":"631-642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-esteem, self-image and media advertisement as preditors of skin bleaching behaviour among undergraduate"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9358-4305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olaitan","family":"Balogun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufemi Timothy","family":"Adigun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016xje988","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conran","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1022\/677","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1022\/677","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:34:06Z","timestamp":1767616446000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/1022"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.1022","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:23:58Z","timestamp":1785403438473,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current research investigates the effect of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) on the Human Development Index in South Africa. A quantitative longitudinal study conducted over 10 years reviewed the relationship between CSI and HDI in South Africa. The survey results confirmed a negative statistical relationship between CSI and HDI in South Africa. With a 1% increase in CSI, leading to a marginal decrease in human development. An implication of the study is that CSI spending is not reaching the citizens of South Africa, possibly due to systemic corruption in South Africa. The results of the study thus have significant policy implications for the implementation and administration of CSI projects in South Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i5.944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T18:59:01Z","timestamp":1765479541000},"page":"326-333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of corporate social investment on human development in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-8796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Surendran","family":"Pillay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/010f1sq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/944\/581","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/944\/581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T19:05:20Z","timestamp":1765479920000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/944"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v7i5.944","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:12:51Z","timestamp":1785413571539,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption in digital marketing enhances the competitiveness of small retail businesses (SRBs) in Cape Town, South Africa. Guided by an integrated Technology\u2013Organisation\u2013Environment (TOE) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework, a systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted across eight databases, resulting in the inclusion of 37 empirical and conceptual studies published between 2015 and 2025. Findings show that AI adoption remains modest, with only 39% of small businesses planning to develop internal AI capabilities by 2025. The most common entry points are ChatGPT, text-to-image generators, predictive analytics systems, and WhatsApp-based chatbots. Businesses using these tools reported an average 11% increase in sales and a 28% reduction in marketing costs within six months. However, adoption is constrained by infrastructure challenges (patchy broadband, power cuts, high cloud costs), organisational limitations (low digital literacy, managerial scepticism, fear of automation), and socio-cultural barriers (language diversity and customer mistrust of chatbots). This study provides the first Cape Town-focused synthesis linking AI adoption to SME competitiveness through the TOE\u2013UTAUT framework. It recommends policy measures to improve digital infrastructure and data governance, practical initiatives to strengthen AI literacy and ethical awareness, and theoretical extensions to contextualise socio-cultural dimensions of AI use. Collectively, these insights contribute to advancing inclusive, trust-based digital transformation in Cape Town\u2019s small business ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:30:15Z","timestamp":1767616215000},"page":"25-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in digital marketing to improve the performance of small retail businesses in Cape Town"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Monique","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056e9h402","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-608X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Twum-Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056e9h402","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Lububu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056e9h402","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/990\/617","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/990\/617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:30:15Z","timestamp":1767616215000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/990"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.990","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:50:53Z","timestamp":1787910653537,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mandate of correctional services is to uphold and advance a just, peaceful, and secure society by ensuring that the corrections environment is secure, safe, and humane, while ideally rehabilitating criminals to minimise their probability of re-offending. Realising these objectives necessitates a shift from the traditional correctional system to a digital, intelligent, and data-driven approach, encompassing the gathering and analysis of information within correctional facilities to identify and mitigate hazards. Intelligence-driven corrections deploy correctional intelligence, data analysis, specialized software, and databases for mapping complicated relationships, assessing forensic evidence, and exchanging information across jurisdictions. They apply data analytics to foresee prospective dangers, such as the likelihood of violence, contraband introduction, or jail riots. The research examines enhanced corrections and intelligence-based advances in modern correctional services. A mixed-method approach was utilised, integrating qualitative and quantitative designs. Interviews, surveys, and secondary data were employed. The research indicated that more intelligent corrections utilise technology and data to oversee inmates, personnel, and visitors, minimise expenses, and enhance public safety and security. Intelligence-driven corrections utilise gathered and analysed intelligence to guide decision-making and resource distribution within correctional facilities, hence improving safety and security by recognising dangers and thwarting criminal activity. Digital technologies improve offender management, security, safety, surveillance, and efficiency through the use of biometrics, facial recognition, artificial intelligence, data analytics, robotics, and drone detection. Artificial intelligence in correctional services improves safety through real-time behaviour surveillance and incident identification, enhances efficiency by automating administrative functions, and offers personalised rehabilitation through customised educational and mental health initiatives, ultimately seeking to diminish recidivism. Blockchain technology in correctional systems provides improved security, transparency, and efficiency, especially in monitoring inmate movements and preserving the integrity of evidence. Evidence-based risk assessment facilitates tailored rehabilitation programs that aid in crime reduction. The study advocated for the adoption and implementation of advanced correction methods, intelligence-driven strategies, technological innovations, and digital devices to improve safety and security in South Africa, other African countries, and worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.1036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:30:55Z","timestamp":1767616255000},"page":"244-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smarter corrections and intelligence-driven innovations in correctional services in contemporary society"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-0485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiji Longinus","family":"Ezeji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z6c2n17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1036\/639","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1036\/639","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:30:55Z","timestamp":1767616255000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/1036"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.1036","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:50:13Z","timestamp":1787910613880,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African agribusiness ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the multifaceted impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and frequent extreme weather events. These disruptions pose significant risks to food security, rural livelihoods, and sustainable development across the continent. This paper explores integrated strategies for enhancing climate resilience in African agribusiness, drawing on resilience theory and systems thinking as guiding conceptual frameworks. It synthesizes current developments in climate-smart agriculture (CSA), the role of indigenous knowledge systems, regional carbon market mechanisms, and the need for improved policy coherence. The study draws from a wide range of empirical literature, regional initiatives, and policy documents, including the African Union Commission\u2019s Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032), to examine how scientific innovations, traditional practices, financial instruments, and inclusive governance can contribute to sustainable adaptation. Emphasis is placed on the active participation of women and youth, equitable access to resources, and the transformation of entire agrifood value chains. The findings suggest that the adoption of CSA and other resilience strategies remains uneven due to structural and institutional barriers. However, opportunities exist to scale successful models through enhanced coordination, policy alignment, and investment in climate-resilient infrastructure and knowledge platforms. The paper concludes by proposing strategic policy pathways and practical recommendations to support the transformation of agribusiness ecosystems into resilient and inclusive systems capable of withstanding current and future climate risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i4.865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:38:42Z","timestamp":1755081522000},"page":"323-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advancing climate resilience in African agribusiness: strategies, innovations, and pathways for sustainable transformation"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Suares Clovis","family":"Oukouomi Noutchie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"39527","unstructured":"African Union Commission. (2022). Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022\u20132032). https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/41959-doc-CC_Strategy_and_Action_Plan_2022-2032_08_02_23_Single_Print_Ready.pdf (Accessed April 26, 2025)"},{"key":"39528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apraku, A., Morton, J. F., & Gyampoh, B. A. (2021). Climate change and small-scale agriculture in Africa: Does indigenous knowledge matter? Insights from Kenya and South Africa. Scientific African, 12, e00821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00821"},{"key":"39529","unstructured":"AUDA-NEPAD. (2024, November 22). Integrating climate action into Africa\u2019s food systems. https:\/\/www.nepad.org\/news\/integrating-climate-action-africas-food-systems (Accessed April 28, 2025)"},{"key":"39530","unstructured":"CGIAR. (2023, October 17). A path to sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa: Enhancing science to support the agribusiness ecosystem. https:\/\/www.cgiar.org\/news-events\/news\/a-path-to-sustainable-climate-resilient-agriculture-in-eastern-and-southern-africa-enhancing-science-to-support-the-agribusiness-ecosystem\/ (Accessed April 27, 2025)"},{"key":"39531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevallier, R. (2023). Strengthening Africa\u2019s climate-smart agriculture and food systems through enhanced policy coherence and coordinated action. South African Journal of International Affairs, 30(4), 595\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10220461.2024.2318712","DOI":"10.1080\/10220461.2024.2318712"},{"key":"39532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougill, A. J., Hermans, T. D. G., Eze, S., Antwi-Agyei, P., & Sallu, S. M. (2021). Evaluating climate-smart agriculture as route to building climate resilience in African food systems. Sustainability, 13(17), 9909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13179909","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179909"},{"key":"39533","unstructured":"Maguire, G. (2024, November 13). Supporting climate-resilient African smallholder farmers through carbon markets (Policy Briefing No. 301). South African Institute of International Affairs. https:\/\/saiia.org.za\/research\/supporting-climate-resilient-african-smallholder-farmers-through-carbon-markets\/ (Accessed April 26, 2025)"},{"key":"39534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makate, C., Makate, M., Mango, N., & Siziba, S. (2019). Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations: Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 231, 858\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.10.069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.10.069"},{"key":"39535","unstructured":"Nhemachena, C., & Panco, M. (2021). Assessment of climate risks and strategies to build resilience in regional food value chains in East, Southern and West Africa. Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). https:\/\/agra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Assessment-of-Climate-Risks-and-Strategies-to-Build-Resilience-in-Regional-Food-Value-Chains.pdf (Accessed April 30, 2025)"},{"key":"39536","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoronkwo, D. J., Ozioko, R. I., Ugwoke, R. U., Nwagbo, U. V., Nwobodo, C., Ugwu, C. H., Okoro, G. G., & Mbah, E. C. (2024). Climate smart agriculture? Adaptation strategies of traditional agriculture to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Climate, 6, Article 1272320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fclim.2024.1272320","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1272320"},{"key":"39537","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shilomboleni, H., Epstein, G., & Mansingh, A. (2024). Building resilience in Africa\u2019s smallholder farming systems: Contributions from agricultural development interventions\u2014a scoping review. Ecology and Society, 29(3), Article 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-15373-290322","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-15373-290322"},{"key":"39538","unstructured":"Tadesse, G., & Barry, N. Y. (2024). Adaptation actions to climate change in African agriculture: Effectiveness and challenges. In G. Tadesse, K. Glatzel, & M. Savadogo (Eds.), Advancing the climate and bioeconomy agenda in Africa for resilient and sustainable agrifood systems (pp. 87\u201394). ReSAKSS. https:\/\/www.resakss.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024_ator_individual_chapters\/Chapter%207_ReSAKSS_AW_ATOR_2024.pdf (Accessed April 25, 2025)"},{"key":"39539","unstructured":"World Bank. (n.d.). Climate-smart agriculture. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/climate-smart-agriculture (Accessed April 27, 2025)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/865\/542","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/865\/542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:38:49Z","timestamp":1755081529000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/865"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v7i4.865","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:43:31Z","timestamp":1785415411575,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a global economic crisis that significantly impacted the South African banking sector, already weakened by a pre-existing recession. While bank profitability and credit quality declined, stock market reactions appeared less severe, indicating a potential disconnect between fundamentals and investor behaviour. This study explores the influence of investor sentiment on credit risk, lending, and performance (ROA) of selected JSE-listed banks during the pandemic, incorporating behavioural finance perspectives. Panel regression analysis reveals that COVID-19 had a significant negative effect on stock, ROA and ROE, driven by heightened uncertainty and rising non-performing loans. Liquidity and capital positively influenced returns and ROE, reflecting investor confidence in resilient banks. Investor sentiment had a weakly positive impact on returns, but a significant negative effect on both ROA and ROE, suggesting that excessive optimism may have led to riskier lending practices and reduced profitability. Larger banks underperformed in terms of returns, likely due to operational complexity during the crisis. These findings highlight the critical role of behavioural factors in shaping financial outcomes during systemic shocks and provide new insights into emerging market banking dynamics under crisis conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/em831351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:29:53Z","timestamp":1767616193000},"page":"344-358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investor sentiment and behavioural biases in bank performance during COVID-19: Evidence from South Africa"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3590-6523","authenticated-orcid":true,"family":"Kgahlego Phala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/010f1sq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8954-4933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabian","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/010f1sq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Sune Ferreira-Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/010f1sq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1060\/647","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1060\/647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:36:01Z","timestamp":1767616561000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/1060"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/em831351","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:05:55Z","timestamp":1787843155175,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explored factors for infusing change management practices in the public sector and gave recommendations for policy execution of technology. The Western Cape Department of Community Safety (DoCS) launched the Expanded Partnership Programme (EPP) in 2010, as provided for in section 206 of the Constitution to reorient social crime prevention by Community Policing Forums Educate and Share towards Monitoring Guided Actions to increase sustainability, the efficiency of Community Police Forums (CPFs), and the accountability of the police. Even with an investment of R18 million, participation levels were still low and there was no service delivery improvement by the police, thus the need for a change management was borne. The study pointed out the need of strategic methods such as Kotter\u2019s 8-Step Process, Prosci ADKAR, and McKinsey Influence Model to implement institutionalised changes. The research pursued a practical stance and therefore merged objectivist and constructivist positions with an abductive approach. Count data were collected through the use of a Likert scale questionnaire since it was quantitative in nature while qualitative data was obtained from semi-structured focus group discussions. Data analysis was performed using qualitative and quantitative methods such as descriptive statistics, Pearson\u2019s Chi-square, and content analysis, among others. The research findings highlighted key factors such as organizational culture, interests of stakeholders, politics, resources, and the external environment a determinants of change management. The creation of detailed guidelines that are supported by evidence to direct decision making, resource allocation and prioritisation of policies by the government was advocated for in the study. These findings closed the loop between the research academic domain and the practical field, and demonstrated clear steps towards improving accountability, transparency and adequacy of change implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v6i6.651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T19:00:14Z","timestamp":1734462014000},"page":"102-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors influencing institutionalisation of change management practice in government departments"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8697-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresha","family":"Hanekom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Twum-Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1544-6457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Kadakure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"27051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinbode, A., & Al Shuhumi, S. (2018). Change management process and leadership styles. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 609-618.","DOI":"10.20319\/pijss.2018.42.609618"},{"key":"27052","unstructured":"Bakari, H., Hunjra, A. I., & Masood, M. T. (2017). Managing organisational change in Pakistan: Insights from the work of Kurt Lewin. UW Journal of Management Sciences, 1(1), 53-64."},{"key":"27053","unstructured":"Baker, D. (2007). Strategic change management in public sector organisations. Amsterdam: Elsevier."},{"key":"27054","unstructured":"Bahner, R., & Stroh, L. (2004). The transformation management model: A total evaluation route to business change success. Problems and Perspectives in Management, (4), 180-191."},{"key":"27055","unstructured":"Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"27056","unstructured":"Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2019). Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. London: Kogan Page."},{"key":"27057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5), 545\u2013547.","DOI":"10.1188\/14.ONF.545-547"},{"key":"27058","unstructured":"Creswell, J., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage."},{"key":"27059","unstructured":"Creswell, J., & Creswell, J. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage."},{"key":"27060","unstructured":"Cummings, T., & Worley, C. (2014). Organisation development and change. Cengage learning."},{"key":"27061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobrovi? J., & Timkov\u00e1, V. (2017). Examination of factors affecting the implementation of organizational changes. Journal of Competitiveness, 9(4), 5-17. DOI: 10.7441\/joc.2017.04.01.","DOI":"10.7441\/joc.2017.04.01"},{"key":"27062","unstructured":"Eisenstat, R., Spector, B., & Beer, M. (1990). Why change programs don\u2019t produce change. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), 158-166."},{"key":"27063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etikan, I., Musa, S., & Alkassim, R. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4.","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11"},{"key":"27064","unstructured":"Hiatt, J., & Creasey, T. (2012). Change management: The people side of change. Prosci."},{"key":"27065","unstructured":"Kotter, J. (1996). Leading change. Harvard Business Review Press."},{"key":"27066","unstructured":"Kotter, J., & Cohen, D. S. (2012). The heart of change: Real-life stories of how people change their organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press."},{"key":"27067","unstructured":"Kumandang, C., Ruslaini, R., Santoso, S., & Rizal, M. (2022). Optimizing organizational performance: Exploring the integration of AI and HR practices. In The International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Technology (ICESST), 1(2), 269-277."},{"key":"27068","unstructured":"Lueg, R., & Vuori, V. (2020). Transformation management: Methodologies and frameworks for guiding change. Journal of Change Management, 20(3), 245-263."},{"key":"27069","unstructured":"Morgan, J. (1921). Managing change: Strategies of making change work for you. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"27070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, D. (1996). Focus groups as qualitative research. Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984287"},{"key":"27071","unstructured":"Neill, M. (2018). Change management communication: Barriers, strategies and messaging. Public Relations Journal, 12(1), 1-26."},{"key":"27072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoko, J., Tunison, S., & Walker, K. (2023). Introduction to a variety of qualitative research methods. In: Okoko, J., Tunison, S. & Walker, K. (eds.), Varieties of qualitative research methods. Cham: Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-04394-9_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04394-9"},{"key":"27073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlikowski, W., & Barley, S. (2001). Technology and institutions: What can research on information technology and research on organizations learn from each other? MIS Quarterly, 25(2), 145-165.","DOI":"10.2307\/3250927"},{"key":"27074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2013). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203826461"},{"key":"27075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, J., & Klein, J. (2023). Change management: From theory to practice. TechTrends, 67(1), 189-197.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-022-00775-0"},{"key":"27076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilcher, N., & Cortazzi, M. (2024). \u2018Qualitative\u2019 and \u2018quantitative\u2019 methods and approaches across subject fields: Implications for research values, assumptions, and practices. 58, 2357-2387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-023-01734-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-023-01734-4"},{"key":"27077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehouma, M., Geyer, T., & Kahl, T. (2020). Investigating change management based on participation and acceptance of IT in the public sector: A mixed research study. International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age (IJPADA), 7(4), 51-70.","DOI":"10.4018\/IJPADA.20201001.oa4"},{"key":"27078","unstructured":"Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students. 8th ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson."},{"key":"27079","unstructured":"Sawitri, H., & Wahyuni, S. (2018). Readiness to change in the public sector. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(1), 259-267."},{"key":"27080","unstructured":"Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"27081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, E., Groeneveld, S., & Van de Walle, S. (2017). A change management perspective on public sector cutback management: Towards a framework for analysis. Public Management Review, 19(10), 1538-1555.","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2017.1296488"},{"key":"27082","unstructured":"Smith, J. (2017). Managing change: Strategies for success. Publisher X."},{"key":"27083","unstructured":"Tidd, J., & Bessant, J. R. (2020). Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organizational change. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"27084","unstructured":"Vogt, W., Gardner, D., & Haeffele, L. (2012). When to use what research design. New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"27085","unstructured":"Welch, M. (2011). HRM work and employment relations in the English NHS: On navigating through the fog. Industrial Relations Journal, 42(2), 106-123."},{"key":"27086","unstructured":"Western Cape Department of Community Safety. (2015). The implementation evaluation of the expanded partnership programme: Full evaluation report. Creative Consultants & Development Works."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/651\/377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/651\/377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T19:00:50Z","timestamp":1734462050000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/651"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v6i6.651","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:44:57Z","timestamp":1788558297251,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper was to analyse social entrepreneurs as the proponents towards achieving LED and ensuring the reduction of poverty and community empowerment. The emergence of social entrepreneurship in South Africa could improve LED, addressing imperative conundrums such as poverty, unemployment and inequality. The argument of this paper is that social entrepreneurs through their unique business models may play a critical role in ensuring a comprehensive LED, which could be sustainable to alleviate poverty and ensure community empowerment. The significance of social entrepreneurship cannot be circumvented in a country characterized by socio-economic ills, wherein people\u2019s living standards continue to deteriorate. Thus, the capacity of both government and private sector remains questionable because of the perpetual challenges that ordinary people endure on the ground. Social entrepreneurs may help to rejuvenate underserved communities, especially in rural and township regions. The paper emphasized on how social enterprises foster inclusive development by generating employment, improving access to education, healthcare and financial services and uplifting historically marginalized groups like women and youth. This is a conceptual paper that adopted a literature-based methodology to fulfil its aim. It relied on secondary data sources to critique social entrepreneurship as a proponent for LED. The paper revealed that social entrepreneurs continue to play a significant role in improving the lives of the destitute both in rural and township areas. This paper underscored the need to have a proliferation of social entrepreneurs to resuscitate local economic hubs in South African rural and township areas. It concludes that for a comprehensive LED to take place, social entrepreneurs should be the paragons of LED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.1080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:31:55Z","timestamp":1767616315000},"page":"399-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social entrepreneurship as a driver of local economic development in South Africa: Pathways to sustainable poverty alleviation and community empowerment"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mohale Ernest","family":"Selelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017p87168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Limpopo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Nkosinathi","family":"Khwela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017p87168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Limpopo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1080\/652","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1080\/652","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1767616316000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/1080"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v7i6.1080","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:43:53Z","timestamp":1792349033094,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In South Africa, Grade 10 subject streaming is a critical stage in secondary schooling that shapes learners' future educational and career opportunities. Informed subject choices align with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education), which promotes inclusive and equitable learning opportunities. Although parental involvement is widely recognised as important during this transition, limited research has examined how parents in rural contexts prepare their children for subject-stream selection. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, this study investigated whether and how parents prepare their children for Grade 10 subject streaming in rural secondary schools in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. A qualitative case study design was employed. Participants included parents of Grade 9 learners, learners, and educators responsible for subject guidance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that parental participation in subject selection was often procedural rather than informed. While some parents attempted to guide their children, many lacked adequate knowledge of subject streams, curriculum requirements, and their links to further study and career pathways. Document analysis further showed that subject-choice forms largely functioned as administrative tools requiring parental signatures, with limited explanatory information regarding subject requirements and career opportunities. Socioeconomic challenges, limited educational attainment, and weak school-parent communication further constrained parental involvement. As a result, learners frequently relied on Life Orientation teachers, peers, and personal interests when selecting subjects. The study concludes that parental preparation for Grade 10 subject streaming in rural schools remains limited and uneven. It recommends strengthening school-parent partnerships, providing parent-focused subject-choice guidance, involving parents more directly in career-guidance activities, and improving access to subject-selection information through clear and accessible communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v8i5.1537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:51:31Z","timestamp":1792345891000},"page":"316-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do Parents Prepare their Children for Grade 10 Subject Streaming? A Case Study of Rural Schools"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lebogang Steven","family":"Shirindzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0338xea48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Venda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4053-297X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azwidowi Aubrey","family":"Mokwebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0338xea48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Venda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1537\/913","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1537\/913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:51:32Z","timestamp":1792345892000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/1537"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v8i5.1537","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:39:29Z","timestamp":1792348769130,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>1. Abstract \u00a0\nA quest for accountability and fairness in the South African public service has been undermined by persistent gaps in discipline management, particularly in the application of PSCBC Resolution 1 of 2003. This study examines the impact of non-compliance with procedural principles and timeframes on dismissed employees and their families within the North West provincial government. Drawing on literature on procedural justice, consequence management, and labour law, the study assesses disciplinary policy practice, precautionary suspension processes, and the reluctance of departments to implement reinstatement awards.\n\u00a0\nThe study adopted a mixed-methods design. The population comprised employees across nine North West provincial departments. Data were collected through document review of disciplinary case files and arbitration awards, a structured questionnaire administered to 100 respondents, and 30 semi-structured interviews with dismissed employees, employees with delayed reinstatement awards, and family members. Key informant interviews were conducted with labour relations practitioners. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to assess variability and deviation from Resolution 1 of 2003, supplemented by thematic analysis of interview and case law evidence.\n\u00a0\nThe data indicate widespread failure to follow Resolution 1 of 2003, with some reinstatement awards delayed by up to 17 years. In practice, departments often opened disciplinary hearings without adequate preliminary investigation, extended precautionary suspensions well past the 60-day statutory limit, and resisted implementing CCMA and Labour Court orders to reinstate employees. Consequences include prolonged income loss, asset repossession, psychological distress, stigma, and social breakdown for employees and dependents. Institutional resistance, manifested through repeated review applications and unlawful salary deductions, further weakens accountability.\n\u00a0\nThe study concludes that administrative non-compliance generates measurable financial, psychological, and social harm that extends beyond the workplace. Recommendations include enforcing time-bound implementation of awards, establishing a central monitoring system, limiting procedural delay tactics, integrating family impact assessments, and strengthening accountability within labour relations units through progressive and team-based discipline, capacitated accountability mechanisms, and merit-based appointments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v8i5.1382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:41:54Z","timestamp":1792345314000},"page":"410-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["&lt;b&gt;Evaluation of the Disciplinary Code and Procedures for the Public Service of South Africa, Resolution 1 of 2003&lt;\/b&gt;"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tshepo","family":"Tladi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kn7bc28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sol Plaatje University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1382\/922","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/1382\/922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:41:54Z","timestamp":1792345314000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/1382"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v8i5.1382","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2687-2293","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:48:38Z","timestamp":1740181718970,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of marketing innovation on the performance of coffee cooperatives in Kenya. A descriptive research design was applied. The target population of this study was 525 coffee cooperative societies in Kenya registered with the Commissioner for Cooperatives and licensed by AFFA (Coffee Directorate) as of 30th of October 2016. The sample size was 227 respondents. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the selected respondents. The results revealed that marketing innovation and performance are positive and significantly related (?=0.674, p=0.001). This implied that significant changes in product design and packaging led to a positive change in the performance of coffee cooperatives. The study affirms that to improve performance by targeting the customers, constant improvements in how the company promotes its new products to capture the attention of new customers is a key aspect to be considered. The study recommends the management employ skills in developing clear operating procedures to run the business successfully, coordinate different areas of the business to achieve results and the ability and design jobs to suit staff capabilities and interests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v4i4.366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T13:55:40Z","timestamp":1665323740000},"page":"83-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of marketing innovation on the performance of coffee cooperatives in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Peter Ngibuini","family":"Kuguru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Erik","family":"Jaensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinyanjui","family":"Nganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10674","unstructured":"Barney, J. (2007). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (3rd Edition). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"10675","unstructured":"FAO. Impact of International Voluntary Standards on Smallholder Market Participation in Developing Countries\u2014A Review of Literature (Agribusiness and Food Industries Series); FAO: Rome, Italy, 2014."},{"key":"10676","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitt, M. A., & Duane, R. (2002). The Essence of Strategic Leadership: Managing Human and Social Capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107179190200900101","DOI":"10.1177\/107179190200900101"},{"key":"10677","unstructured":"Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., & Hoskisson, R.E. (2010). Strategic Management: Concepts &Cases Competitiveness and Globalization. Wall Street Journal (8th ed.). Canada: South-Western"},{"key":"10678","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, M. (1993). The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. Journal of Finance, 48, 831\u2013880 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04022.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04022.x"},{"key":"10679","unstructured":"Karanja A. M. and Nyoro J. K. (2002). Coffee Prices and Regulation and their Impact on Livelihoods of Rural Community in Kenya. Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development, Egerton University, Kenya."},{"key":"10680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kneipp, J. M., Gomes, C. M., Bichueti, R. S., Frizzo, K., &Perlin, A. P. (2019). Sustainable innovation practices and their relationship with the performance of industrial companies. Revista de Gest\u00e3o. 26(2), 94-111 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/REGE-01-2018-0005","DOI":"10.1108\/REGE-01-2018-0005"},{"key":"10681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medase, K., & Barasa, L. (2019). Absorptive capacity, marketing capabilities, and innovation commercialization in Nigeria. European Journal of Innovation Management. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EJIM-09-2018-0194","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-09-2018-0194"},{"key":"10682","unstructured":"Mitchell, D., (2011) Kenya Smallholder Coffee and Tea: Divergent Trends Following."},{"key":"10683","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, D., Schuessler, J., &Dubinsky, A. (2016). Defining and identifying disruptive innovations. Industrial Marketing Management, 57, 119-126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indmarman.2015.11.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2015.11.017"},{"key":"10684","unstructured":"Ngamsutti, S., & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2016). Marketing innovation capability and marketing performance: an empirical study of electrical and electronic appliances in Thailand. The Business & Management Review, 7(5), 339. https:\/\/cberuk.com\/cdn\/conference_proceedings\/conference_55273.pdf"},{"key":"10685","unstructured":"Nyangito, H.O. (2005). Tea and Coffee Industry in Kenya. KIPPRA Discussion Paper, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"key":"10686","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahim, F. B. T., &Zainuddin, Y. B. (2019, January). The impact of technological innovation capabilities on competitive advantage and firm performance in the automotive industry in Malaysia. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2059, No. 1, p. 020030). AIP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5085973"},{"key":"10687","unstructured":"Simiyu, B. (2013). Effects of innovation strategies on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences and Entrepreneurship, 1 (3), 198-207."},{"key":"10688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoman S. H. (2009). Effective management style. J. Manage. Eng. 15(1) 21\u2013 23.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0742-597X(1999)15:1(21)"},{"key":"10689","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland, J. & Canwell, D. (2004) Key Concepts in Management, Great Britain: Palgrave Macmillan Limited","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-20474-4"},{"key":"10690","unstructured":"Tavassoli, S., & Karlsson, C. (2015b). Firms\u2019 Innovation Strategies Analyzed and Explained. CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series Paper No. 396. The Royal Institute of technology Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies (CESIS)."},{"key":"10691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teece, D. J. (2018). Business models and dynamic capabilities. Long range planning, 51(1), 40-49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lrp.2017.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2017.06.007"},{"key":"10692","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanyama, Frederick O. and Develtere, Patrick and Pollet, Ignace, Encountering the Evidence: Cooperatives and Poverty Reduction in Africa (2008). Working Papers on Social and Co-operative Entrepreneurship WP-SCE 08-02, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1330387","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1330387"},{"key":"10693","unstructured":"\u017ditkien?, R., Kazlauskien?, E., & Deksnys, M. (2018). Dynamic capabilities for service innovation. https:\/\/repository.mruni.eu\/handle\/007\/15354"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Business Ecosystem &amp; Strategy (2687-2293)"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/366\/186","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/download\/366\/186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T13:55:53Z","timestamp":1665323753000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bussecon.com\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbes\/article\/view\/366"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36096\/ijbes.v4i4.366","ISSN":["2687-2293"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2687-2293"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:36:14Z","timestamp":1755225374820,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Bussecon International Academy","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJBES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic countries all over the world underwent hard lockdowns that limited face-to-face contact in everyday aspects of our lives. Higher Education Providers responded to ensure that education was accessible via online platforms to allow students to continue their studies during the pandemic. Due to this Learning Management Systems (LMSs) were no longer merely used for uploading or downloading content and instead was used for completing online courses including submitting assignments, conducting examinations and lectures. Thus, using an LMS became the only means of survival for many educational intuitions during the pandemic. The study used the qualitative method for collecting and analyzing data by conducting one on one interviews via MS Teams. The objective of the study was to explore which functionalities of Moodle were used for e-learning in a learning journey at a Private Distance Higher Education Institution in a COVID-19 environment and why. Based on this objective, the following research question was posed: Which functionalities of Moodle do lecturers and students use when using Moodle for e-learning in a learning journey and what are the reasons for their choice? The results revealed that despite having multiple functionalities available only limited functionalities were used by both lecturers and students. It was identified that usage on Moodle was motivated by UTAUT-3 constructs such as Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Hedonic Motivation and Facilitating Conditions. The research further revealed that students and lecturers may not have understood how to use all the functionalities available hence usage was limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36096\/ijbes.v7i4.855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:39:12Z","timestamp":1755081552000},"page":"309-322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moodle use in South African distance education: A UTAUT-3 \u2013 based exploration on student and lecturer perspective"],"prefix":"10.36096","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5841-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raessa","family":"Jabar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6115-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desmond Wesley","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34776","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"40318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdou, D., & Jasimuddin, S. M. (2020). The use of the UTAUT model in the adoption of e-learning technologies: An empirical study in France-based banks. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 28(4), 38-51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/JGIM.2020100103","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.2020100103"},{"key":"40319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, M. A. H., Ali, M. H., Deli, M. M., & Alawi, H. (2023). The intentions to adopt e-learning using UTAUT-3 model: A post COVID-19 perspective. International Journal of Business and Society, 24(3), 1266-1283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33736\/ijbs.6373.2023","DOI":"10.33736\/ijbs.6373.2023"},{"key":"40320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrahim, F. A. (2020). Online teaching skills and competencies. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 19(1), 9-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/wjel.v12n3p187","DOI":"10.5430\/wjel.v12n3p187"},{"key":"40321","unstructured":"Alkhateeb, F., AlMaghayreh, E., Aljawarneh, S., Muhsin, Z., & Nsour, A. (2010). E-learning tools and technologies in education: A perspective. E-learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/2.1.1017.9847"},{"key":"40322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avc?, \u00dc., & Erg\u00fcn, E. (2022). Online students\u2019 LMS activities and their effect on engagement, information literacy, and academic performance. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(1), 71-84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2019.1636088","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1636088"},{"key":"40323","unstructured":"Casey, J., & Wilson, P. (2005). A practical guide to providing flexible learning in further and higher education. Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. https:\/\/www.enhancementthemes.ac.uk\/docs\/ethemes\/flexible-delivery\/a-practical-guide-to-providing-flexible-learning-in-further-and-higher-education.pdf?sfvrsn=1c2ef981_10"},{"key":"40324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambers, J. M. (2017). Graphical methods for data analysis: 0. Chapman and Hall\/CRC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781315381305","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315381305"},{"key":"40325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chicioreanu, T. D., & Cosma, I. (2017). I am a teacher in the digital era. What to choose: Google Classroom or Moodle?. eLearning & Software for Education, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12753\/2066-026X-17-129","DOI":"10.12753\/2066-026X-17-129"},{"key":"40326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Churiyah, M., Sholikhan, S., Filianti, F., & Sakdiyyah, D. A. (2020). Indonesia education readiness conducting distance learning in Covid-19 pandemic situation. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(6), 491-507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18415\/ijmmu.v7i6.1833","DOI":"10.18415\/ijmmu.v7i6.1833"},{"key":"40327","unstructured":"Coll, S. D., Coll, R., & Treagust, D. (2018). Making the most of out-of-school visits: How does the teacher prepare? Part I: Development of the Learner Integrated Field Trip Inventory (LIFTI). International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 26(4). https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/229407543.pdf"},{"key":"40328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Seoud, M. S. A., Ghenghesh, P., Seddiek, N., Nosseir, A., Taj-Eddin, I. A., & El-Khouly, M. M. (2013, September). E-learning and motivation effects on Egyptian higher education. In 2013 International Conference on Interactive Collaborative-Learning (ICL) (pp. 689-695). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICL.2013.6644685","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL.2013.6644685"},{"key":"40329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, M. S., Salam, M., Jaafar, N., Fayolle, A., Ayupp, K., Radovic-Markovic, M., & Sajid, A. (2017). Acceptance and use of lecture capture system (LCS) in executive business studies. Interactive Technology and Smart Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITSE-06-2016-0015","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-06-2016-0015"},{"key":"40330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam, S. (2020). COVID-19: Air pollution remains low as people stay at home. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(7), 853-857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00128-020-02877-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-020-00842-6"},{"key":"40331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelles, L. A., Lord, S. M., Hoople, G. D., Chen, D. A., & Mejia, J. A. (2020). Compassionate flexibility and self-discipline: Student adaptation to emergency remote teaching in an integrated engineering energy course during COVID-19. Education Sciences, 10(11), 304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci10110304","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci10110304"},{"key":"40332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghounane, N. (2020). Moodle or social networks: What alternative refuge is appropriate to Algerian EFL students to learn during Covid-19 pandemic. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24093\/awej\/vol11no3.2","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/hzs3r"},{"key":"40333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godoe, P., & Johansen, T. (2012). Understanding adoption of new technologies: Technology readiness and technology acceptance as an integrated concept. Journal of European Psychology Students, 3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/jeps.aq","DOI":"10.5334\/jeps.aq"},{"key":"40334","unstructured":"Goyal, E., & Tambe, S. (2015). Effectiveness of Moodle-enabled blended learning in private Indian business school teaching NICHE programs. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 5(2), 14-22. https:\/\/www.tojned.net\/journals\/tojned\/articles\/v05i02\/v05i02-03.pdf"},{"key":"40335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunasinghe, A., Abd Hamid, J., Khatibi, A., & Azam, S. F. (2019). The adequacy of UTAUT-3 in interpreting academician\u2019s adoption to e-learning in higher education environments. Interactive Technology and Smart Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITSE-05-2019-0020","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-05-2019-0020"},{"key":"40336","unstructured":"Jabar, R. (2023). E learning (Doctoral thesis). UKZN, E learning journeys using Moodle at a private higher education institution in South Africa"},{"key":"40337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jebari, K., Boussedra, F., & Ettouhami, A. (2017). Teaching \u201cInformation Systems Management\u201d with Moodle. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 12(04), 4-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v12i04.6183","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v12i04.6183"},{"key":"40338","unstructured":"Khumalo, M. M. (2023). Management of web-based learning system at the Durban University of Technology. Durban University of Technology. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10321\/5301"},{"key":"40339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., & Sharma, D. (2016). Creating collaborative and convenient learning environment using cloud-based Moodle LMS: An instructor and administrator perspective. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies (IJWLTT), 11(1), 35-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJWLTT.2016010103","DOI":"10.4018\/IJWLTT.2016010103"},{"key":"40340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo, S., Alsharari, N. M., Abbas, J., & Alshurideh, M. T. (2021). From offline to online learning: A qualitative study of challenges and opportunities as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UAE higher education context. 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Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 48(6), 369\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10668926.2022.2135043","DOI":"10.1080\/10668926.2022.2135043"},{"key":"40343","unstructured":"Martinez, M., & Jagannathan, S. (2012). Learning solution: Moodle: A low-cost solution for successful e-learning. https:\/\/www.cedma-europe.org\/newsletter%20articles\/eLearning%20Guild\/Moodle%20-%20A%20Low-Cost%20Solution%20for%20Successful%20e-Learning%20(Nov%2008).pdf"},{"key":"40344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mtshali, N. G., Gwele, N. S., & Baloyi, O. B. (2022). Exploring the use of Moodle in postgraduate nursing education in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Journal of Health Professions Education, 14(2), 1163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/AJHPE.2022.v14i2.1163","DOI":"10.7196\/AJHPE.2022.v14i2.1163"},{"key":"40345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhtar, K., Javed, K., Arooj, M., & Sethi, A. (2020). 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