{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":58,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:13:36Z","timestamp":1753884816224,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work analyzes the registered cases of Covid-19 throughout the world according the data registered at Johns Hopkins University. We selected 15 countries to analyze their data. In alphabetical order the countries are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Germany, India, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Spain, United States and Venezuela. With this information, three different studies were carried out. First, the data was validated using Benford's Law which is based on forensic techniques that allow us to guarantee the integrity of the information. Later, we calculated the value of the basic reproduction number (R0), ie., the number of secondary host infections caused by one primary host infection that helps us to determine if a country has an outbreak of Covid-19. Finally, we show that the best representation for the change in the number of cases in the time is to calculate the mantissa value, ie., the floating number obtained from the logarithm of the data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T04:34:16Z","timestamp":1594701256000},"page":"15-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A quick Look at the Registered Cases of Covid-19 Throughout the World"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Hoyo de la Puerta, Baruta, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl E","family":"Lonngren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"1.Isea R. (2020) How valid are the reported cases of people infected with Covid-19 in the worlds?International. , Journal of Coronavirus 1(2), 53."},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.Isea R. (2020) La din\u00e1mica de transmisi\u00f3n del Covid-2019 desde una perspectiva matem\u00e1tica. Revista Observador del. , Conocimiento 5(1), 15."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.Yang C, Wang J. (2020) A mathematical model for the novel coronavirus epidemic in Wuhan. , China. Mathematics Biosciences and Engineering 17(3), 2708.","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2020148"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4.Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L et al. (2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia,N Engl J Med.2020:."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"5.Tang B, Wang X, Li Q, N L Bragazzi, Tang S et al. (2020) Estimation of the transmission risk of the 2019-nCoV and its implication for publichealting intervantions. , J.of Clinical Medicine 9, 62."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, S, Yang G et al. (2020) Preliminary estimation of the basis reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China from(2019 to 2020).A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. , Int. J. Infect, Dis 2020, 1.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.23.916395"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Isea R, Lonngren K E. (2018) Toward an early warning system for Dengue, Malaria and Zika in Venezuela. , Acta Scientific Microbiology 1(3), 30.","DOI":"10.31080\/asmi.2018.01.0025"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"8.Isea R, Lonngren K E. (2017) Proposal for an early warning system against an AH1N1 Influenza pandemic in America. , Adv. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Science 1(2), 1."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9.Wallinga J y Lipsith, M. (2007) How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive. , numbers.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science 274, 599.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3754"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Obadia R, Haneel R, Bo\u00eblle P Y. (2012) The R0package: a toolbox to estimateproduction numbers for epidemic outbreaks. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.12:. 147.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-147"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1396","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T04:34:44Z","timestamp":1594701284000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1396"}},"editor":[{"given":"Sasho","family":"Stoleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Health of R. Macedonia, WHO CC and Ga2len CC, Macedonia."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3453","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"article-number":"1396"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:47Z","timestamp":1753884767065,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, now named as SARS-CoV-2, caused a series of acute atypical respiratory diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease caused by this virus was termed COVID-19. The virus is transmittable between humans and has caused pandemic worldwide. The number of death tolls continues to rise and a large number of countries have been forced to do social distancing and lockdown. In humans, COVIDs mostly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from a common cold to more severe disease such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure and even death. Preliminary evidence suggests children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 but are less likely to be symptomatic or develop severe symptoms. in our study , we consider the symptomatology , complications and mortality patterns of this disease in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T08:16:14Z","timestamp":1705047374000},"page":"6-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Profile of Children with Covid 19 Infection in our Set Up"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Baljinder","family":"kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Rajindra Hospital, Patiala.."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navpreet","family":"kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Rajindra Hospital, Patiala.."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.I, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer M et al. (2020) Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. , Journal of travel medicine 27(2), 008.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa008"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Lu H, Stratton C W, Tang Y W. (2020) Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of medical virology. 92(4), 401-2.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa S S, Yang G et al. (2020) Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from2019to2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International journal of infectious diseases.92:. 214-7.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.23.916395"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Channappanavar R, Zhao J, Perlman S. (2014) Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses. , Immunologc Research 59(1), 118-28.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8534-z"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Rabi F A, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh G A, Salameh D M, Al-Nasser A D. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far. Pathogens. 9(3), 231.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030231"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Bosch B J, Zee R Van der, De Haan CA, Rottier P J. (2003) The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. Journal of virology. 77(16), 8801-11.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.16.8801-8811.2003"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Li W, Moore M J, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong S K et al. (2003) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 426(6965), 450-4.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao Z J. (2020) Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochemical and biophysical research communications.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.02.071"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Walls A C, Park Y J, Tortorici M A, Wall A, McGuire A T et al. (2020) Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.19.956581"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. (2020) Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature microbiology. 5(4), 562-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J et al. (2020) Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine. 12, 1-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.Belouzard S, Chu V C, Whittaker G R. (2009) Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(14), 5871-6.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809524106"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Millet J K, Whittaker G R. (2014) Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(42), 15214-9.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407087111"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D et al. (2020) Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nature communications. 11(1), 1-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22614-1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Belouzard S, Millet J K, Licitra B N, Whittaker G R. (2012) Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein. Viruses. 4(6), 1011-33.","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y. (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 8(4), 420-422.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30076-x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.FL Van de Veerdonk, Netea M G, M Van Deuren.et al.(2020). Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome. Elife.","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.57555"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. (2020) Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. , J Thromb Haemost 18(4), 844-847.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S. (2020) ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID19. , J Thromb Haemost 18(5), 1023-1026.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14810"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.Klok F A, MJHA Kruip, NJM van der Meer. (2020) Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 191, 145-147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.041"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"22.Koren G, King S, Knowles S, Phillips E. (2003) Ribavirin in the treatment of SARS-CoV:a new trick for an old drug?. , Can. Med Assoc. J 168, 1289-92."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T08:16:20Z","timestamp":1705047380000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1702"}},"editor":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados - IDEA, Hoyo de la Puerta, Baruta."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3951","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"article-number":"1702"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:13:39Z","timestamp":1753884819779,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:30:22Z","timestamp":1593757822000},"page":"12-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 and New Forms of Acute Pneumonia. It's Time for A Brainstorming Session"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Igor","family":"Klepikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MD, Professor, Retired"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Fauci A S, H Clifford Lane, Redfield R R. (2020) . , Covid-19 \u2014 Navigating the Uncharted. N Engl J Med 382, 1268-1269.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejme2002387"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Grasselli G. (2020) Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region. , Italy.JAMA2020Apr6;[e-pub]. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5394)","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3. (2020) Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Ventilator stockpiling and availability in the US.http:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/resources\/COVID-19\/200214-VentilatorAvailability-factsheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.M L Ranney, Griffeth V, A K Jha. (2020) . Critical Supply Shortages \u2014 The Need for Ventilators and Personal Protective Equipment during the Covid-19 Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:e41 DOI: 10.1056\/NEJMp2006141 .","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp2006141"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Richardson S, Hirsch J S, Narasimhan M. (2020) . Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the , New York City Area.JAMA.doi;10.1001\/jama.2020.6775PublishedonlineApril22,2020 .","DOI":"10.3410\/f.737797860.793574198"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Zagury-Orly I, R M Schwartzstein. (2020) . Covid-19 \u2014 A Reminder to Reason. NEJM,April28,2020. DOI: 10.1056\/NEJMp2009405 .","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp2009405"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.E J Rubin, L R Baden, Morrissey S. (2020) Audio Interview: Approaches to Covid-19 Vaccines and Antivirals. , N Engl J Med 382-58.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejme2012889"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Bhimraj A, L Morgan R, Shumaker A H. (2020) . Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19.https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/practice-guideline\/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management\/ .","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa478"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Tse G M, To K, Chan P K. (2004) Pulmonary pathological features in coronavirus associated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). , Journal of Clinical Pathology 57, 260-265.","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.013276"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.Hwang D, Chamberlain D, Poutanen S. (2005) Pulmonary pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.3800247 , Mod Pathol 18, 1-10.","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800247"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Xu Zhe, Shi Lei, Wang Yijin. (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 8(4), 420-422.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30076-x"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"12.Klepikov Igor. (2019) . The Role and Importance of Biological Stereotypes in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pneumonia.\u201d EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine 83(2019), 239-246."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Ghilardi G, Campanozzi L L, Ciccozzi M. (2020) The political nature of medicine. The Lancet, VOLUME 395, ISSUE 10233 1340-1341.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30168-9"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:30:38Z","timestamp":1593757838000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1353"}},"editor":[{"given":"Sasho","family":"Stoleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Health of R. Macedonia, WHO CC and Ga2len CC, Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3357","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"article-number":"1353"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:43Z","timestamp":1753884763951,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\nSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection often causes coagulation disorders that affect highly vascularized organs, such as the lungs and kidneys.\n\nObjective\nThe objective of this study was to report the histopathological findings of variations in the fibrin pattern of pulmonary and renal microthrombi in patients who died from SARS-CoV-2 infection.\n\nMethods\nMinimally invasive autopsies were performed on 40 patients to collect lung (n=40) and kidney (n=16) tissue samples. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining techniques were used for histopathological analyses. Premortem laboratory data were obtained from the patients' electronic medical records.\n\nResults\nThe lung tissue showed a patchy pattern, characterized by areas of both minimal and severe damage. The most significant histopathological finding was the detection of thrombi with fibrin structures organized into discrete star-shaped units, which were more frequently observed in areas with severe lung injury than in those with minimal lung injury (p = 0.012). Star-shaped fibrin structures were also observed in the renal glomerular capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of platelets and the procoagulant proteins von Willebrand factor (VWF) and Factor VIII within the star-shaped fibrin thrombi. Patients with star-shaped fibrin thrombi had higher levels of the systemic inflammatory indicators C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).\n\nConclusion\nOur observations suggest that the inflammatory microenvironment resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to the formation of star-shaped fibrin units in the pulmonary and renal microthrombi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-24-5218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1727762640000},"page":"18-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19-Induced Changes in the Fibrin Network of Pulmonary and Renal Microthrombi"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Meneses-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico, Department of Pathological Anatomy. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"S. Lopez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Becerril-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Lab. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saray","family":"Santos-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Anatomy. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francina","family":"Bola\u00f1os-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Aguilar-Cazares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Luna-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Anatomy. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas. Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Li W, Moore M J, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong S K. (2003) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.Nature. , Nov 426(6965), 450-4.","key":"ref0","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2.Zhou P, Yang X L, Wang X G, Hu B, Zhang L. (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin.Nature. 579(7798), 270-273.","key":"ref1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.Ashraf U M, Abokor A A, Edwards J M, Waigi E W, Royfman R S. (2021) SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 expression, and systemic organ invasion.PhysiolGenomics. , Feb 53(2), 51-60.","key":"ref2","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00087.2020"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Beyerstedt S, Casaro E B, \u00c9B Rangel. (2021) COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.EurJ ClinMicrobiolInfect Dis. 40(5), 905-919.","key":"ref3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04138-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Klavina P A, Leon G, Curtis A M, RJS Preston. (2022) . Dysregulated haemostasis in thrombo-inflammatory disease.Clin Sci (Lond) 136(24), 1809-1829.","key":"ref4","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20220208"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Vasquez-Bonilla W O, Orozco R, Argueta V, Sierra M, Zambrano L I. (2020) A review of the main histopathological findings in coronavirus disease 2019.HumPathol. 105, 74-83.","key":"ref5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2020.07.023"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R S, Pellegrinelli A. (2020) Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study.Lancet Infect Dis. 1135-1140.","key":"ref6","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30434-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Elsoukkary S S, Mostyka M, Dillard A, Berman D R, Ma L X. (2021) . Autopsy Findings in 32 Patients with COVID-19: A Single-Institution Experience.Pathobiology 88(1), 56-68.","key":"ref7","DOI":"10.1159\/000511325"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Wichmann D, Sperhake J P, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C. (2020) . Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study.Ann Intern Med 173(4), 268-277.","key":"ref8","DOI":"10.7326\/m20-2003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Garc\u00eda-Ortega A, D de la Rosa, Oscullo G, Castillo-Villegas D, L\u00f3pez-Reyes R. (2021) Coagulation disorders and thromboembolic disease in COVID-19: review of current evidence in search of a better approach.JThoracDis. 13(2), 1239-1255.","key":"ref9","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-3062"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Fox S E, Akmatbekov A, Harbert J L, Li G, Quincy Brown J. (2020) Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans.Lancet Respir Med. 8(7), 681-686.","key":"ref10","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30243-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto A N, RA de Almeida Monteiro, da Silva LFF, de Oliveira EP. (2020) Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19.JThrombHaemost. 18(6), 1517-1519.","key":"ref11","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14844"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Konopka K E, Wilson A, Myers J L. (2020) . Postmortem Lung Findings in a Patient With Asthma and Coronavirus Disease 2019.Chest 158(3), 10-1016.","key":"ref12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.032"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H. (2020) . Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients With Lung Cancer.JThoracOncol 15(5), 700-704.","key":"ref13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi L X, Tang F. (2020) Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with. COVID-19 in China.Kidney Int 98(1), 219-227.","key":"ref14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Rossi G M, Delsante M, Pilato F P, Gnetti L, Gabrielli L. (2020) Kidney Biopsy Findings in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient With Dialysis-Dependent Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Against \"SARS-CoV-2 Nephropathy\".Kidney Int Rep. 5(7), 1100-1105.","key":"ref15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.05.005"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Juhlin L, Shelley W B. (1977) Oriented fibrin crystallization: A phenomenon of hypersensitivity to bacteria in psoriasis, vasculitis and other dermatoses.Br. , J Dermatol, Jun; 96(6), 577-86.","key":"ref16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb05200.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.Lin J, Yan H, Chen H, He C, Lin C. (2021) COVID-19 and coagulation dysfunction in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. 10.1002\/jmv.26346. Epub , MedVirol, Feb; 93(2), 934-944.","key":"ref17","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26346"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/2160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T06:04:05Z","timestamp":1727762645000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/2160"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-24-5218","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"article-number":"2160"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:07Z","timestamp":1753884847337,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\nThe pandemic has disrupted the lives of many globally including persons with disabilities. These disruptions are universal. However, the vulnerable communities are more affected.\n\nPurpose\nThe study examines impacts on persons with disabilities to share knowledge and inform interventions that ensure persons with disabilities are supported.\n\nMethodology\nThe study is a systematic literature review using different search engines to search for scholarly articles all over the globe.\n\nResults\nPersons with disabilities have been negatively impacted in numerous ways: lack of access to healthcare services, inadequate rehabilitation services, increased human rights violation, stigmatization and discrimination, increased risk of dying, being subjected to violence, losing financial income, lack of access to education and treatment, increased in neglect and traumatization, poverty, lack of access to food, decreased in community support; and worse of all, in comparison with the overall population, the death of persons with disabilities during the Covid-19 is higher. These impacts were precipitated by inaccessible built environment and sense of touching, lack of disability sensitive policies, increased prevalence of risk factors, difficulties in adhering to WHO recommendations, pervasiveness of underlying health conditions, lack of disability-friendly information and inclusive intervention, national budget cuts; and poorly funded institutions.\n\nConclusion\nPersons with disabilities have been negatively impacted due to many risk factors peculiar to them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T08:18:47Z","timestamp":1705047527000},"page":"44-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Covid-19 Pandemic and Persons with Disabilities: Impacts and Risk Factors, Lessons for Future Interventions"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yahya","family":"Muhammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of The Gambia. Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Aidran. (2020) Impact of coronavirus pandemic on people with disabilities is discussed at the Indonesia Project\u2019s global webinar series. AIDRAN. https:\/\/aidran.org\/2020\/07\/01\/impact-of-coronavirus-pandemic-on-people-with-disabilities-is-discussed-at-the-indonesia-projects-global-webinar-series-24-june-2020\/","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01977-3"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.Aleppo I.. (2020).A disability-inclusive COVID-19 response. 8\u20139"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3.APA. (2020) How COVID-19 impacts people with disabilities. Retrieved. from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/covid-19\/research-disabilities"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Armitage R, L B Nellums. (2020) . The COVID-19 response must be disability inclusive.The Lancet PublicHealth.5(5): 257.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(20)30076-1"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"5.Bank W. (2020) Disability Inclusion Overview. Retrieved. from https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/disability"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Banks. (2021) Disability-inclusive responses to COVID-19: Lessons learnt from research on social protection in low- and middle-income countries | Elsevier Enhanced Reader. https:\/\/reader.elsevier.com\/reader\/sd\/pii\/S0305750X20303053 token=6782B5D1ECC4338491DD3BA80AFC135F900FBCC95D5EC036AE0463E2603C229FE3021A382EC7E4BF8C2C6F965C1231AC","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105178"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7.Chanda S. (2020) Disability during COVID-19 Increasing Vulnerability and Neglect | Economic and Political Weekly. https:\/\/www.epw.in\/journal\/2020\/39\/perspectives\/disability-during-covid-19.html"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Coumba M. (2020) How have people with disabilities been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic? \u2013 ACCORD. https:\/\/www.accord.org.za\/analysis\/how-have-people-with-disabilities-been-affected-by-the-covid-19-pandemic\/","DOI":"10.33015\/dominican.edu\/2021.nurs.st.02"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Courtenay K, Perera B. (2020) COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability: Impacts of a pandemic. , Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37(3), 231-236.","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.45"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Djalante R, Lassa J, Setiamarga D, Sudjatma A, Indrawan M. (2020) Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in. , Indonesia","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100091"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.I D Ebuenyi, E M Smith, Holloway C, Jensen R, D\u2019Arino L et al. (2020) COVID-19 as social disability: The opportunity of social empathy for empowerment.BMJ Global Health.5(8):. 3-5.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003039"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.Ertelt B. (2020) New research documents how COVID-19 multiplies stress and trauma for people with disabilities | Vanderbilt News | Vanderbilt University. https:\/\/news.vanderbilt.edu\/2020\/11\/04\/new-research-documents-how-covid-19-multiplies-stress-and-trauma-for-people-with-disabilities\/","DOI":"10.1037\/e503922020-001"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Grut L, Mji G, S H Braathen, Ingstad B. (2012) Accessing community health services: challenges faced by poor people with disabilities in a rural community in South Africa. , African Journal of Disability 1(1), 1-7.","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v1i1.19"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Gupta J, Madaan P, Gulati S. (2020) COVID-19: Implications for Children with Special Needs. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities.1-3.","DOI":"10.26407\/2020jrtdd.1.31"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.ILO. (2020) COVID-19: Stimulating the economy and employment: ILO: As job losses escalate, nearly half of global workforce at risk of losing livelihoods. http:\/\/ilo.org\/global\/about-the-ilo\/newsroom\/news\/WCMS_743036\/lang--en\/index.html","DOI":"10.1163\/2210-7975_hrd-9823-0025"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Jalali M, Shahabi S, Lankarani Bagheri, Kamali K, M et al. (2020) COVID-19 and disabled people: perspectives from Iran.Disability and Society,35(5). 844-847.","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1754165"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Kibria G, Islam T, Miah S, Ahmed S, Hossain A. (2020) Barriers to healthcare services for persons with disabilities. in Bangladesh amid the COVID-19 pandemic.Public Health in Practice 100027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2020.100027"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.Kuper H, L M Banks, Bright T, Davey C, Shakespeare T. (2020) Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom\u2019s response. , Wellcome Open Research 5, 1-8.","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15833.1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.S D Landes, M A Turk, M K Formica, K E McDonald, J D Stevens. (2020) COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability living in residential group homes in. , New York State. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100969"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Linehan C, Araten-Bergam T, Baumbusch J, Beadle-Brown J, Bigby C et al. (2020) COVID-19 IDD: A global survey exploring family members\u2019 and paid staff\u2019s perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their caregivers.HRB. , Open Research,3 39.","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.13077.2"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"21.Mark B. (2020) The Coronavirus Crisis: Disability Politics and Activism. in Contemporary Japan | Asia-Pacific Journal-Japan Focus;18(18) COVIDWHO. https:\/\/search.bvsalud.org\/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/resource\/en\/covidwho-804226 ."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.E L McKinney, McKinney V, Swartz L. (2020) COVID-19, disability and the context of healthcare triage in South Africa: Notes in a time of pandemic.AfricanJournal of Disability.9:. 1-9.","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v9i0.766"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.Mind. (2020) Mind: The mental health emergency. How has the coronavirus pandemic impacted our mental health? Mental health - Patient Safety Learning - the hub. https:\/\/www.pslhub.org\/learn\/coronavirus-covid19\/275_mental-health\/mind-the-mental-health-emergency-how-has-the-coronavirus-pandemic-impacted-our-mental-health-june-2020-r2581\/.","DOI":"10.23880\/mhrij-16000149"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"24.Morchen M. (2020) . PHFI CEHJ Disability and COVID-19. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cehjsouthasia.org\/article\/disability-and-covid-19\/ ."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"25.Mulibana M. (2020) Lack of consultation led to persons with disabilities being neglected. in the COVID-19 response | AfricLaw. Retrieved from https:\/\/africlaw.com\/2020\/05\/18\/lack-of-consultation-led-to-persons-with-disabilities-being-neglected-in-the-covid-19-response\/ ."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.Nelson R H. (2020) Intellectual Disability and Justice in a Pandemic - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. https:\/\/kiej.georgetown.edu\/intellectual-disability-pandemic-special-issue\/","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2020.0017"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"27. (2020) Office for National Statsitics.Coronavirus(COVID-19) related deaths by occupation, England and Wales. 1-11."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"28.OHCHR. (2020) . Newsletter | Enhanced Reader"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29.Pfefferbaum. (2020) . Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic | Enhanced Reader .","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30.Pollack D. (2021) As A Blind Person, COVID-19 Has Changed My Daily Life In Ways Most People Don\u2019t Consider | HuffPost. https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/blind-visually-impaired-coronavirus-pandemic-impact_n_60019b5ac5b6ffcab963c825"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.Pujianto A, Tjahjono E. (2019) . 4).Economic Empowerment Model of People with Disability in the Creative Industries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/aicmar-18.2019.2 .","DOI":"10.2991\/aicmar-18.2019.2"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.Sabatello M, S D Landes, K E McDonald. (2020) . People With Disabilities in COVID-19: Fixing Our Priorities.American Journal of Bioethics,20(7) 187-190.","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1779396"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.Sakellariou D, Malfitano A P S, E S Rotarou. (2020) Disability inclusiveness of government responses to COVID-19 in South America: A framework analysis study.International Journal for Equity in Health,19(1). 1-10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01244-x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.Sher T, G C Stamper, L B. (2020) . COVID-19 and Vulnerable Population With Communication Disorders.Mayo Clinic Proceedings,95(9) 1845-1847.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.034"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.Singh S. (2020) . Disability ethics in the coronavirus crisis.Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care,9(5) 2167.","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_588_20"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36.Toquero C M D. (2020) Inclusion of people with disabilities amid COVID-19: Laws, interventions, recommendations. , Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research 10(2), 158-177.","DOI":"10.17583\/remie.2020.5877"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37.M A Turk, S D Landes, M K Formica, K D Goss. (2020) Intellectual and developmental disability and COVID-19 case-fatality trends: TriNetX analysis. , Disability and Health Journal 13(3), 100942.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100942"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"38.UN. (2020) . COVID-19 Outbreak and Persons with Disabilities | United Nations Enable. https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/disabilities\/covid-19.html ."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.UNICEF. (2020) What You Need to Know About. COVID-19 | Community Health Network. https:\/\/www.ecommunity.com\/healthminute\/2020\/what-you-need-know-about-covid-19 .","DOI":"10.1211\/pj.2020.20208220"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.Willner P, Rose J, Kroese Stenfert, Murphy B, H G et al. (2020) Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of carers of people with intellectual disabilities.Journal of Applied Research. in Intellectual Disabilities,33(6) 1523-1533.","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12811"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T08:19:00Z","timestamp":1705047540000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1792"}},"editor":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Ataie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Babol university of medical science, department of Pharmacology and toxicology"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3757","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"article-number":"1792"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:18Z","timestamp":1753884858336,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current uncontrollable outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has unleashed severe global consequences in all aspects of life and society, bringing the whole world to a complete halt and has modeled significant threats to the global economy. The COVID-19 infection manifests with flu-like symptoms such as cough, cold, and fever resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung dysfunction, and other systemic complications in critical patients are creating panic across the globe. However, the licensed vaccine has started to show up; some resulted in side effects that would limit its possibility in some circumstances as allergic personnel, for example. Moreover, the production and approval of new drugs is a very complicated process and takes a long time. On the other hand, stem cells have gone the extra mile and intensively investigated at preclinical and clinical studies in various degenerative diseases, including infectious ones. Stem cells are proposed as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent, which may suppress the exaggerated immune response and promote endogenous repair by enhancing COVID-19 infected lung microenvironment. Also, stem cells have different application manners, either direct transplantation, exosome transplantation, or drug delivery of specific cytokines or nanoparticles with antiviral property by engineering stem cells. This review discusses and summarizes the possible emerging role of cell-based therapy, especially stem cell therapy, as an alternative promising therapeutic option for the treatment and control of novel COVID-19 and its potential role in tissue rejuvenation after COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T11:12:55Z","timestamp":1614683575000},"page":"23-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cell Therapy as an Alternative approach for COVID-19 Infection Consequences: A Non-Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hoda","family":"Elkhenany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Felix Hospital, Sector 137, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201305, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa F.","family":"Abdelhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate student at Biotechnology program, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams university, Egypt."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Lu H, Stratton C W, Tang Y W. (2020) Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. , J Med Virol 92(4), 401-2.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.Guan W J, Ni Z Y, Hu Y, Liang W H, Ou C Q et al. (2020) in China. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease , N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3.Xue K, Zhang X, Liu K. (2015) . , ISOLATION, CULTURE AND IDENTIFICATION OF CARTILAGE DERIVED STEM CELLS FROM THREE SUBTYPES OF CARTILAGES]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 29(4), 483-9."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Hass R, Kasper C, B\u00f6hm S, Jacobs R. (2011) Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): a comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC. Cell Communication and Signaling. 9(1), 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811x-9-12"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Rothan H A, Byrareddy S N. (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. , J Autoimmun 102433.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Gupta S, Elkhenany H, Kumar P, Okda F A. (2020) Animals in the COVID-19 Era: Between Being a source, Victims, or Maybe our Hope to Overcome it!. , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORONAVIRUSES 1(4), 12-25.","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3481"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7.Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L et al. (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. , Nature 579(7798), 270-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B et al. (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 395(10224), 565-74.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric R S, Li F. (2020) Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. , J 94(7).","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00127-20"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"10.WHO. (2020) Situation reports. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/situation-reports\/"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.N van Doremalen, Bushmaker T, Morris D H, Holbrook M G, Gamble A et al. (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. , New Engl","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.09.20033217"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.Lauer S A, Grantz K H, Bi Q, Jones F K, Zheng Q et al. (2020) The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Annals of internal medicine.","DOI":"10.7326\/m20-0504"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. (2020) Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. , Nature microbiology 5(4), 562-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H et al. (2020) Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Science China Life Sciences. 63(3), 457-60.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. , New Engl J Med 382(12), 1177-9.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc2001737"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison S C. (2005) Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor. , Science 309(5742), 1864-8.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116480"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17.Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L et al. (2020) Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. , BioRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.22.914952"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.Shereen M A, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. (2020) COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. , J Adv Res 24, 91-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. , China, The Lancet 395(10223), 497-506.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Florindo H F, Kleiner R, Vaskovich-Koubi D, Ac\u00farcio R C, Carreira B et al. (2020) Immune-mediated approaches against COVID-19. Nature nanotechnology. 15(8), 630-45.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0732-3"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.Caplan A I. (1991) Mesenchymal stem cells. , J Orthop Res 9(5), 641-50.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090504"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.Dominici M, K Le Blanc, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F et al. (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. , Cytotherapy 8(4), 315-7.","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.El-Derby A M, Ahmed T A, Abd El-Hameed AM, Elkhenany H, Saad S M et al. (2020) Adult Stem Cells: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, Endothelial Progenitor Cells, and Pericytes. Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology:. 109-49.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55359-3_4"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.Darwish I, Banner D, Mubareka S, Kim H, Besla R et al. (2013) Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cell therapy fails to improve outcomes in experimental severe influenza. PLoS One. 8(8), 71761.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071761"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.Gotts J E, Abbott J, Matthay M A. (2014) Influenza causes prolonged disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier in mice unresponsive to mesenchymal stem cell therapy. , Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 307(5), 395-406.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00110.2014"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.Li Y, Xu J, Shi W, Chen C, Shao Y et al. (2016) Mesenchymal stromal cell treatment prevents H9N2 avian influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in mice. , Stem Cell Res Ther 7(1), 159.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0395-z"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.Loy H, DIT Kuok, KPY Hui, MHL Choi, Yuen W et al. (2019) Therapeutic Implications of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Attenuating Influenza A(H5N1) Virus-Associated Acute Lung Injury. , J Infect Dis 219(2), 186-96.","DOI":"10.5353\/th_991044069399703414"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28.Cao Y, Wu H, Zhai W, Wang Y, Li M et al. (2020) A safety consideration of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on COVID-19. Stem Cell Research. 102066.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2020.102066"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.Chen T S, Arslan F, Yin Y, Tan S S, Lai R C et al. (2011) Enabling a robust scalable manufacturing process for therapeutic exosomes through oncogenic immortalization of human ESC-derived MSCs. , Journal of translational medicine 9(1), 47.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-47"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30.Yi Y W, Lee J H, Kim S-Y, Pack C-G, Ha D H et al. (2020) Advances in Analysis of Biodistribution of Exosomes by Molecular Imaging. International journal of molecular sciences. 21(2), 665.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020665"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31.Mendt M, Kamerkar S, Sugimoto H, McAndrews K M, Wu C C et al. (2018) Generation and testing of clinical-grade exosomes for pancreatic cancer. , JCI Insight 3(8).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99263"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.P-UC Dinh, Paudel D, Brochu H, Popowski K D, Gracieux M C et al. (2020) Inhalation of lung spheroid cell secretome and exosomes promotes lung repair in pulmonary fibrosis. , Nature 11(1), 1064.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14344-7"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.Lv L, Zeng Q, Wu S, Xie H, Chen J et al. (2015) Chapter 8 - Exosome-Based Translational Nanomedicine: The Therapeutic Potential for Drug Delivery. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes In: Tang Y, Dawn B, editors , Boston: 161-76.","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-800164-6.00008-3"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.Qian X, Xu C, Fang S, Zhao P, Wang Y et al. (2016) Exosomal MicroRNAs Derived From Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Stem Cells Transl Med. 5(9), 1190-203.","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0348"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.Khatri M, Richardson L A, Meulia T. (2018) Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in a pig model. Stem Cell Res Ther. 9(1), 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0774-8"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36.Klimova R R, C Momotyuk capital Ie, Demidova N A, Yarigina E I, Kushch A A. (2018) Mesenchymal stem cells enhance immune response and protect mice against lethal herpes viral infection.. Vopr Virusol. 63(6), 261-7.","DOI":"10.18821\/0507-4088-2018-63-6-261-267"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37.Elkhenany H, Gupta S.Mesenchymal Stem Cell\u2013Derived Exosomes and Regenerative Medicine. Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems:. 141-64.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6599-1_6"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38.Shetty R, Ghosh A, Honavar S G, Khamar P, Sethu S. (2020) Therapeutic opportunities to manage COVID-19\/SARS-CoV-2 infection: Present and future. , Indian J Ophthalmol","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_639_20"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.Swartzendruber D E, Friedrich T D, Lehman J M. (1977) Resistance of teratocarcinoma stem cells to infection with simian virus 40: early events. , J Cell Physiol 93(1), 25-30.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1040930105"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.Belzile J P, Stark T J, Yeo G W, Spector D H. (2014) Human cytomegalovirus infection of human embryonic stem cell-derived primitive neural stem cells is restricted at several steps but leads to the persistence of viral DNA. , J Virol 88(8), 4021-39.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.03492-13"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.Schrepfer S, Deuse T, Reichenspurner H, Fischbein M P, Robbins R C et al. (2007) Stem cell transplantation: the lung barrier. Transplant. Proc 39(2), 573-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.12.019"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42.Gao J, Dennis J E, Muzic R F, Lundberg M, Caplan A I. (2001) The dynamic in vivo distribution of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells after infusion. Cells Tissues Organs. 169(1), 12-20.","DOI":"10.1159\/000047856"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.Lee R H, Pulin A A, Seo M J, Kota D J, Ylostalo J et al. (2009) Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6. Cell Stem Cell. 5(1), 54-63.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.05.003"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.Swartzendruber D E, Lehman J M.Neoplastic differentiation: interaction of simian virus 40 and polyoma virus with murine teratocarcinoma cells in vitro. , J Cell Physiol. 1975;85(2 Pt 1, 179-87.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1040850204"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"45.Zhang T, Sun L, Feng R. (2020) Comparison of clinical and pathological features between severe acute respiratory syndrome and coronavirus disease 2019. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi= Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi= Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. 43, 040."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46.Tang X, Du R, Wang R, Cao T, Guan L et al. (2020) . Comparison of Hospitalized Patients With ARDS Caused by COVID-19 and H1N1. Chest .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.032"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47.Simonson O E, Mougiakakos D, Heldring N, Bassi G, Johansson H J et al. (2015) . In Vivo Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Two Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Stem Cells Transl Med 4(10), 1199-213.","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0021"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48.Yuan J, Zou R, Zeng L, Kou S, Lan J et al. (2020) The correlation between viral clearance and biochemical outcomes of 94 COVID-19 infected discharged patients. Inflamm Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01342-0"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49.Sartoris S, Mazzocco M, Tinelli M, Martini M, Mosna F et al. (2011) Efficacy assessment of interferon-alpha-engineered mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse plasmacytoma model. Stem Cells Dev. 20(4), 709-19.","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0095"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50.Laura D M, Hasgur S, Guess A J, Yu M, Otsuru S et al. (2019) Combination of Interferon \u03b1, Delivered By Engineered Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, and Cytarabine Limits the Development of Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Potentially Targeting Leukemic Stem Cells. American Society of Hematology. , Washington, DC;","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127456"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51.Blazquez R, Sanchez-Margallo F M, O de la Rosa, Dalemans W, \u00c1lvarez V et al. (2014) Immunomodulatory potential of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes on in vitro stimulated T cells. Frontiers in immunology. 5, 556.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00556"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52.Zhao H, Shang Q, Pan Z, Bai Y, Li Z et al. (2018) Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells attenuate adipose inflammation and obesity through polarizing M2 macrophages and beiging in white adipose tissue. , Diabetes 67(2), 235-47.","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0356"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53.Harrell C R, Miloradovic D, Sadikot R, Fellabaum C, Markovic B S et al.Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Responsible for Beneficial Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Product \"Exo-d-MAPPS\" in Attenuation of Chronic Airway Inflammation. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2020-2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3153891"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"54.Wang J, Wang B J, Yang J C, Wang M Y, Chen C et al.(2020).Advances in the research of mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by Corona Virus Disease2019and the corresponding therapeutic measures. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 36(0), 006."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55.Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L et al. (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet respiratory medicine.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56.Moodley Y, Atienza D, Manuelpillai U, Samuel C S, Tchongue J et al. (2009) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce fibrosis of bleomycin-induced lung injury. , Am J Pathol 175(1), 303-13.","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080629"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57.Ortiz L A, Dutreil M, Fattman C, Pandey A C, Torres G et al. (2007) Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mediates the antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effect of mesenchymal stem cells during lung injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(26), 11002-7.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704421104"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58.Lee J W, Fang X, Gupta N, Serikov V, Matthay M A. (2009) Allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of E. coli endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in the ex vivo perfused human lung. , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(38), 16357-62.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907996106"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59.Gupta N, Su X, Popov B, Lee J W, Serikov V et al. (2007) Intrapulmonary delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves survival and attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in mice. , J Immunol 179(3), 1855-63.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1855"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60.Asmussen S, Ito H, Traber D L, Lee J W, Cox R A et al. (2014) Human mesenchymal stem cells reduce the severity of acute lung injury in a sheep model of bacterial pneumonia. , Thorax 69(9), 819-25.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204980"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61.Zhang X, Chen J, Xue M, Tang Y, Xu J et al. (2019) Overexpressing p130\/E2F4 in mesenchymal stem cells facilitates the repair of injured alveolar epithelial cells. in LPS-induced ARDS mice. Stem cell research & therapy 10(1), 74.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1169-1"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62.Oudit G Y, Kassiri Z, Patel M P, Chappell M, Butany J et al. (2007) Angiotensin II-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation mediate the age-dependent cardiomyopathy in ACE2 null mice. Cardiovasc Res. 75(1), 29-39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.04.007"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63.Ji Y, Gao F, Sun B, Hao J, Liu Z. (2015) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Inhibits Apoptosis of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells During Acute Lung Injury Through Suppressing SMAD2 Phosphorylation. Cell Physiol Biochem. 35(6), 2203-12.","DOI":"10.1159\/000374025"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64.Min F, Gao F, Li Q, Liu Z. (2015) Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells modified by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis injury. Mol Med Rep. 11(4), 2387-96.","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.3025"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65.Gao F, Li Q, Hou L, Li Z, Min F et al. (2014) Mesenchymal stem cell-based angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in treatment of acute lung injury rat induced by bleomycin. Exp Lung Res. 40(8), 392-403.","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2014.938200"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66.Liu F, Gao F, Li Q, Liu Z. (2014) The functional study of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells harbouring angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in rat acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury model. , Cell Biochem Funct 32(7), 580-9.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3054"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67.Zhang X, Gao F, Yan Y, Ruan Z, Liu Z. (2015) Combination therapy with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is superior for the treatment of acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. , Cell Biochem Funct 33(3), 113-20.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3092"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68.Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F et al. (2005) A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. , Nat Med 11(8), 875-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69.Ge X Y, Li J L, Yang X L, Chmura A A, Zhu G et al. (2013) Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. , Nature 503(7477), 535-8.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70.Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Kr\u00fcger N, Mueller M A, Drosten C et al. (2020) The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. , BioRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.31.929042"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71.Leng Z, Zhu R, Hou W, Feng Y, Yang Y et al. (2020) Transplantation of ACE2-mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Aging and disease. 11(2), 216-28.","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0228"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72.Kadry M O, Abdel\u2010Megeed R M. (2017) Bone marrow\u2010derived mesenchymal stem cells mitigate caspase\u20103 and 8\u2010hydroxy proline induced via \u03b2\u2010adrenergic agonist in pulmonary injured rats. , J Biochem Mol Toxicol 31(8), 21913.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21913"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73.Liu Z, Xu Y, Wan Y, Gao J, Chu Y et al. (2019) Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Cell death discovery. 5(1), 1-7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0159-5"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"74.Yu B, Kim H W, Gong M, Wang J, Millard R W et al. (2015) Exosomes secreted from GATA-4 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells serve as a reservoir of anti-apoptotic microRNAs for cardioprotection. International journal of cardiology. 182, 349-60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.12.043"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75.Jw Li, Wei L, Han Z, Chen Z. (2019) Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived exosomes alleviate ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mouse lung by transporting anti-apoptotic miR-21-5p. , Eur J Pharmacol.; 852, 68-76.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.01.022"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"76.El-Metwaly S, El-Senduny F F, El-Demerdash R S, Abdel-Aziz A F. (2019) Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate hydrochloric acid-induced lung injury through suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in comparison to moxifloxacin and sildenafil. , Heliyon 5(12), 02710.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02710"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"77.Sung P H, Chang C L, Tsai T H, Chang L T, Leu S et al. (2013) Apoptotic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy protects against lung and kidney injury in sepsis syndrome caused by cecal ligation puncture in rats. , Stem Cell Res Ther 4(6), 155.","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt385"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"78.Deng M, Yu Z, Li D, Wang X, Zhou G et al. (2020) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived and dermal fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles protect dermal fibroblasts from ultraviolet radiation-induced photoaging in vitro. , Photochem Photobiol Sci 19(3), 406-14.","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00421a"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"79.Maremanda K P, Sundar I K, Rahman I. (2019) Protective role of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. , Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 385, 114788.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.114788"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80.Du Y M, Zhuansun Y X, Chen R, Lin L, Lin Y et al. (2018) Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes promote immunosuppression of regulatory T cells in asthma. Exp Cell Res. 363(1), 114-20.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.12.021"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81.Sun L, Zhu M, Feng W, Lin Y, Yin J et al.. Exosomal miRNA Let-7 from Menstrual Blood-Derived Endometrial Stem Cells Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis through Regulating Mitochondrial DNA Damage. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019, 4506303.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4506303"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82.Mansouri N, Willis G R, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Reis M, Nassiri S et al. (2019) Mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes prevent and revert experimental pulmonary fibrosis through modulation of monocyte phenotypes. , JCI Insight 4(21).","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.lungscienceconference-2019.op03"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83.Yu Q, Wang D, Wen X, Tang X, Qi D et al. (2020) Adipose-derived exosomes protect the pulmonary endothelial barrier in ventilator-induced lung injury by inhibiting the TRPV4\/Ca(2+) signaling pathway. , Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 318(4), 723-741.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00255.2019"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"84.Levine A D, Wolf L E. (2012) The roles and responsibilities of physicians in patients' decisions about unproven stem cell therapies. , J Law Med Ethics 40(1), 122-34.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720x.2012.00650.x"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85.Bauer G, Elsallab M, Abou-El-Enein M. (2018) Concise Review: A Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Adverse Events in Patients Receiving Unproven Stem Cell-Based Interventions. Stem cells translational medicine. 7(9), 676-85.","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0282"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86.Potapova I A, Gaudette G R, Brink P R, Robinson R B, Rosen M R et al. (2007) Mesenchymal stem cells support migration, extracellular matrix invasion, proliferation, and survival of endothelial cells in vitro. , Stem Cells 25(7), 1761-8.","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0022"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87.Bartosh T J, Ylostalo J H, Mohammadipoor A, Bazhanov N, Coble K et al. (2010) Aggregation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into 3D spheroids enhances their antiinflammatory properties. , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(31), 13724-9.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008117107"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88.Chen J, Ji T, Wu D, Jiang S, Zhao J et al. (2019) Human mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor growth via MAPK pathway and metastasis by epithelial mesenchymal transition and integrin \u03b15 in hepatocellular carcinoma. , Cell death & disease 10(6), 425.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1622-1"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89.Elkhenany H, Shekshek A, Abdel-Daim M, El-Badri N. (2019) Stem Cell Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Future Perspectives.","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2019_441"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90.Vakhshiteh F, Atyabi F, Ostad S N. (2019) Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: a two-edged sword in cancer therapy. , International journal of nanomedicine 14, 2847-59.","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s200036"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91.Walczak P, Zhang J, Gilad A A, Kedziorek D A, Ruiz-Cabello J et al.Dual-modality monitoring of targeted intraarterial delivery of mesenchymal stem cells after transient ischemia. , Stroke 39(5), 1569-74.","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.107.502047"},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"92.Atluri S, Manchikanti L, Hirsch J A. (2020) Expanded Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) as a Therapeutic Strategy in Managing Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: The Case for Compassionate Use. Pain Physician. 23(2), 71-83."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"93.Thompson M, SHJ Mei, Wolfe D, Champagne J, Fergusson D et al.Cell therapy with intravascular administration of mesenchymal stromal cells continues to appear safe: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020-19.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100249"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"94.Nowakowski A, Andrzejewska A, Janowski M, Walczak P, Lukomska B. (2013) Genetic engineering of stem cells for enhanced therapy. , Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 73(1), 1-18.","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2013-1918"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"95.Braid L R, Hu W G, Davies J E, Nagata L P. (2016) Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure. Stem Cells Transl Med. 5(8), 1026-35.","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0341"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"96.Piao W, Wang H, Inoue M, Hasegawa M, Hamada H et al. (2010) Transplantation of Sendai viral angiopoietin-1-modified mesenchymal stem cells for ischemic limb disease. , Angiogenesis 13(3), 203-10.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-010-9169-x"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"97.Bao C, Guo J, Lin G, Hu M, Hu Z. (2008) TNFR gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells attenuate inflammation and cardiac dysfunction following MI. , Scand Cardiovasc J 42(1), 56-62.","DOI":"10.1080\/14017430701543556"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"98.Shen M-X, Ma N, Li M-K, Liu Y-Y, Chen T et al. (2019) . Antiviral Properties of R. tanguticum Nanoparticles on Herpes Simplex Virus Type I In Vitro and In Vivo. Frontiers in pharmacology.; 10, 959.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00959"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"99.Orlowski P, Tomaszewska E, Gniadek M, Baska P, Nowakowska J et al. (2014) Tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles show antiviral activity in herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. , PloS one 9(8), 104-113.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104113"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"100.Ghaffari H, Tavakoli A, Moradi A, Tabarraei A, Bokharaei-Salim F et al. (2019) Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: another emerging application of nanomedicine. , J Biomed Sci 26(1), 70.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0563-4"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"101.Broglie J J, Alston B, Yang C, Ma L, Adcock A F et al. (2015) Antiviral Activity of Gold\/Copper Sulfide Core\/Shell Nanoparticles against Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles. PloS one. 10-10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141050"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"102.\u0141oczechin A, S\u00e9ron K, Barras A, Giovanelli E, Belouzard S et al. (2019) Functional Carbon Quantum Dots as Medical Countermeasures to Human Coronavirus. , ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11(46), 42964-74.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b15032"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"103.Huang X, Li M, Xu Y, Zhang J, Meng X et al. (2019) Novel Gold Nanorod-Based HR1 Peptide Inhibitor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. , ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11(22), 19799-807.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b04240.s001"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"104.Zheng G, Huang L, Tong H, Shu Q, Hu Y et al. (2014) Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. , Respir Res 15, 39.","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-39"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"105.Wilson J G, Liu K D, Zhuo H, Caballero L, McMillan M et al. (2015) Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for treatment of ARDS: a phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet Respir Med. 3(1), 24-32.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70291-7"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"106.Yip H K, Fang W F, Li Y C, Lee F Y, Lee C H et al. (2020) Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med.","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000004285"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1567","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T04:27:00Z","timestamp":1724560020000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1567"}},"editor":[{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Turabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Center Santa Maria de Benquerencia Toledo, Spain."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3685","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"article-number":"1567"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:06Z","timestamp":1753884846823,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the key steps in determining how to prevent the viral disease is to identify the virus. The virus lives in different ways and in different environments. It lives in the air, in the sea, on plants, animals and objects and humans. Some people put humans on the path of developing zoonotic diseases that are specific to animals but also involve people with unhealthy behaviors. In the food chain, each animal is hunted by other animals and feeds on other animals or plants and other objects. Bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria. And there are creatures that kill viruses and this is the biological struggle with viruses. When the virus enters the body, it performs a series of activities that lead to a series of symptoms in the patient. These symptoms include the behavior of viruses. These are among the ecological and behavioral characteristics of viruses that need to be fully understood in order to limit viruses and deal with epidemics and pandemics. In this study, we try to reach a conclusion by reviewing the articles that have information about the behavioral (signs and symptoms) and ecological characteristics of viruses and use these findings in order to combat viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:37:05Z","timestamp":1593758225000},"page":"15-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Baratali","family":"Rezapour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Assistant Professor, PhD in Health education and promotion, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayed Jalil","family":"Musavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Assistant Professor, PhD in Infectious Diseases, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faezeh Shirzadeh","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, medial student, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Sukhyun Ryu, Byung CC. (2020). An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiol Health 42: 4.","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2020006"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Benjamin W, Neuman, Peter Chamberlain, Fern Bowden, Joseph J. (2014). Atlas of coronavirus replicase structure. Virus Research. 194:49-66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. LUO Hui, TANG Qiao-ling, SHANG Ya-xi, LIANG     Shi-bing, YANG Ming, Nicola Robinson, et al. (2020). Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Coronavirus Disease2019(COVID-19)? A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs. Chin J Integr Med. 1-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-3192-6"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4. Simmonds P, Adams MJ BM, Breitbart M, Brister JR, Carstens EB, Davison AJ, et al. (2017). Consensus statement: Virus taxonomy in the age of    metagenomics. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 15(3): 161-8."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Luisa Cervantes-Barragan, Roland Zu\u00a8st, Friedemann Weber, Martin Spiegel, Karl S. Lang, ShizuoAkira, et al. (2007). Control of coronavirus infection through plasmacytoid dendritic-cell\u2013derived type I interferon. Blood. 109(3): 1131-37.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-023770"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. Cornelia C, Bergmann, Lane TE, Stephen A, Stohlman. (2006). Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4: 121-32.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1343"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7. Susan R. Weiss, Sonia Navas-Martin. (2005). Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen       Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS. 69(4): 635\u201364.","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"8. Management of Infectious Diseases 2013 coronavirus Hcov-EMC. In: Ministry of Health TaMED, editor. Tehran-Iran: Minister of Health of the Center for Management of Infectious Diseases 2013 coronavirus Hcov-EMC; 2013."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9. Sina Bagheri, Seyed MP, Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi. (2019). Detection and Molecular Characterization of Gammacoronavirus in Quail Population in Iran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 13(3): 251-9."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10. Saeed Sharif, SitiSuri A, Mohd H, AbdulRahman O, Nazariah A Zeenathul, A. (2010). Diagnostic Methods for Feline Coronavirus: A Review. Veterinary Medicine International. 1-8","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/809480"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11. Valerian V, Dolja, Eugene V, Koonin. (2018). Metagenomics reshapes the concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer. Virus Res 244: 36-52.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.10.020"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12. David M, Kristensen, Arcady R, Mushegian, Valerian V, Dolja, Eugene V, Koonin (2010). New dimensions of the virus world discovered through metagenomics. Trends Microbiol. 18(1): 11-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.11.003"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"13. Gholamreza Farnoosh, Gholamhossein A, Seyed RHZ, Ruhollah D, Alireza JF. (2020). Understandingthe2019-novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Available Evidence -A Narrative Review. Journal of Military Medicine. January. 22(1): 1-11"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"14. Simmonds P, Adams MJ BM, Breitbart M, Brister JR, Carstens EB, Davison AJ. (2017). Consensus statement: Virus Taxonomy in the Age of Metagenomics. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 15(3): 161-8."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15. Stavrinides J, Guttman, DS. (2004). Mosaic evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol. 78: 76-82.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.1.76-82.2004"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Goebel SJ, J Taylor, Masters PS. (2004). The 3_ cis-acting genomic replication element of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus can function in the murine coronavirus genome. J Virol. 78:    7846-51.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.14.7846-7851.2004"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17. Raoult D, PF. (2008). Redefining viruses: lessons from Mimivirus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 6: 315-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1858"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Chen Y, Liu Q, DG. (2020). Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Journal of medical virology.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"19. Gholamreza Farnoosh, Gholamhossein A, Seyed RHZ, Ruhollah D, Farahani, AJ. (2020). Understanding the 2019-novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Available Evidence -A Narrative Review. Journal of Military Medicine.January. 22(1):       1-11."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20. Angelini MM, Akhlaghpour M, Neuman BW, Buchmeier MJ. (2013). Severe acuterespiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural proteins 3, 4, and 6 inducedouble-membrane vesicles. . MBio 4(4).","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00524-13"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21. Ziebuhr J, Snijder EJ, Gorbalenya AE. (2000). Virus-encoded proteinases and pro-teolytic processing in the Nidovirales. . The Journal of General Virology. 81:853-79.","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-4-853"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Donaldson EF, Graham RL, Sims AC, Denison MR, Baric RS. (2007). Analy-sis of murine hepatitis virus strain A59 temperature-sensitive mutant TS-LA6suggests that nsp10 plays a critical role in polyprotein processing. Journal of Virology. 81(13):       7086-98.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00049-07"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Imbert I, Guillemot JC, Bourhis JM, Bussetta C, Coutard B, Egloff MP, et al. (2006). A second, non-canonical RNA-dependentRNA polymerase in SARS       coronavirus. . The EMBO Journal 25(20):    4933-42.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601368"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. Miknis ZJ, Donaldson EF, Umland TC, Rimmer RA, Baric RS, Schultz LW. (2009). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp9 dimerization isessential for efficient viral growth. . Journal of Virology. 83:3007-18.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01505-08"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25. Bouvet M, Debarnot C, Imbert I, Selisko B, Snijder EJ, Canard B, et al. (2010). In vitro reconstitution of        SARS-coronavirus mRNA cap methylation. PLoSPathogens 6(4).","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/a0dde376-2eb1-4ce3-8887-d29f5ba6f162"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dobbe JC, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J, Poon LL, et al. (2003). Unique and           conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-offfrom the coronavirus group 2 lineage. Journal of Molecular Biology 331(5): 991-1004.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2836(03)00865-9"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Thiel V, Ivanov KA, Putics A, Hertzig T, Schelle B, Bayer S, et al. (2003). Mech-anisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression. TheJournal of General Virology 84:2305-15.","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19424-0"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28. Saikatendu KS, Joseph JS, Subramanian V, Clayton T, Griffith M, Moy K, et al. (2005). Structural basis of     severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus     ADP-ribose-1-phosphate dephosphorylation by a conserved domain of nsP3. Structure 13(11):1665-75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2005.07.022"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29. Lee HJ, C K Shieh, AE, Gorbalenya, E V Koonin, NLa Monica, J Tuler, et al. (1991). The complete sequence (22kilobases) of murine coronavirus gene 1 encoding the putative proteases and RNA     polymerase. Virology. 180:567-82.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90071-i"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30. Lomniczi BJ. (1977). Biological properties of avian coronavirus RNA. . GenVirol. 36:531-3."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Ziebuhr J, V Thiel, Gorbalenya AE. (2001). The auto catalytic release of a putative RNA virus transcription factor from its polyprotein precursor involves two paralogous papain-like proteases that cleave the same peptide bond. J Biol Chem. 276:      33220-32.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m104097200"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. Smit JJ, Rudd BD, NW L. (2006). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibit pulmonary immunopathology and promote clearance of respiratory syncytial virus. . J Exp Med. 203: 1153-9.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052359"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"33. Lane TEea. (1998). Dynamic regulation of \u03b1- and                 \u03b2-chemokine expression in the central nervous system during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Immunol. 160:      970-8."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34. Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, W Z. (2020). Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. . BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.26.919985"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35. Kamitani W, Huang C, Narayanan K, Lokugamage KG, Makino S. (2009). A two-pronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis by SARS coronavirus Nsp1protein. . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology  16(11):1134-40.","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1680"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"36. Law AH, Lee DC, Cheung, BKY, HC L, AS. (2007). Role for nonstructuralprotein 1 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in chemokine      dys-regulation. Journal of Virology 81(1):      416-22."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37. Brockway SM, Lu XT, Peters TR, Dermody TS, Denison MR. (2004). Intracellularlocalization and protein interactions of the gene 1 protein p28 during mousehepatitis virus replication. Journal of Virology. 78(21):11551-62.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.21.11551-11562.2004"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. Bost AG, Carnahan RH, Lu XT, Denison MR. (2000). Four proteins processedfrom the replicase gene polyprotein of mouse hepatitis virus colocalize in thecell periphery and adjacent to sites of virion assembly. Journal of Virology 47(7):3379-87.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.7.3379-3387.2000"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39. Egloff MP, Malet H, Putics A, Heinonen M, Dutartre H, Frangeul A, et al. (2006). Structuraland functional basis for ADP-ribose and poly(ADP-ribose) binding by viral macrodomains. Journal of Virology 80(17): 8493-502.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00713-06"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Hagemeijer MC, Rottier PJ, de Haan CA. (2012). Biogenesis and dynamics of thecoronavirus replicative structures. Viruses 4(11): 3245-69.","DOI":"10.3390\/v4113245"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. von Brunn A, Teepe C, Simpson JC, Pepperkok R, Friedel CC, Zimmer R, et al. Analysis of intraviral protein-protein interactions of the SARS coronavirus ORFeome. PLoS ONE 2 (5), e459. 2007.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000459"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Deming DJ, Graham RL, Denison MR, Baric RS. (2007). Processing of open readingframe 1a replicase proteins nsp7 to nsp10 in murine hepatitis virus strain A59replication. . Journal of Virology 81(19):10280-91.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00017-07"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43. Donaldson EF, Graham RL, Sims AC, Denison MR, Baric RS. (2007). Analy-sis of murine hepatitis virus strain A59 temperature-sensitive mutant TS-LA6suggests that nsp10 plays a critical role in polyprotein processing. Journal ofVirology 81(13): 7086-98.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00049-07"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44. von Brunn A, Teepe C, Simpson JC, Pepperkok R, Friedel CC, Zimmer R, et al. (2007). Analysis of intraviral protein-protein interactions ofthe SARS coronavirus ORFeome. . PLoS ONE. 2(5): e459.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000459"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45. Zhou H, SP. (2006). Preferential infection of mature dendritic cells by mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM. J Virol. 80: 2506-14.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.5.2506-2514.2006"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. Spiegel M, Pichlmair A, Martinez-Sobrido L. (2005). Inhibition of beta interferon induction by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus suggests a two-step model for activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. J Virol. 79: 2079-86.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.4.2079-2086.2005"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47. Rempel JD, Murray SJ, Meisner J, J BM. (2004). Differential regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in viral encephalitis.  Virology. 318: 381-92.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.023"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"48. Zhou Jea. (2005).  Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitor during viral encephalitis. J Virol. 79:4764-73."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49. Navas-Martin S, S T Hingley, S R Weiss.   (2005).   Murine coronavirus evolution in vivo: functional compensation of a detrimental amino acid substitution in the receptor binding domain of the spike glycoprotein.J. Virol. 79:7629-40.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.12.7629-7640.2005"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50. Grosse B, Siddell SG. (1994). Single amino acid changes in the S2 subunit of the MHV surface glycoprotien confer resistance to neutralization by S1          subunit-specific monoclonal antibody. Virology. 202: 814-24.","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1403"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51. Thackray LB, Holmes KV. (2004). Amino acid substitutions and an insertion in the spike glycoprotein extend the host range of the murine coronavirus MHV-A59. . Virology. 324: 510-24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.04.005"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52. Chang YJ, CY Liu, BL Chiang, YC Chao, CC Chen. (2004). Induction of IL-8 release in lung                  cells via activator protein-1 by recombinant baculovirus displaying severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus spike proteins: identification of two functional regions. J Immunol. 173: 7602-14.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7602"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53. de Haan CA, M de Wit, L Kuo, C  Montalto-Morrison, B L Haagmans, SR Weiss, et al. (2003). The glycosylation status of the murine hepatitis coronavirus M protein affects the interferogenic capacity of the virus in vitro and its ability to replicate in the liver but not the brain. Virology. 312: 395-406.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6822(03)00235-6"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54. Schelle B, N Karl, B Ludewig, SG Siddell, V Thiel. (2005). Selective replication of coronavirus genomes that express nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 79:     6620-30.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.11.6620-6630.2005"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55. An S, CJ Chen, X Yu, JL Leibowitz, S Makino. (1999). Induction of apoptosis in murine      coronavirus-infected cultured cells and        demonstration of E protein as an apoptosis inducer. J Virol. 73: 7853-9.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.73.9.7853-7859.1999"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56. Sperry S, L Kazi, R Graham, R Baric, S Weiss, M Denison. (2005). Single amino acid substitutions in nonstructural ORF1b-nsp14 and ORF2a 30kDa proteins of the murine coronavirus MHV-A59 are attenuating in mice. J Virol. 79: 3391-400.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.6.3391-3400.2005"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Snijder EJ, P. J. Bredenbeek, J. C. Dobbe, V. Thiel, J. Ziebuhr, L. L.Poon, et al. (2003). Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of                   SARS-coronavirus,an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage. J Mol Biol. 331: 991-1004.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2836(03)00865-9"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"58. Fisman DN. (2000). Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection. EmergInfect Dis 6:601-60."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59. Cheung CY, LL Poon, IH Ng, W Luk, SF Sia, MH Wu, et al. (2005). Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol. 79: 7819-26.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.79.12.7819-7826.2005"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Reghunathan R, M Jayapal, LY Hsu, HH Chng, D Tai, B P Leung, et al. (2005). Expression profile of immune response genes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. BMC Immunol. 6(2).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-6-2"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"61. Huang C, Wang Y LX, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 395: 497-506."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX. (2020).  Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.06.20020974"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63. Subbarao K, J. McAuliffe, L. Vogel, G. Fahle, S. Fischer, K. Tatti, et al. (2004). Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acuterespiratory syndrome coronavirus in the respiratory tract of mice. J Virol. 78:        3572-7.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.7.3572-3577.2004"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64. Traggiai E, S Becker, K Subbarao, L Kolesnikova, Y Uematsu, M R Gismondo, et al. (2004). An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus. Nat Med. 10:871-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1080"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65. ter Meulen, J ABB, E N van den Brink, GJ Weverling, BE Martina, BL Haagmans, et al. (2004). Human monoclonal antibody as prophylaxis for SARS coronavirus infection in ferrets. Lancet. 363: 2139-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16506-9"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"66. Xiong S, YF Wang, MY Zhang, XJ Liu, CH Zhang, SS Liu, et al. (2004).  Immunogenicity of SARS inactivated vaccine in BALB\/c mice. Immunol Lett. 95: 139-43."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67. Zhou J, W Wang, Q Zhong, W Hou, Z Yang, SY Xiao, et al. (2005). Immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy of an inactivated SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in rhesus monkeys. Vaccine. 23: 3202-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.075"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68. Zeng F, KY Chow, CC Hon, KM Law, CW Yip, KH, Chan, et al. (2004). Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 315: 1134-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.01.166"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69. Wang Z, Z Yuan, M Matsumoto, UR Hengge, YF Chang. (2005).  Immune responses with DNA vaccines encoded different gene fragments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in BALB\/c mice. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 327: 130-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.11.147"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"70. Zhu MS, Y Pan, HQ Chen, Y Shen, XC          Wang, Y J Sun, et al. (2004). Induction of                      SARS-nucleoprotein-specific immune response by use of DNA vaccine. Immunol Lett. 92:237-43."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"71. Yang ZY, W. P. Kong, Y. Huang, A. Roberts, B. R. Murphy, K. Subbarao, et al. (2004).  A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice. Nature 428: 561-4.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02463"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72. Zeng F, K. Y. Chow, C. C. Hon, K. M. Law, C. W. Yip, K. H. Chan, et al. (2004).  Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 315: 1134-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.01.166"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73. Zakhartchouk AN, Q. Liu, M. Petric, L. A. Babiuk. (2005). Augmentation of immune responses to SARS coronavirus by a combination of DNA and whole killed virus vaccines. Vaccine. 23: 4385-91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.011"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"74. Gao W, A. Tamin, A. Soloff, L. D\u2019Aiuto, E.       Nwanegbo, P. D. Robbins, et al. (2003). Effects of a SARSassociated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys. Lancet 362: 1895-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14962-8"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75. Zakhartchouk AN, S. Viswanathan, J. B. Mahony, J. Gauldie, L. A.Babiuk. (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein expressed by an adenovirus vector is              phosphorylated and immunogenic in mice. J Gen Virol. 86: 211-5.","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80530-0"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"76. Bisht H, A. Roberts, L. Vogel, A. Bukreyev, P. L. Collins, B. R. Murphy, et al. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 6641-6.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401939101"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"77. Weingartl HM, J. Copps, M. A. Drebot, P. Marszal, G. Smith, J. Gren, et al. (2004). Susceptibility of pigs and chickens to SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 10: 179-84.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030677"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"78. Weingartl H, M. Czub, S. Czub, J. Neufeld, P. Marszal, J. Gren, et al. (2004). Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets. J Virol. 78: 12672-6.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.22.12672-12676.2004"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"79. Martina BE, B. L. Haagmans, T. Kuiken, R. A. Fouchier, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, G. Van Amerongen, et al. (200). SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets. Nature. 425: 915.","DOI":"10.1038\/425915a"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80. Corapi WV, R. J. Darteil, J. C. Audonnet, G. E. Chappuis. (1995). Localization of antigenic sites of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus involved in neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement. J Virol. 69:2858-62.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.5.2858-2862.1995"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81. Corapi WV, C. W. Olsen, F. W. Scott.           (1992).            Monoclonal antibody analysis of neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus. J Virol. 66:                  6695-705.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.11.6695-6705.1992"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82. Bukreyev A, E. W. Lamirande, U. J. Buchholz, L. N. Vogel, W. R. Elkins, M. St Claire, et al. (2004). Mucosal immunisation of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) with an attenuated parainfluenza virus expressing the SARS coronavirus spike protein for the prevention of SARS. Lancet. 363: 2122-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16501-x"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83. Buchholz UJ, A. Bukreyev, L. Yang, E. W. Lamirande, B. R. Murphy, K.Subbarao, et al. (2004). Contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to protective immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:9804-9.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403492101"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"84. Faber M, E. W. Lamirande, A. Roberts, A. B.        Rice, H. Koprowski, B.Dietzschold, et al. (2005). A single immunization with a rhabdovirus- based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies. J Gen Virol. 86:1435-40.","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80844-0"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85. Kapadia SU, J. K. Rose, E. Lamirande, L. Vogel, K. Subbarao, A.Roberts. (2005). Long-term protection from SARS coronavirus infection conferred by a single immunization with an attenuated VSV-based vaccine. Virology. 340: 174-82.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.06.016"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86. Korthonen A, Vuori A, Lukkari A, Laitinen A, Per\u00e4l\u00e4 M, Koskela T, et al. (2019). Increasing nursing students' knowledge of evidence-based hand-hygiene: a    quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Pract. 35: 104-10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2018.12.009"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87. Ng YM, Chi-Wing, Y. A. (2019). 3-step teaching approach for a blended learning of understanding and avoiding unintentional plagiarism. Nurse Educ Pract. 41:1-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2019.102643"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88. Ng YM, Or P. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention: Virtual classroom education for hand hygiene. Nurse Education in Practice. 45(102782).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2020.102782"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89. Theoret C, Ming X. (2020). Our Education, Our Concerns: Medical Student Education Impact due to COVID-19. Medical education.","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14181"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90. Evans D, Bay B, Wilson T, Smith C, Lachman N, Pawlina W. (2020). Going Virtual to Support Anatomy Education: A STOP GAP in the Midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Anatomical sciences education.","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1963"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91. Wendelboe A, Miller A, Patents D, Salinas L, Miller E, Jackson D, et al. (2020). Tabletop exercise to prepare institutions of higher education for an outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of emergency management (Weston, Mass). 18(2):183-4.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2020.0463"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"92. Iyer P, Aziz K, Ojcius D. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on dental education in the United States. Journal of Dental Education.","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12163"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"93. Daniel S. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11125-020-09464-3"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:37:15Z","timestamp":1593758235000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1363"}},"editor":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados -IDEA, Venezuela."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3373","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"article-number":"1363"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:34Z","timestamp":1753884754280,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper proposes a new visualization scheme for the registry of Covid-19 cases by calculating the mantissa of the registered ones, so there is no need of performing complicated mathematical calculations. As an example, six countries are randomly selected: Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Portugal and Venezuela. The results show that China is the only country that keeps the epidemic under control, while Australia begins a new outbreak after having previously controlled the epidemic. Colombia and Portugal show a very similar behavior of registered cases and, finally, we can see that Venezuela, Brazil, Portugal, and Colombia present a growth of cases that may trigger new outbreaks in the future. Results are obtained from data registered at Johns Hopkins University until July 18th, 2020.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T10:33:12Z","timestamp":1599561192000},"page":"1-3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A New Graph to Display the Epidemic Outbreaks of Covid-19 in the World"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Isea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Hoyo de la Puerta, Baruta, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"1.Isea R. (2020) La din\u00e1mica de transmisi\u00f3n del Covid-2019 desde una perspectiva matem\u00e1tica. Revista Observador del Conocimiento,5(1):. 15."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Isea R. (2020) Preliminary model to describe the transmission dynamics of Covid-19 between two neighboring cities or countries. , MedRxiv 1-11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.18.20156695"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.Isea R, Longreen K E. (2020) A quick look at the registered cases of Covid-19 throughout the world. , International Journal of Coronavirus1(3): 15.","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3453"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4.Huang Y, Yang L, Dai H, Tian F, Chen K. (2020) Epidemic situation and forescasting of COVID-19 in and outside. 1-23."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T10:33:14Z","timestamp":1599561194000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1423"}},"editor":[{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Turabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Centre Santa Maria de Benquerencia, Spain."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3498","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"article-number":"1423"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:58:05Z","timestamp":1759147085728,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The indirect misuse of animals usually correlated to catastrophic consequences like the one we are facing now, novel coronavirus disease-19. However, the source of infection is not fully confirmed yet. But the finger of blame points to bats and pangolins. Hence, understanding and raising awareness about wild animals and the consequences of their misuse are a must to avoid future pandemics. Herein, we threw light on the most animals involved in the current epidemic as well as possible animals in the shadow. Random serological investigations of samples from animals of different species (including asymptomatic animals) are required to understand the prevalence and severity of the infection, the extent of the transmission, and the monitoring of the situation over time. Moreover, alleviating fear associated with the possibility of human infection from their pets, we highlight that there are no reports that confirm this hypothesis; however, the opposite has been reported. Similarly, there is no proof that pigs can become infected amplify or spread novel coronavirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T12:20:47Z","timestamp":1607948447000},"page":"12-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Animals in the COVID-19 Era: Between Being a source, Victims, or Maybe our Hope to Overcome it!"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Shilpi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry Lab, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), I-7, Sector-39, Noida, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Elkhenany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees 10, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabhat","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faten A.","family":"Okda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.R A Bucknall. (1972) et al.,Studies with human coronaviruses II. Some properties of strains. 229E and OC43.Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 139(3), 722-727.","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-139-36224"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.Hoek L Van Der. (2004) et al.,Identification of a new human coronavirus.Nature medicine. 10(4), 368-373."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.Bruckov\u00e1 M. (1970) The adaptation of two human coronavirus strains (OC38 and OC43) to growth in cell monolayers. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 135(2), 431-435.","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-135-35068"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4.P C Woo.(2005).Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novelcoronavirus,coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia.Journal of virology. 79(2), 884-895.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"5.Zhao Y.(2020).Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov.bioRxiv.p.2020.01.26.919985."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Perlman S, Netland J. (2009) post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis.Nature reviews microbiology. 7(6), 439-450.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2147"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7.Zhou P.(2018).Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin.Nature. 556(7700), 255-258.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0010-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Li W.(2005).Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.Science. 310(5748), 676-9.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118391"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.World Health. (2020) O.,Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, inClinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: Interim guidance. 21-21.","DOI":"10.15557\/pimr.2020.0003"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"10.. COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC.https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/#countries"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Decaro N, Lorusso A.(2020).Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses.Vet Microbiol. 244, 108693.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108693"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.S R Weiss, Navas-Martin S. (2005) pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.Microbiol. , Mol. Biol. Rev 69(4), 635-664.","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Chen N.(2020).Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.Lancet. 395(10223), 507-513.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14.Lu R.(2020).Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding.Lancet. 395(10224), 565-574.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15.Zhu N.. (2020).A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019.N Engl J Med 382(8), 727-733.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16.Wu F. (2020) A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. , Nature 579(7798), 265-269.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17.Zhou P. (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. , Nature 579(7798), 270-273.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. (2020) Probable pangolin origin of 2019-nCoV associated with outbreak of COVID-19.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3542586"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19.Banerjee A.(2019).Bats and Coronaviruses.Viruses. 11(1), 41.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010041"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.L van Dorp.(2020).Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases. 83, 104351-104351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104351"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.Rizzo F.(2017).Coronavirus and paramyxovirus in bats from Northwest Italy.BMC Vet Res. 13(1), 396.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1307-x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.Lecis R.(2019).Molecular identification ofBetacoronavirusin bats from Sardinia (Italy): first detection and phylogeny.Virus genes. 55(1), 60-67.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1614-8"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23.Yang P, Wang X.(2020).COVID-19: a new challenge for human beings.Cellular. , Molecular Immunology 17(5), 555-557.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0407-x"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"24.Drosten C. (2003) et al.,Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.N Engl. 348(20), 1967-76."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25.Huang C.(2020).Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in. , Wuhan, China.Lancet 395(10223), 497-506.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26.A M Zaki.(2012).Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in. , Saudi Arabia.N Engl J Med 367(19), 1814-20.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"27.B L Haagmans, D A. (2014) Osterhaus,Neutralizing the MERS coronavirus threat.Sci Transl Med. 6(235), 235-19."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28.Z A Memish, A.(2013).Public health management of mass gatherings: the Saudi Arabian experience with MERS-CoV.Bull World Health Organ. 91(12), 899-899.","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.13.132266"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.S van Boheemen.(2012).Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans.mBio. 3-6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00473-12"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30.Lorusso A.(2020).Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic: a veterinary perspective.Veterinaria italiana. 56(1), 5-10."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31.X Y Ge.(2013).Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor.Nature. 503(7477), 535-8.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32.Hu B.(2017).Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus.PLoS. , Pathog 13(11), 1006698.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006698"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33.Lam T T.(2020).Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins.Nature.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34.X L Yang.(2016).Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.J Virol. 90(6), 3253-6.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02582-15"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35.A J Rodriguez-Morales.(2020).Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Travel Med Infect Dis. 34, 101623.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"36.Nishiura H.(2020).Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19).Int. , J Infect Dis 94, 154-155."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37.Rothe C.(2020).Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in. , Germany.N Engl J Med 382(10), 970-971.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38.N van Doremalen.(2020).Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1.N. , Engl J Med 382(16), 1564-1567.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.Kampf G.(2020).COVID-19-associated shortage of alcohol-based hand rubs, face masks, medical gloves and gowns - proposal for a risk-adapted approach to ensure patient and healthcare worker safety.J Hosp Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.04.041"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"40.Wan Y.(2019).Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent. , Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry.J Virol 94(5)."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.Guan Y.(2003).Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.Science. 302(5643), 276-278.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"42.Han Z.(2015).Altered pathogenicity of atl\/CH\/LDT3\/03 genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus due to natural recombination in the 5&apos;- 17kb region of the genome.Virus Res. 213, 140-148."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.D S Hui.(2020).The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan. , China.Int J Infect Dis 91, 264-266.","DOI":"10.3410\/f.737216219.793577187"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.Cyranoski D.(2020).This scientist hopes totest coronavirusdrugs on animals. in locked-down Wuhan.Nature 577(7792), 607.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00190-6"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"45.L H Taylor, S M Latham. (2001) M.E.J.P.T.o.t.R.S.o.L.S.B.B.S. Woolhouse,Risk factors for human disease emergence. 356(1411), 983-989."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46.Lee K. (1956) Propagation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in tissue culture. , NYASA 66(1), 191-195.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1956.tb40120.x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47.Pensaert M, P De Bouck. (1978) A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Archives of virology. 58(3), 243-247.","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01317606"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48.Pensaert M, Callebaut P, Vergote J. (1986) Isolation of a porcine respiratory, non\u2010enteric coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis. Veterinary Quarterly. 8(3), 257-261.","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1986.9694050"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49.Pan Y. (2017) Discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) in southern China. Veterinary microbiology. 211, 15-21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.09.020"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"50.Greig A. (1962) A hemagglutinating virus producing encephalomyelitis in baby pigs. Canadian journal of comparative medicine and veterinary science. 26(3), 49."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51.P C Woo. (2012) Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. , J Virol 86(7), 3995-4008.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.06540-11"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52.Chen W. (2005) SARS-associated coronavirus transmitted from human to pig. Emerging infectious diseases. 11(3), 446-448.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040824"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53.H M Weingartl. (2004) Susceptibility of pigs and chickens to SARS coronavirus. Emerging infectious diseases. 10(2), 179.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030677"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54.Vergara-Alert J.(2017).Livestock susceptibility to infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.Emerging infectious diseases. 23(2), 232.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161239"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55.Health W O f A.. (2020).Questions and Answers on the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). [cited 17 May ]; Available from:https:\/\/rr-africa.oie.int\/en\/news\/questions-and-answers-on-the-2019-coronavirus-disease-covid-19\/ .","DOI":"10.1287\/lytx.2020.03.04"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"56.Bryner J. (2020) Cat infected with COVID-19 from owner in Belgium. Live Science. [acesso. Abr 3]. Dispon\u00c3vel em: https:\/\/www. livescience. com\/cat-infectedcovid-19-from-owner. html"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57.Shi J.(2020).Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals toSARS\u00e2\u20ac\u201ccoronavirus 2.Science.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58.Cohen J.(2020).From mice to monkeys, animals studied for coronavirus answers.Science. 368(6488), 221-222.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.368.6488.221"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59.Roberts A.(2005).Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of golden. , Syrian hamsters.J Virol 79(1), 503-11.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.1.503-511.2005"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60.Y K Chu.(2008).The SARS-CoVferret model in an infection-challenge study.Virology. 374(1), 151-63.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.12.032"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61.T P Sheahan.(2020).Comparative therapeutic efficacy ofremdesivirand combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV.Nature Communications. 11(1), 222.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62.T P Sheahan.(2017).Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses.Science translational medicine. 9(396)","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63.Roberts A.(2005).Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of golden Syrian hamsters.Journal of virology. 79(1), 503-511.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.1.503-511.2005"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"64.Shi J.(2020).Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS\u2013coronavirus 2.Science. 368(6494):. 1016-1020."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65.Hoinville L.(2013).Proposed terms and concepts for describing and evaluating animal-health surveillance systems.Preventive veterinary medicine.112(1-2):. 1-12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.06.006"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66.Silva da, B M.(2018).Evidence of zoonotic leprosy in Para, Brazilian Amazon, and risks associated with human contact or consumption of armadillos.PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(6), 0006532.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006532"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67.C K Laforet.(2019).Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in extensively farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa). in Denmark.Acta Vet Scand 61(1), 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0440-x"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68.Gavrilovic P, Pavlovic I, Todorovic I. (2019) domestic pigs and wild boars. in South Banat, northern Serbia.Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 63, 142-144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.01.017"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69.Santoro M.(2019).Real-time PCR detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissue samples of wild boars (Sus scrofa) from southern Italy reveals high prevalence and parasite load.Parasit Vectors. 12(1), 335.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3586-5"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70.Montone A M I.. (2019).Occurrence of HEV-RNA in Italian Regional Pork and Wild Boar Food Products.Food Environ Virol 11(4), 420-426.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09403-2"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"71.Kicinska A, Glichowska P, Mamak M.(2019).Micro- andmacroelementcontents in the liver of farm and wild animals and the health risks involved in liver consumption.Environ Monit Assess.191(3):. 132.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7274-x"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72.Stepien-Pysniak D.(2019).Biofilm formation capacity and presence of virulence factors among commensal Enterococcus spp. from wild birds.Sci Rep. 9(1), 11204.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47602-w"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73.Nardoni S. (2019) et al.,Serological and Molecular Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Birds.Pathogens. 8-2.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020058"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"74.A D Sulaym\u00e2n. (1998) Sunan abi dawud. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. tt.."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T12:22:41Z","timestamp":1607948561000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1454"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3481","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"article-number":"1454"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:10Z","timestamp":1753884850348,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical education has been extraordinarily disrupted during the COVID-19 era worldwide. The pandemic limited routine ward or patient-based medical education. These limitations have resulted in new challenges for medical students, especially the final year students in completing their mandated curriculum. We are suggesting a revised curriculum for final year medical students, by following which we can address COVID restriction while making sure all competencies have been achieved by students. This revised curriculum centers around the usual placement of students in Surgical Assessment Unit (SAU), however all students will be posted in simulation wards\/labs on their turn to enhance and consolidate their understanding and learning of common surgical cases in these wards, so that they can replicate these skills in SAU and wards on their turns. This article highlights how the proposed curriculum addresses the learning needs of final year medical students in their surgery rotation. The article will also summarize the critical appraisal process of our curriculum in the context of curriculum design theories. Finally, the article will highlight the quality assurance measures adhered to while developing the curriculum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T12:08:40Z","timestamp":1670674120000},"page":"4-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Proposal of Revised Curriculum to Circumvent the Impact of COVID Restrictions on Final Year Medical Students"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rao Khalid","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laparoscopic General and Colorectal Surgical Consultant , Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PAWAR","family":"Gaurav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Registrar Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaleem","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant surgeon, Armed Forces Hospital Gizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farooq","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Consultant, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Akhtar Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor & Consultant Paediatrician, Scarborough Health Network, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.D G Brauer, K J Ferguson. (2015) The integrated curriculum in medical education:. , AMEE Guide No. 96. Medical teacher 37(4), 312-322.","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159x.2014.970998"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.Watmough S, Ryland I, Taylor D. (2006) Doctors assess the influence of medical school on their career choice. In Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE) Conference ."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3.Gant. (2019) Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory, and Practice."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Papapanou M, Routsi E, Tsamakis K, Fotis L, Marinos G et al. (2021) Medical education challenges and innovations during COVID-19 pandemic. , Postgraduate Medical Journal","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-140032"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Weller J M. (2004) Simulation in undergraduate medical education: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Medical education. 38(1), 32-8.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2004.01739.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Datta R, K, C N Jaideep. (2012) Simulation and its role in medical education. , Medical Journal Armed Forces India 68(2), 167-172.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0377-1237(12)60040-9"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Li L, Lin M, Wang X, Bao P, Li Y.Preparing and responding to 2019 novel coronavirus with simulation and technology-enhanced learning for healthcare professionals: challenges and opportunities in China. BMJ Simulation & Technology Enhanced Learning. 2020 Jul;6(4): 196.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2020-000609"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.Lockyer J. (1998) . Needs assessment: lessons learned","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.1340180310"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9.Gant. (2000) The effectiveness of continuing professional development. ASME medical education booklet."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Grant J. (2002) Learning needs assessment: assessing the need. , BMJ 324(7330), 156-159.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7330.156"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11.A D Peets, McLaughlin K, Lockyer J, Donnon T. (2008) So much to teach, so little time: a prospective cohort study evaluating a tool to select content for a critical care curriculum. , Critical Care 12(5), 1-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7087"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"12.Bloom B S. (1956) Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Cognitive domain."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.R M Harden. (2002) Learning outcomes and instructional objectives: is there a difference?Medical teacher. 24(2), 151-155.","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159022020687"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Pepper J, N S Riegels, T A Ziv, Mazotti L. (2019) Twelve Tips for Students in Longitudinal Integrated. , Clerkships.MedEdPublish 8.","DOI":"10.15694\/mep.2019.000059.1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.D A Hirsh, Ogur B, G E Thibault, Cox M. (2007) Continuity\" as an organizing principle for clinical education reform.New England. , Journal of Medicine 356(8), 858.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmsb061660"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Gaufberg E, Bor D, Dinardo P, Krupat E, Pine E et al. (2017) In pursuit of educational integrity: professional identity formation in the Harvard Medical School Cambridge integrated clerkship.Perspectives in biology and medicine. 60(2), 258-274.","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2017.0032"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Ogur B, Hirsh D, Krupat E, Bor D. (2007) The Harvard Medical School-Cambridge integrated clerkship: an innovative model of clinical education.Academic. , Medicine 82(4), 397-404.","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0b013e31803338f0"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.B A Parsons, N S Blencowe, A D Hollowood, J R Grant. (2011) Surgical training: the impact of changes in curriculum and experience.Journal of surgical education. 68(1), 44-51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2010.08.004"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"19.D L Stufflebeam, C H Mc, R O Brinkerhoff, C O Nelson.Conducting Educational Needs Assessments."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Steinert Y. (2010) Faculty development: from workshops to communities of practice.Medical teacher. 32(5), 425-428.","DOI":"10.3109\/01421591003677897"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.Landeen J, Pierazzo J, Akhtar-Danesh N, Baxter P, S van Eijk et al. (2015) Exploring student and faculty perceptions of clinical simulation: A Q-sort study.Journal of Nursing Education. 54(9), 485-491.","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20150814-02"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.Dennick R. (2016) Constructivism: reflections on twenty five years teaching the constructivist approach in medical education. , International journal of medical education 7, 200.","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.5763.de11"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.R M Harden. (1999) Learning outcomes and instructional objectives: is there a difference?Medical teacher. 24(2), 151-155.","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159022020687"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.John Norcini, V B. (2007) Workplace-based assessment as an educational tool:. AMEE Guide No. 31.Med Teach 29(9), 855-871.","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590701775453"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"25.D W Birch, Mavis B. (2006) A needs assessment study of undergraduate surgical education.Canadian journal of surgery. 49(5), 335."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"26.Mezirow J. (1991) Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27.Charleen L. (2012) An introduction to workplace-based assessment.Gastroenterol. , Hepatol Bed Bench 5(1), 24-28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12364"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"28.Wilkinson K. (2019) Evidence, Theory, and Practice, Third Edition.Third Edition."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.Gurpinar E, M K Alimoglu, Mamakli S, Aktekin M. (2010) Can learning style predict student satisfaction with different instruction methods and academic achievement in medical education?. Advances in physiology education 34(4), 192-196.","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00075.2010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30.Dill. (2010) Quality Assurance. in Higher Education: Practices and Issues .","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-044894-7.00833-2"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1775","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T12:08:48Z","timestamp":1670674128000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1775"}},"editor":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados -IDEA"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4101","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"article-number":"1775"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:19Z","timestamp":1753884859194,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several mRNA vaccines are used on the population in the U.S. I started predicting the dangers of mRNA vaccines before March 2021 and update my findings periodically. My prior model study enabled me to identify many flaws in clinical trials, side-effect evaluation methods and mechanism studies, and I also considered consistent failure in predicting drug side effects in the past and systematic failure of FDA in keeping out dangerous drugs from market. I found that the risks of vaccination cannot be determined by experiments alone and must be determined by using a combination of methods. By studying mRNA expression dynamics and kinetics, I predict that vaccination with mRNA vaccines may increase cancer risks, multiple organ failure risks, earlier death risks, genome alteration speeds by one or more mechanisms, alter the normal selection process for viral evolution resulting in more virulent viruses, and aggravate chronic diseases or cause healed diseases to relapse. Two root problems are practical inability to control expression sites and severe adverse reactions from repeated vaccination. Based on mRNA bio-distribution, the mRNA mainly strikes the liver and other vital organs, and poses grave dangers to persons whose vascular functional reserves are relatively small, or whose vascular systems are temporarily burdened by other causes such as viral infections or life activities. If an mRNA vaccine is administered on a pregnant woman by second or booster shots, spike protein synthesis in fetus brain disrupts the highly regulated protein synthesis processes, resulting in potential brain damages. In less than a year, most of my early predicted damages are being materialized or are on the track to hit the population. In this update, I present a benefits-and-risks map to show how the number of deaths caused by mRNA vaccines is grossly underestimated and why claimed benefits like 95% effectiveness rate and 90% death rate reduction are meaningless and misleading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:09:47Z","timestamp":1671772187000},"page":"7-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expression of Concern: Potential Risks and Unknown Effects of mRNA Vaccines on Population Health (6th Rev). Damages Are Being Materialized"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthier World (Independent researcher for cause), P. O. Box 689, Beltsville, MD 20704."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.CDC. (2021) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). https:\/\/ www.cdc.gov\/vaccinesafety\/ensuringsafety\/monitoring\/vaers\/index.html","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410x(94)90044-2"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Wu J, Zha P. (2019) Randomized Clinical Trial Is Biased and Invalid In Studying Chronic Diseases, Compared with Multiple Factors Optimization Trial. Preprints.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3480523"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.Wu J, Zha P. (2020) Clinical Trials and Reductionist Approach Preclude Cures for Chronic Diseases Due to Flawed Presumptions. Preprints.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3697569"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4.Lead paint.. In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lead_paint"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Gillis B S, Arbieva Z, Gavin I M. (2012) Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells. BMC Genomics. 13-344.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-344"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"6.Asbestos.In Wikipedia. , https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ Asbestos"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7.Wikipedia In.. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DDT"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"8.Orange Agent.. In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agent_Orange"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9.Diethylstilbestrol. In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diethylstilbestrol."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"10.Roundup. In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roundup_(herbicide)."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"11.Bailey R. (2019) A New Study About Roundup and Cancer Doesn&apos;t Say What You Probably Think It Does. Epidemiology."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"12.List of withdrawn drugs. In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_with- drawn_drugs"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Zhang L, Rana L, Shaffer R M. (2019) Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Mutation Re- search\/Reviews in Mutation Research. July\u2013September. 781, 186-206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2019.02.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Andreotti G, Koutros S, Hofmann J N. Cancer Institute (2018) Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. , JNCI: Journal of the National 110(5), 509-516.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx233"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.WMT Bortz, Bortz WM 2nd. (1996) How fast do we age? Exercise performance over time as a biomarker. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Sep;51(5):M223-5. doi: 10.1093\/gerona\/ 51a.5.m223","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/51a.5.m223"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Goldspink D F. (2005) Ageing and activity: Their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles. , Ergonomics 48(11), 1334-51.","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130500101247"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Sehl M E, Yates F E. (2001) Kinetics of human aging: I. Rates of senescence between ages 30 and 70 years in healthy people. , J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 56(5), 198-208.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.5.b198"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"18.Wu J, Zha P. (2019) A Multi-Factor Model for Estimating Relative Lifespans and Extending Health Spans. Preprint Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3502432"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.Schlake T, Thess A, Fotin-Mleczek M. (2012) Developing mRNA-vaccine technolo- gies. RNA Biology. 9(11), 1319-1330.","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.22269"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Buschmann M D, Carrasco M J, Alishetty S. (2021) Nanomaterial Delivery Systems for mRNA Vaccines. , Vaccines 9(1), 65.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010065"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.Pardi N, Hogan M J, Porter F W. (2018) mRNA vaccines \u2014 a new era in vaccinology. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 17, 261-279.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"22.Garde D. (2017) Lavishly funded Moderna hits safety problems in bold bid to revolutionize medicine. , Statnews"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"23.Garade D. (2016) Ego, ambition, and turmoil: Inside one of biotech&apos;s most secretive startups. Stat"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.Geschwind D H. (2011) Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Trends Cogn Sci. 15(9), 409-416.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.07.003"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen D L.. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018;67(No. SS-6): 1\u201323. doi: 10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1external icon .","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745a7"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.Ozonoff A, Nanishi E, Levya O. (2021) Bell&apos;s palsy and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Lancet In- fect Dis. 21(4), 450-452.","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(21)00076-1"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"27.Mordechai S. (2021) Vaccination in Israel: Challenging mortality Figures? Analysis by infectious disease specialist claims mismatch between data published by authori- ties and reality on the ground. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.israelnationalnews.com\/News\/. , News.aspx\/297051"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"28.Soucheray S.Experts: mRNA COVID-19 vaccines likely tied to heart inflammation. News Reporter CIDRAP News."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.Wu J, Zha P. (2019) The Central Nervous System\u2019s Adaptive Changes Make Chronic Dis- eases Incurable. Preprints.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3480562"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30.Amerio A, G\u00e1lvez J F, Odone A.Carcinogenicity of psychotropic drugs: A sys- tematic review of US Food and Drug Administration\u2013required preclinical in vivo studies. , Aus- tralian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 49(8), 686-696.","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415582231"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.Wu J, Zha P. (2020) Lung Damage Mechanisms For COVID-19 and Other Lung Infections and Driving Force in Leukecyte Recruitment and Migration. Preprints.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3689090"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.Boots M. (2015) The Need for Evolutionarily Rational Disease Interventions: Vaccination Can Select for Higher Virulence. PLoS Biol 13(8), 1002236.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002236"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.Read A F, Baigent S J, Powers C. (2015) Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens. , PLoS Biol 13(7), 1002198.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002198"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.Domingo E, Holland J J. (1997) RNA Virus Mutations and Fitness for Survival. Annual Re- view of Microbiology. 51, 151-78.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.51.1.151"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.Maxmen A. (2021) One million coronavirus sequences: popular genome site hits mega milestone: GISAID\u2019s impressive effort to understand the spread of COVID-19 has seen scientists upload sequences from most nations on Earth. Nature News.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01069-w"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36.Harvey W T, Carabelli A M, Jackson B. (2021) SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nature Review Microbiology. 19(7), 409-424.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37.Wu J, Zha P. (2020) Mask Is a Double-edged Sword in the Fight Against COVID-19 Pan- demic Preprint.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/9y5s2"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38.Wu J, Zha P.Proactive Body Temperature Management Protocol and Lifestyle In- terventions as Predictable Cures for COVID-19 Disease: Curative Protocols Discovered from a Century of Medical Discoveries.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/pcfna"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.Sanju\u00e1n R. (2017) Collective infectious units in viruses. Trends Microbiol. 25(5), 402-412.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.02.003"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.Shirogane Y, Watanabe S, Yanagi Y. (2019) Cooperation between different variants: A unique potential for virus evolution. Virus Res. 264, 68-73.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.02.015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.Leeks A, Segredo-Otero E A, Sanju\u00e1n R, West S A. (2018) Beneficial coinfection can pro- mote within-host viral diversity. Virus Evol. 4(2), 028.","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey028"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42.Vignuzzi M, Stone J K, Arnold J J. (2006) Quasispecies Diversity Determines Patho- genesis Through Cooperative Interactions in a Viral Population. Nature. 439(7074), 344-8.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04388"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.Zaman S B, Hussain M A, Nye R. (2017) A Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Alarm Bells are Ringing. Cureus. Jun;9(6): e1403","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.1403"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.F\u00f6hse F K, Geckin B, Overheul G J.The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 reprograms both adaptive and innate immune responses.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.03.21256520"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"45.Vaccine.Effectiveness: How Well Do the Flu Vaccines Work? Questions & An- swers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/vaccines-work\/vaccineeffect.htm."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46.Krammer F. (2019) The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vacci- nation. , Nat Rev Immunol 19, 383-397.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0143-6"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47.Bardage C, Persson I, Ortqvist A. (2011) Neurological and autoimmune disorders after vaccination against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with a monovalent adjuvanted vaccine: pop- ulation based cohort study in. 12, 343-5956.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5956"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48.Moghadas S M, Vilches T N, Zhang K. (2021) The impact of vaccination on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 079.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.27.20240051"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49.Pedersen A F, Zachariae R, Bovbjerg D H. (2009) Psychological stress and antibody re- sponse to influenza vaccination: a meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 23(4), 427-33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.01.004"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"50.Drugbank.. Retrieved from https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/ DB00255"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"51.Diethylstilbestrol, Cancer.. In Wikipedia. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/hormones\/des-fact-sheet#what-is-des"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52.Dolgin E. (2021) The Tangled History of mRNA Vaccines. Hundreds of scientists had worked on mRNA vaccines for decades before the coronavirus pandemic brought a break- through. , Nature 16, 597-318.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02483-w"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53.Liang Y, Huang L, Liu T.Development and Delivery Systems of mRNA Vac- cines. , Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol 2021, 718753.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.718753"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54.Wadhwa A, Aljabbari A, Lokras A. (2020) Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines. Pharmaceutics. 12, 102-10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020102"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55.Diken M, Kreiter S, Selmi A. (2011) Selective uptake of naked vaccine RNA by den- dritic cells is driven by macropinocytosis and abrogated upon DC maturation. Gene Ther. 18, 702-708.","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.17"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56.Selmi A, Vascotto F, Kautz-Neu K. (2016) Uptake of synthetic naked RNA by skin- resident dendritic cells via macropinocytosis allows antigen expression and induction of T-cell responses in mice. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 65(9), 1075-83.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1869-7"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57.Lorenz C, Fotin-Mleczek M, Roth G. (2011) Protein expression from exogenous mRNA: uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis and trafficking via the lysosomal pathway. , RNA Biol. Jul-Aug 8(4), 627-36.","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.4.15394"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58.Lu R, Zhao X, Li J. (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. , Lancet (London, Eng- land) 395(10224), 565-574.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"59.Incidences and death data for various nations. Worldometers. Accessed from https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60.CDC. (2020) Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease. , (COVID- 19) \u2014 United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69, 343-346.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912e2"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61.Verity R, Okell L C, Dorigatti I. (2020) Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62.Wu J, Zha P. (2020) Public Health Intervention Framework for Reviving Economy Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic (1): A Concept. Preprint","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/hjgw8"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63.Lowen A C, Steel J. (2014) Roles of Humidity and Temperature in Shaping Influenza Sea - sonality. Journal of Virology. 88(14), 7692-5.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.03544-13"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64.Evans S S, Repasky E A, Fisher D T. (2015) Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nat Rev Immunol. 15(6), 335-349.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3843"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65.Tzampoglou P, Loukidis D. (2020) Investigation of the Importance of Climatic Factors in COVID-19 Worldwide Intensity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(21), 7730.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217730"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66.Barcroft H, Edholm O G. (1943) The Effect of Temperature on Blood Flow And Deep Tem- perature In The Human Forearm. 102(1), 5-20.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1943.sp004009"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67.Sendera R, Bar-Ona Y M, GleizeraS. (2021) The total number and mass of SARS- CoV-2 virions. , PNAS 118(25), 1-9.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024815118"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68.Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. (2020) Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Research. 30, 492-506.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69.Gal\u00e1n J E. (2005) Bacterial toxins and the immune system: show me the in vivo targets. , J Exp Med 201(3), 321-3.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050080"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"70.Mangiaracina E. (2021) Lab founder shows damage COVID jab\u2019s spike protein inflicts on vital organs. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.lifesitenews.com\/news\/lab-founder-shows-damage-covid-jabs-spike-protein-inflicts-on-vital-organs\/."},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"71.Aripaka P. () 11, 2021) EU looking into new possible side-effects of mRNA COVID-19 shots. Accessed from https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuti- cals\/eu-drugs-regulator-looking-new-possible-side-effects-mrna-vaccines-2021-08-11\/ (men- tioning rare heart inflammation)."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72.Chapin-Bardales J, Gee J, Myers T. (2021) Reactogenicity Following Receipt of mRNA-. Based COVID-19 Vaccines. JAMA 325(21), 2201-2202.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5374"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73.Blumenthal K G, Robinson L B, Camargo Jr CA. (2021) Acute Allergic Reactions to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. , JAMA 325(15), 1562-1565.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3976"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"74.Dreier S. () 9, 2021) 1,000 Lawyers and 10,000 Doctors Have Filed a Lawsuit for Violations of the Nuremberg Code Covid-1984 Health. Retrieved from https:\/\/sorendreier.- com\/1000-lawyers-and-10000-doctors-have-filed-a-lawsuit-for-violations-of-the-nuremberg- code\/."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75.Delaney P.(Wed Apr 7, 2021) Lifesite News. EXCLUSIVE - Former Pfizer VP: Your government is lying to you in a way that could lead to your death. Retrieved from https:\/\/ www.lifesitenews.com\/news\/exclusive-former-pfizer-vp-your-government-is-lying-to-you-in-a-way-that-could-lead-to-your-death\/","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1fj84w3.15"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"76.Press Release (2021) Cincinnati, PR Newswire -- the kroger co. (NYSE: KR) Retrieved from http:\/\/ir.kroger.com\/CorporateProfile\/press-releases\/press-release\/2021\/ Kroger-Announces-New-Vaccine-Payment-for-All-Associates\/default.aspx (Family of Companies today announced that it will provide a one-time payment of $100 to all associates who receive the full manufacturer-recommended doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.)."},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"77.Hubbard K. (2021) Want Free Beer or a Chance at $1 Million? Get Your COVID-19 Vaccine: Cities, states and businesses are providing perks to individuals who have received their coronavirus vaccines."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"78.consortium WHO Solidarity trial, Hongchao P, Richard P.WHO Solidarity trial consortium. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 \u2013interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial re- sults. MeddRxiv Preprint","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2023184"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"79.Baker S G.The detached pericyte hypothesis: A novel explanation for many puz- zling aspects of tumorigenesis. , Organisms. Journal of Biological Sciences 2(1), 25-41."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80.Beans C.News Feature: How \u201cforever chemicals\u201d might impair the immune system. , PNAS April 118(15), 2105018118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105018118"},{"key":"ref80","unstructured":"81.Einstein Albert.College of Medicine. Environmental Health & Safety \u2013 Fiberglass. Retrieved from https:\/\/einsteinmed.org\/administration\/environmental-health-safety\/industrial- hygiene\/fiberglass.aspx."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82.Segerstrom S C, Miller G E. (2004) Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry. Psychol Bull. 130(4), 601-30.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.4.601"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83.Mariamenatu A H, Abdu E M. (2021) Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus Deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in Modern-Day Diets: The Disturbing Factor for Their \u201cBalanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions\u201d in the Human Body. 8848161.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8848161"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"84.Simopoulos A P. (2010) The omega-6\/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: health implications. OCL. 17(5), 267-275.","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl.2010.0325"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85.Simopoulos A P. (2016) An Increase in the Omega-6\/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients. 8(3), 128.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030128"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86.Kim H S, Kim Y J, Seo Y R. (2015) An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention. , J Cancer Prev 20(4), 232-40.","DOI":"10.15430\/jcp.2015.20.4.232"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87.Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N. (2014) Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 7(2), 60-72.","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88.Brandt-Rauf P W, Li Y, Long C. (2012) Plastics and carcinogenesis: The example of vinyl chloride. , J Carcinog 11, 5.","DOI":"10.4103\/1477-3163.93700"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89.Bradberry S M, Proudfoot A T, Vale J A. (2004) Glyphosate poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 23(3), 159-67.","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200423030-00003"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90.Cattani D, Oliveira Cavalli V, Heinz Rieg CE. (2014) Mechanisms underlying the neurotoxi- city induced by glyphosate-based herbicide in immature rat hippocampus: Involvement of glu- tamate excite toxicity. Toxicology. 5, 34-45.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.03.001"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91.Peillex C, Pelletier M. (2020) The impact and toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on health and immunity. Journal of Immunotoxicology. 17(1), 163-174.","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691x.2020.1804492"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"92.Pu Y, Ma L, Shan J. (2021) . Autism-like Behaviors in Male Juvenile Offspring after Maternal Glyphosate Exposure 19(3), 554-558.","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.3.554"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"93.Mills P J, Kania-Korwel I, Fagan J. (1993) . Excretion of the Herbicide Glyphosate in Older Adults Between 318(16), 1610-1611.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11726"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"94.Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N. (2013) Glyphosate induces hu- man breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. Food Chem Toxicol. 59, 129-36.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.05.057"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"95.Portier C J. (2020) A comprehensive analysis of the animal carcinogenicity data for glyphosate from chronic exposure rodent carcinogenicity studies. , Environ Health 19, 1-18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00574-1"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"96.Wang L, Deng Q, Hu H. (2019) Glyphosate induces benign monoclonal gammopathy and promotes multiple myeloma progression in mice. , J Hematol Oncol 12(1), 70.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0767-9"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"97.Ericsson M, Hardel L, Carlberg M, \u00c5kerman M. (2008) Pesticide exposure as risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including histopathological subgroup analysis. , Cancer 123(7), 1657-63.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23589"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"98.Grau D, Grau N, Gascuel Q. (2022) Quantifiable urine glyphosate levels detected in 99% of the French population, with higher values in men, in younger people, and in farmers. nviron Sci Pollut Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18110-0"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"99.Prasad S, Srivastava S, Singh M, Shukla Y. (2009) Clastogenic Effects of Glyphosate in Bone Marrow Cells of Swiss Albino Mice. J Toxicol. 308985.","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/308985"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"100.Avila-Vazquez M, Difilipol F S, Lean B M.Environmental exposure to glyphosate and reproductive health impacts in agricultural population of Argentina. , Journal of Environmental Protection 9(3), 83267.","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2018.93016"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"101.de Souza JA, Laureano-Melo R, herai R H. (2019) Maternal glyphosate-based herbi- cide exposure alters antioxidant-related genes in the brain and serum metabolites of male rat offspring. Neurotoxicology. 74, 121-131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.06.004"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"102.Nozdrenko D, Abramchuk O, Prylutska S. (2021) Analysis of Biomechanical Parameters of Muscle Soleus Contraction and Blood Biochemical Parameters. in Rat with Chronic Glyphosate Intoxication and Therapeutic Use of C60 Fullerene. Int 22(9), 4977.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094977"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"103.Mesnage R, Renney G, Seralini G E. (2017) Multiomics reveal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats following chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup herbicide. Sci Rep. 7, 39328.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39328"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"104.Mertens M, Hoss S, Neumann G. (2018) a chelating agent-relevant for ecological risk assessment? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25(6), 5298-5317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-1080-1"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"105.Tarazona J V, Court-Marques D, Tiramani M. (2017) Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenic- ity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC Arch Toxicol. 91(8), 2723-2743.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-1962-5"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"106.Benbrook C M. (2019) How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed con- clusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides? Environmental Sciences Eu- rope. 31-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-018-0184-7"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"107.Aune D, Giovanucci E, Boffetta P. (2017) Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-re - sponse meta-analysis of prospective studies. , Int 46(3), 1029-1056.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw319"},{"key":"ref107","unstructured":"108.USDA Forest Service.Glyphosate Dangers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fs.usda.- gov\/nfs\/11558\/www\/nepa\/96158_FSPLT3_3996064.pdf."},{"key":"ref108","unstructured":"109.Howard J. (2012) Minimum Latency & Types or Categories of Cancer. World Trade Center Health Program."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"110.Wu J, Deng W, Li S, Yang X. (2021) Advances in research on ACE2 as a receptor for 2019-nCoV. Cell Mol Life Sci. 78(2), 531-544.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03611-x"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"111.Fallon J R, Taylor A B. (2013) Protein Synthesis in Neurons. Defining the Human Brain Pro - teome Using Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling with a Focus on the Cerebral Cor- tex. PLoS ONE. 10(6), 0130028.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130028"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"112.Rhea E M, Logsdon A F, Hansen K M. (2021) The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier in mice. , Nat Neurosci 24, 368-378.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00771-8"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"113.Nafee N, Gouda N.. , Nucleic Acids-based Nanotherapeutics Crossing the Blood BrainBarrierCurrGeneTher.2017; 17(2), 154-169.","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523217666170510155803"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"114.Boado R J, Pardridge W M. (1990) The brain-type glucose transporter mRNA is specifically expressed at the blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 166(1), 174-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(90)91927-k"},{"key":"ref114","unstructured":"115.Radcliffe S. (2021) Health News. Healthline. FDA Is Reportedly Look- ing Again at Heart Inflammation Linked to Moderna Vaccine. Retrieved from https:\/\/ www.healthline.com\/health-news\/ fda-to-add-warning-on-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-about-rare- heart-related-side-effect."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"116.Polack F P, Thomas S J, Kitchin N. (2020) . Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine , N Engl J Med 383, 2603-15.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"ref116","unstructured":"117. (2022) European Medicines Agency Assessment report COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nu- cleoside-modified)."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"118.Wu J.FDA Should Re-Evaluate all mRNA Vaccines and Revoke Their Use Autho- rizations (The Short Version). , International Journal of Coronaviruses","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/f4bng"},{"key":"ref118","unstructured":"119.Soucheray S.Experts: mRNA COVID-19 vaccines likely tied to heart inflammation. News Reporter CIDRAP News."},{"key":"ref119","unstructured":"120.Mordechai S. (2021) Vaccination in Israel: Challenging mortality Figures? Analysis by infectious disease specialist claims mismatch between data published by authorities and reality on the ground. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.israelnationalnews.com\/News\/. , News.aspx\/297051"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"121.Gundry S.Abstract 10712: Mrna COVID Vaccines Dramatically Increase Endothe- lial Inflammatory Markers and ACS Risk as Measured by the PULS Cardiac Test: a Warning.","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001053"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"122.Oster M E, Shay D K, Su J R. (2020) Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based. COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From to 327(4), 331-340.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.5134"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"123.Bozkurt B, Kamat I, Hotez P J. (2021) . , Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines. Circulation 144, 471-484.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.121.056135"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"124.Khayat-Khoei M, Bhattacharyya S, Joshua Katz.COVID-19 mRNA vaccina- tion leading to CNS inflammation: a case series. , Journal of Neurology","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10780-7"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"125.Seneff S, Nigh G. (2021) Worse Than the Disease? Reviewing Some Possible Unin-. tended Consequences of the mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 2(1), 38-78.","DOI":"10.56098\/ijvtpr.v2i1.23"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"126.Classen J T.COVID-19 RNA Based Vaccines and the Risk of Prion Disease. Mi - crobiol Infect Dis. 5(1), 1-3.","DOI":"10.33425\/2639-9458.1109"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"127.Abramson M, Yu S M, Campbell K N. (2021) . IgA Nephropathy After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Kidney Med 3(5), 860-863.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.05.002"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"128.Unver S, Haholu A, Yildirim S.Nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury follow- ing CoronaVac anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. , Clinical Kidney Journal 14(12), 2608-2611.","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab155"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"129.Dumortier J.Liver injury after mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a liver transplant recipient. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 46(2022), 101743.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101743"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"130.Shroff H, Satapathy S K, Crawford J M. (2022) Liver injury following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A multicenter case series. , Journal of Hepatology 76, 211-252.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.024"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"131.Mann R, Sekhon S. (2021) . Sekhon S Drug-Induced Liver Injury After COVID-19 Vaccine. Cureus 13(7), 16491.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16491"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"132.GSZ Tun, Gleeson D, Amer Al-Joudeh, Dube A.Immune-mediated hepatitis with the Moderna vaccine, no longer a coincidence but confirmed. , Journal of Hepatology 2022(76), 738-753.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.031"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"133.Gardellini A, Guidotti F, Maino E etc. (2021) Severe immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination: Report of four cases and review of the literature. Review Blood Cells Mol Dis. 92, 102615.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2021.102615"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"134.Bril F, Al Diffalha S, Dean M, Fettig D M. (2021) Autoimmune hepatitis developing after coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19)vaccine:Causalityorcasualty?J.Hepatol. 75, 222-224.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.003"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"135.Alabkal J, Rebchuk A D, Lyndon D, Randhawa N.Incomplete Subacute Trans- verse Myelitis Following Vaccination With Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: A Case Report. , Cureus 13(12), 20460.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.20460"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"136.Honarmand A R, Mackey J, Hayeri R. (2021) Shoulder injury related to vaccine adminis - tration (SIRVA) following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: Report of 2 cases of subacromial- subdeltoid bursitis. Radiology Case Reports. 16, 3631-3634.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.08.019"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"137.RAK Kadali, Janagama R, Yedlapati S H, etc. (2022) Side effects of messenger RNA vac- cines and prior history of COVID-19, a cross-sectional study. , American Journal of Infection Control 50, 8-14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.10.017"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"138.Ald\u00e9n M, Falla F O, Yang D. (2022) . Intracellular Reverse Transcription of Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 In Vitro in Human Liver Cell Line. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol 44, 1115-1126.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44040113"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"139.Zhang L, Richards A, Barrasa M I. (2021) Reverse-transcribed SARS-CoV-2 RNA can integrate into the genome of cultured human cells and can be expressed in patient-de- rived tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118-2105968118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105968118"},{"key":"ref139","unstructured":"140.Human Protein.Atlas. The liver-specific proteome. https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/hu- manproteome\/tissue\/liver"},{"key":"ref140","unstructured":"141.Proteins produced and secreted by the liver. In wikipedia. https:\/\/ en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proteins_produced_and_secreted_by_the_liver"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1671772207000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1784"}},"editor":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4117","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"article-number":"1784"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:18Z","timestamp":1753884858993,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\nAs COVID-19 immunomodulation has been a part of interest for studies, it has been found that severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hyper-inflammatory response and increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). This can progress to cytokine storm syndrome and eventually development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a protein that is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) is a protein secreted by several cell types in response to Interferon-Gamma (IFN-\u03b3). All of these have roles in the immune response and eventually development of a cytokine storm.\n\nMethods\nSerum levels of IL-1RA, MCP-1 and IP-10 were measured in a cohort of 21 patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on admission to a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as well as in an approximately age-sex matched group of 4 uninfected controls. The study population was classified into severe, moderate, mild and controls.\n\nResults\nSerum levels of IL-1RA, MCP-1 and IP-10 were found to be elevated before the clinical deterioration.\n\nConclusion\nThese cytokines may play a role in early detection of disease severity especially in the pre-storm phase. Medications that target cytokines may prevent the development of an overt cytokine storm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-4051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T09:54:12Z","timestamp":1670320452000},"page":"19-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytokine Profiling in COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia; the Pre-Storm Phase"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mayyadah","family":"Alabdely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Conca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morad","family":"AlKaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aziza","family":"Alonaizie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Futwan","family":"Almohanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Futwan","family":"Almohanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Conca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Executive Health Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Conca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Conca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1.Huang C. (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. , China. Lancet 395, 497-506.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Mehta P, McAuley D F, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall R S et al. (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Epub 395(10229), 1033-1034.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.Moore J B, June C H. (2020) Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science. Epub 2020 Apr 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abb8925 PMID: 368(6490), 473-474.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Jester B J, Uyeki T M, Jernigan D B. (2020) Fifty Years of Influenza A(H3N2) Following the Pandemic of 1968. Am J Public Health. 110(5), 669-676.","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2019.305557"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5.Mathew D, Giles J R, Baxter A E, Oldridge D A, Greenplate A R et al. (2020) Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. , Science 369(6508), 8511.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6.Laing A G, Lorenc A, I Del Molino Del Barrio, Das A, Fish M et al. (2020) A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis. Nat Med. Epub 26(10), 1623-1635.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1038-6"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Varghese P M, Tsolaki A G, Yasmin H, Shastri A, Ferluga J et al. (2020) Host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, potential therapeutics and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology. Epub 225(6), 152008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.152008"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. (2020) Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 46(5), 846-848.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Du R H, Liang L R, Yang C Q, Wang W, Cao T Z et al. (2020) Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study. Eur Respir J. 56-3.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.50524-2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. (2020) Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 18(4), 844-847.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang D, Ding J, Huang Q et al. (2020) Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5, 33.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0159-1"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.Zhao Y, Qin L, Zhang P, Li K, Liang L et al. (2020) . Longitudinal COVID-19 profiling associates IL-1RA and IL-10 with disease severity and RANTES with mild disease. JCI Insight 5(13), 139834.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139834"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Hussain A, Mahawar K, Xia Z, Yang W, El-Hasani S. (2020) . Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 14(4), 295-300.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2020.07.002"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Kermali M, Khalsa R K, Pillai K, Ismail Z, Harky A. (2020) The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19\u2014A systematic review. Life Sci. 254, 117788.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117788"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Wynants L, B Van Calster, Collins G S, Riley R D, Heinze G et al. (2020) Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19 infection: systematic review and critical appraisal. , BMJ 369, 1328.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20041020"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Zhao Y, Qin L, Zhang P, Li K, Liang L et al. (2020) . Longitudinal COVID-19 profiling associates IL-1RA and IL-10 with disease severity and RANTES with mild disease. JCI Insight 5(13), 139834.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139834"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17.Xu Z. (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome.Lancet Respir Med. 8(4), 420-422.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"18. (2021) COVID-19 Clinical management: living guidance: pp. 19\u201321.WHO reference number:. WHO\/2019- nCoV\/clinical\/2021. Accessed online https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021.1 ."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.Patridge E F, Bardyn T P. (2018) . , Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) J Med Libr Assoc 106(1), 142-144.","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.319"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Levey A S, Stevens L A, Schmid C H, Zhang Y L, Castro AF 3rd et al. (2009) CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. , Ann Intern Med 150(9), 604-12.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.Zhang Y H. (2013) Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variant rs12252-C is associated with severe influenza in Chinese individuals. , Nat Commun 4, 1418.","DOI":"10.3410\/f.717975910.793470311"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.Zhang Y H. (2013) Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variant rs12252-C is associated with severe influenza in Chinese individuals. , Nat Commun 4, 1418.","DOI":"10.3410\/f.717975910.793470311"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.Wilkinson T M. (2012) Preexisting influenza specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans. Nat Med. 18(2), 274-280.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2612"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.Cole S L. (2017) M1-like monocytes are a major immunological determinant of severity in previously healthy adults with life-threatening influenza. JCI Insight. 2-7.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.91868"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.Iwasaki A, Pillai P S. (2014) Innate immunity to influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 14(5), 315-328.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3665"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T03:49:22Z","timestamp":1670384962000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1764"}},"editor":[{"given":"Shimaa","family":"M Motawei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-4051","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"article-number":"1764"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:39Z","timestamp":1753884759664,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 remains a global public health emergency till date. It is eminent that the transmission of the disease is subjective to people\u2019s readiness to implement public health preventative strategies and these are often related to knowledge. Proper public knowledge about COVID-19 plus its predisposing factors is critical to effectively manage the increasing public health risks. However, socio-demographics have been implicated to COVID-19 infection risk and management outcome. Thus, this present study examined the influence of knowledge on COVID-19 risk outcome, the contribution of socio-demographics on the risk of COVID-19 and predicted synergistic effects of knowledge and socio-demographics on the risk of COVID-19. All measured was strictly perception amongst African sampled with an online Google form as the primary data source. The Correlation designed used Zr Statistics of Fisher Transformation to determine the differences between the two correlation coefficients of the prediction variables after an initial test using Pearson Product Moment Correlation between COVID-19 risk and Knowledge plus socio-demographic. The hypothesis was tested using Statistical Package for Social Science version 21 and iStat at varying significant levels of 0.05 and 0.01 respectively. Generally, a significant relationship exists between COVID-19 risk and knowledge level but not with composite socio-demographics. However, specific significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) was noticed between COVID-19 risk and age (r=0.220) as well as marital status (r=-0.158). Educational level, location, and sex showed no correlation (p&gt;0.05) with COVID-19 exposure. Also, the proposition of no significant difference between correlation coefficients of socio-demographics and knowledge was proven otherwise (p&lt;0.05). The regression model (R2=0.420 and adjusted R2=0.404, df=2, 336, F-value=27.012. p=0.00) significantly predicted the synergic contributions of knowledge level and socio-demographics to COVID-19 exposure. 40.04% of the COVID-19 risk exposure can be explained by socio-demographics and knowledge about COVID-19. Synergic contribution of knowledge and socio-demographics proved risk prediction to COVID-19. Traditional factor like age should be decidedly considered and attention should be drawn towards good knowledge about COVID-19 especially its signs and symptoms plus transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T08:54:41Z","timestamp":1610355281000},"page":"26-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Effect of Knowledge Level and Socio-Demographics on COVID-19 Risk Exposure: the Africa Experience"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Azuonwu","family":"Obioma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Medical Bacteriology \/ Virology \/ Parasitology Unit, Rivers State University, Nkpolu \u2013 Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ihua","family":"Nnenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Medical Bacteriology \/ Virology \/ Parasitology Unit, Rivers State University, Nkpolu \u2013 Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahiakwo","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University, Nkpolu \u2013 Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Gaye B, Khoury S, C W, Kingue S, N&apos;Guetta R et al. (2020) Socio-demographic and epidemiological consideration of Africa&apos;s COVID-19 response: what is the possible pandemic course?Nature. , Medicine 26(7), 996-999.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0960-y"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Gaye B, Khoury S, C W, Kingue S, N&apos;Guetta R et al. (2020) Socio-demographic and epidemiological consideration of Africa&apos;s COVID-19 response: what is the possible pandemic course?Nature. , Medicine 26(7), 10-1038.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0960-y"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.Bavel J, Baicker K, P S Boggio, Capraro V, Cichocka A et al. (2020) Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response.Nature Human Behaviour. 4(5), 10-1038.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4.Dryhurst S, C R Schneider, Kerr J, Freeman A L J, Recchia G et al. (2020) . Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world.Journal of Risk Research 10-1080.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Caramelo F, Ferreira N, Oliveios B. (2020) Estimation of risk factors for COVID-19 mortality \u2013 preliminary results. Available at:https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.02.24.20027268v1[Retrieved 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.24.20027268"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"6.J M, Bai P, He W, Wu F, X F Liu et al. (2020) . Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and mortality.Frontiers in Public Health 8(152), 1-6."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.O de Zwart, I K Veldhuijzen, Elam G, A R, Abraham T et al. (2009) Perceived threat, risk perception, and efficacy beliefs related to SARS and other (emerging) infectious diseases: results of an international survey.International. , Journal ofBehavioralMedicine 16(1), 30-40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-008-9008-2"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Fischhoff B, Wong-Parodi G, D R Garfin, E A Holman, R C Silver. (2018) Public understanding of Ebola risks: Mastering an unfamiliar threat. Risk analysis: An official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 38(1), 71-83.","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12794"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Rudisill C. (2013) How do we handle new health risks? Risk perception, optimism, and behaviors regarding the H1N1 virus.Journal of Risk Research16 (8): 959\u2013980.doi:. 10-1080.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2012.761271"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Prati G, Pietrantoni L, Zani B. (2011) A social-cognitive model of pandemic influenza H1N1 risk perception and recommended behaviors in Italy.Risk analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 31(4), 10-1111.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2010.01529.x"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.Prati G, Pietrantoni L. (2016) Knowledge, risk perceptions, and xenophobic attitudes: Evidence from Italy during the Ebola outbreak.Risk analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 36(10), 2000-2010.","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12537"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13.J Z Yang, Chu H. (2018) Who is afraid of the Ebola outbreak? the Influence of discrete emotions on risk perception.Journal of Risk Research. 21(7), 10-1080.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2016.1247378"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Leppin A, A R. (2009) Risk perceptions related to SARS and Avian Influenza: Theoretical foundations of current empirical research.International. , Journal ofBehavioralMedicine 16(1), 7-29.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-008-9002-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Prati G, Pietrantoni L. (2016) Knowledge, risk perceptions, and xenophobic attitudes:. Evidence from Italy during the Ebola outbreak.Risk Analysis 36(10), 2000-2010.","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12537"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"16.Eid M, Gollwitzer M, Schmitt M. (2011) . , Weinheim: Beltz"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"17.Lenhard W, Lenhard A. (2014) Tests for Comparing Correlations. Available at:https:\/\/www.psychometrica.de\/correlation.html. Bibergau (Germany): Psychometrica. 1-8."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18.Dryhurst S, C R Schneider, Kerr J, Freeman A L J, Recchia G et al. (2020) Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world.Journal of Risk Research.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.J M Epstein, Parker J, Cummings D, Hammond R A. (2008) Coupled contagion dynamics of fear and disease:. Mathematical and computational explorations.PLoSOne 3(12), 1-11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003955"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Funk S, Gilad E, Watkins C, Jansen V A A. (2009) The spread of awareness and its impact on. Epidemic outbreaks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Sciences 106(16), 6872-6877.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810762106"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.T C Reluga. (2010) Game theory of social distancing in response to an epidemic.PLoSComputational. , Biology 6(5), 1000793-9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000793"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22.Bavel J, Baicker K, P S Boggio, Capraro V, Cichocka A et al. (2020) Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response.Nature Human Behaviour. 4(5), 460-471.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.Bish A, Michie S. (2010) Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review.British. , Journal of Health Psychology 15(4), 797-824.","DOI":"10.1348\/135910710x485826"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.Leppin A, A R. (2009) Risk perceptions related to SARS and Avian Influenza: Theoretical foundations of current empirical research.International. , Journal ofBehavioralMedicine 16(1), 7-29.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-008-9002-8"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.Poletti P, Ajelli M, Merler S. (2011) The effect of risk perception. on the 2009 H1N1 pandemic Influenza dynamics.\u201dPLoSOne 6(2), 16460-10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016460"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.G J Rubin, Aml\u00f4t R, Page L, Wessely S. (2009) Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the Swine Flu outbreak: Cross Sectional Telephone Survey.Bmj. 339(3), 2651-2651.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2651"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.Rudisill C. (2013) How do we handle new health risks? Risk Perception, optimism, and behaviors regarding the H1N1. , virus.Journal of Risk Research 16(8), 959-980.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2012.761271"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28.Weerd W van der, D R Timmermans, D J Beaujean, Oudhoff J, Steenbergen J E van. (2011) Monitoring the level of government trust, risk perception and intention of the general public to adopt protective measures during the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic in The Netherlands.BMC Public Health. 11(1), 575-10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-575"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"29.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31.Dryhurst S, C R Schneider, Kerr J, Freeman A L J, Recchia G et al. (2020) Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world.Journal of Risk Research.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.M L Finucane, Slovic P, C K Mertz, Flynn J, T A Satterfield. (2000) Gender, race, and perceived risk:. , The \u2018White Male\u2019 effect.Health, Risk & Society 2(2), 159-172.","DOI":"10.1080\/713670162"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"33.J M, Bai P, He W, Wu F, X F Liu et al. (2020) . Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality.Frontiers in Public Health 8, 1-6."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34.Dryhurst S, C R Schneider, Kerr J, Freeman A L J, Recchia G et al. (2020) Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world.Journal of Risk Research.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35.Dryhurst S, C R Schneider, Kerr J, Freeman A L J, Recchia G et al. (2020) Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world.Journal of Risk Research.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"36.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"37.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38.Dryhurst S, C R Schneider, Kerr J, Freeman A L J, Recchia G et al. (2020) Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world.Journal of Risk Research.","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.M L Finucane, Slovic P, C K Mertz, Flynn J, T A Satterfield. (2000) Gender, race, and perceived risk:. , The \u2018White Male\u2019 effect.Health, Risk & Society 2(2), 159-172.","DOI":"10.1080\/713670162"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"40.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"41.S de Lusignan, Amirthalingam G. (2020) Sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test for COVID-19 in primary care. Available at:https:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/news\/sociodemographic-factors-associated-with-a-positive-test-for-covid-19-in-primary-care[Retrieved 23."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T03:32:56Z","timestamp":1618803176000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1510"}},"editor":[{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Turabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madrid, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3620","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"article-number":"1510"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:13:14Z","timestamp":1753884794012,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corona pandemic resulted in huge burden on health care service sectors. Although pharmaceutical is the one of the largest industry in the world and predominant in health care services yet sudden outbreak of disease has questioned our ability of fighting back. The people across the globe have become more aware regarding health and wellness, hence they looking for other natural, reliable, affordable and available options. The nutraceuticals or functional foods are expected to have various health benefits and people are looking for more advance nutraceuticals for better immunity. An intensive exploratory study was conducted in one of the most reputed Banerjee\u2019s Clinic located at Khamtarai region, Raipur, Chhattisgarh where 237 female participated in the questionnaire survey. The study result revealed that majority of women (52%) age 34-41 years use neutraceuticals for better health and to boost their immunity. Furthermore, the females who are working both public and private sectors and are financially independent are aware of health benefits of nutraceuticals\/functional foods and spend on nutraceuticals for overall wellness. Moreover, the women preferred tablets form of nutraceuticals rather than powder or liquid form as mode of consumption.The study further shows that women who are professionals prefer to take daily functional foods or nutraceuticals for good health, immunity and beauty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T08:07:25Z","timestamp":1705046845000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Demands of Nutraceuticals (Functional Foods) Among the Women During Pandemic: An Intensive Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Mayuri Banerjee","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Renesis is biotech health tech company working for nutraceuticals and health care services"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Shahidi F. (2012) Nutraceuticals, functional foods and dietary supplements in health and disease. , Journal of food and drug analysis 20(1), 226-230.","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.2144"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2.Swaroopa G, Srinath D. (2017) Nutraceuticals and their health benefits. , Int J Pure App Biosci 5(4), 1151-5.","DOI":"10.18782\/2320-7051.5407"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.S L Prabu, Suriyaprakash T N K, C D Kumar, Kumar S S. (2012) Nutraceuticals and their medicinal importance. , International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences 1(2), 47.","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-344x.101661"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Kaur S, Kumar M, Pandit K, Kumar A, Kaur S. (2019) Potential health benefits of nutraceuticals for human health. Evaluation of Environmental Contaminants and Natural Products: A Human Health Perspective.193.","DOI":"10.2174\/9789811410963119010012"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Sauer S, Plauth A. (2017) Health-beneficial nutraceuticals\u2014myth or reality?. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 101(3), 951-961.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8068-5"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.A B Moldes, Vecino X, J M Cruz. (2017) Nutraceuticals and food additives. In Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering 143-164.","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-444-63666-9.00006-6"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.N B Torabally, H A &Rahmanpoor. (2019) Nutraceuticals: Nutritionally Functional Foods \u201can Overview. , Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research 15(4), 1-3.","DOI":"10.26717\/bjstr.2019.15.002728"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Kapoor N, V L Jamwal, M R Shukla, S G Gandhi. (2020) The Rise of Nutraceuticals: Overview and Future. In Biotechnology Business-Concept to Delivery , Cham 67-92.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36130-3_4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Anis M, Taher Al, Sarhan G, W, Elsemary M. (2017) Nutraceutical Industry. In Nanovate , Cham 193-215.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44863-3_11"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"10.Nagar P. (2018) Current Concepts and Prospects of Herbal Nutraceutical. , International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 9(2)."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Routray W, Orsat V. (2017) Plant by-products and food industry waste: A source of nutraceuticals and biopolymers. In Food Bioconversion 279-315.","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-811413-1.00008-5"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"12.Grand View Research. (2020) Nutraceutical Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Product (Dietary Supplements, Functional Foods, Functional Beverages), By Region, And Segment Forecasts. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/nutraceuticals-market"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.J T Dwyer, P M Coates, M J Smith. (2018) Dietary supplements: regulatory challenges and research resources. , Nutrients 10(1), 41.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010041"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Malla S, J E Hobbs, E K Sogah. (2014) Functional foods, health benefits and health claims. , Athens Journal of Health 1, 37-46.","DOI":"10.30958\/ajh.1-1-3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Chauhan B, Kumar G, Kalam N, S H Ansari. (2013) Current concepts and prospects of herbal nutraceutical: a review. , Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research 4(1), 4.","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.107494"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.M A Augustin, Sanguansri L. (2015) Challenges and solutions to incorporation of nutraceuticals in foods. Annual review of food science and technology. 6, 463-477.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022814-015507"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"17.Boccia F, Peluso F. (2018) Future food and economic sustainability: the nutraceutical technology. , Calitatea 19(167), 140-145."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"18.R K Keservani, R K Kesharwani, Vyas N, Jain S, Raghuvanshi R et al. (2010) Nutraceutical and functional food as future food: a review. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2(1), 106-116."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"19.Borkar N, Saurabh S S, K S Rathore, Pandit A, Khandelwal K R. (2015) An Insight on Nutraceuticals. , PharmaTutor 3(8), 13-23."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Kumar V, Jena M. (2020) In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-31775\/v1"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T08:07:32Z","timestamp":1705046852000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1871"}},"editor":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados -IDEA"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4338","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"article-number":"1871"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:13:37Z","timestamp":1753884817129,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study measures the impact of chloroquine (CQ) therapy in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in infected individuals and hence its transmissibility by describing changes in nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA kinetics in patients receiving standard of care (SOC) or CQ +\/- ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV\/r). The nasopharyngeal (NP) samples were collected from mild COVID-19 patients admitted at Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute between March and April of 2020. These patients either received SOC, or a high dose of CQ with loading dose, or high dose of CQ plus LPV\/r. The samples were tested at AFRIMS using a quantitative RT-PCR assay. Levels of CQ in the plasma were measured 6 days post initiation of their treatment. In some instances, viral isolation was attempted to determine SARS-CoV-2 viability. Analyses of the clinical outcomes showed that CQ +\/- lopinavir did not contribute significantly to decreasing the number of days with detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Viral NP GEs declined faster in the CQ group, but benefits diminished rapidly with delays in treatment initiation. Funding Global Emerging Infections Surveillance, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch (GEIS-AFHSB) for all research-related activities at the AFRIMS<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T05:55:35Z","timestamp":1635227735000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-Cov-2 Viral Kinetics in Mild COVID-19 Patients Treated with Chloroquine Regimens or Standard of Care"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Krittaecho","family":"Siripassorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angkana T.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, AFRIMS, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravee","family":"Nitiyanontakij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumonmal","family":"Uttayamakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chonticha","family":"Klungthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taweewun","family":"Hunsawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamonthip","family":"Rungrojcharoenkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jindarat","family":"Lohachanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanikarn","family":"Kodchakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, AFRIMS, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pattaraporn","family":"Vanachayangkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, AFRIMS, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongyuth","family":"Poolpanichupatum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kittinun","family":"Hussem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, AFRIMS, Thailan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"1. (2021) World Health Organization. Covid-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL\/PQ evaluation process Retrieved onlineApril12,2021from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/regulation-prequalification\/eul\/covid-19 ."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. (2021) CDC COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Case Investigations Team (2021) COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC - United States. , MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70(21), 792-793.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J et al. (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. , Cell Res 30(3), 269-271.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4.RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim W S, Emberson J R, Mafham M et al. (2020) . Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report N Engl J Med, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436 .","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5.Beigel J H, Tomashek K M, Dodd L E, Mehta A K, Zingman B S et al. (2020) Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 -. ACTT-1 Study Group Members , Final Report N Engl J Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"6. (2020) . National Institutes of Health Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines Retrieved online from: https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/ ."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Wu C-Y, Jan J-T, Ma S-H, Kuo C-J, Juan H-F et al. (2004) Small molecules targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus Proc Natl Acad Sci. , U S A 101(27), 10012-10017.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403596101"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell J L et al. (2020) Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with. , Covid-19 N Engl J Med 383(21), 2030-2040.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2022926"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Consortium Solidarity WHO Trial, Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo A-M, Preziosi M-P et al. (2020) Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 -. , Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results N Engl J Med","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2023184"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, Zucker J, Baldwin M et al.. Schluger NW (2020) Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 , N Engl J Med 382(25), 2411-2418.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2012410"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11.Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J et al. (2020) A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. , N Engl J Med 382(19), 1787-1799.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008043"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020) Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial Lancet.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3675410"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13.He X, EHY Lau, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J et al. (2020) Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. , Nat Med 26(5), 672-675.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0869-5"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Li W, Su Y-Y, Zhi S-S, Huang J, Zhuang C-L et al. (2020) Virus shedding dynamics in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Clin Microbiol Infect. 26(11), 1556-1556.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.008"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.W\u00f6lfel R, Corman V M, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S et al. (2020) Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. , Nature 581(7809), 465-469.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.Li J, Wei X, Tian W, Zou J, Wang Y et al. (2020) Clinical features of discharged COVID-19 patients with an extended SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive signal in respiratory samples Virus Res. 286, 198047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198047"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Landi F, Carf\u00ec A, Benvenuto F, Brandi V, Ciciarello F et al. (2020) Predictive Factors for a New Positive Nasopharyngeal Swab Among Patients Recovered From COVID-19 Am J Prev Med. Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team , https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.014 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.014"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.Wu Z, McGoogan J M. (2020) Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease2019(COVID-19)Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report. of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention JAMA 323(13), 1239-1242.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.Liu W-D, Chang S-Y, Wang J-T, Tsai M-J, Hung C-C et al. (2020) Prolonged virus shedding even after seroconversion in a patient with COVID-19. , J Infect 81(2), 318-356.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.063"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20.Choi B, Choudhary M C, Regan J, Sparks J A, Padera R F et al. (2020) Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host. , N Engl J Med","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2031364"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.Bullard J, Dust K, Funk D, Strong J E, Alexander D et al. (2020) Predicting infectious SARS-CoV-2 from diagnostic samples Clin Infect Dis. , https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa638","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa638"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.Arons M M, Hatfield K M, Reddy S C, Kimball A, James A et al. (2020) Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility. Public Health\u2013Seattle and King County and CDC COVID-19 Investigation Team , N Engl J Med 382(22), 2081-2090.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2008457"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.Walsh K A, Jordan K, Clyne B, Rohde D, Drummond L et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 detection, viral load and infectivity over the course of an infection. , J Infect 81(3), 357-371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.067"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24.Lee B Y, Bartsch S M, Ferguson M C, Wedlock P T, O\u2019Shea K J et al. (2021) The value of decreasing the duration of the infectious period of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection PLoS. , Comput Biol 17(1), 1008470.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008470"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Hoang V T, Meddeb L et al. (2020) Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. , Int J Antimicrob Agents 56(1), 105949.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.Chen P-F, Yu X-X, Liu Y-P, Ren D, Shen M et al. (2020) Virus load and virus shedding of SARS-CoV-2 and their impact on patient outcomes World. , J Clin Cases 8(24), 6252-6263.","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i24.6252"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.Walsh K A, Spillane S, Comber L, Cardwell K, Harrington P et al. (2020) The duration of infectiousness of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. , J Infect","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.009"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28.2Cox D R. (1972) Regression Models and Life-Tables. , J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 34(2), 187-220.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.Saeheng T, Bangchang K N, Rajoli R, Siccardi M, Karbwang J.Dosage prediction of chloroquine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for COVID-19 treatment: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK). modelling, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22541\/au.158274659.94868170","DOI":"10.22541\/au.158274659.94868170"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30.of Health USD, Services H. (2018) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS. Division of AIDS (DAIDS) table for grading the severity of adult and pediatric adverse events, corrected version. 2-1."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.Vincent M J, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson B R, Rollin P E et al. (2005) Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. , Virol J 2, 69.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-2-69"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.van Kampen JJA, DAMC van de Vijver, PLA Fraaij, Haagmans B L, Lamers M M et al. (2020) Shedding of infectious virus in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): duration and key determinants Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS) . van der Eijk AA .","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.20125310"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"33.CDC. (2021) Discontinuation of Isolation for Persons with. COVID-19 Not in Healthcare Settings Retrieved onlineApril12,2021from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/disposition-in-home-patients.html ."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34.Li B, Deng A, Li K, Hu Y, Li Z et al. (2021) Viral infection and Transmission in a large well-traced outbreak caused by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.07.21260122"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.Painter W P, Holman W, Bush J A, Almazedi F, Malik H et al. (2021) Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Molnupiravir, a Novel Broad-Spectrum Oral Antiviral Agent with Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 Antimicrob Agents Chemother.","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02428-20"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T20:55:25Z","timestamp":1673643325000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1680"}},"editor":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados - IDEA, Hoyo de la Puerta, Baruta."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3924","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"article-number":"1680"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:20:52Z","timestamp":1740183652422,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We explore the global evidence of major health crisis potential impacts and the factors influencing the mental health outcomes among the population during the outbreak of COVID-19. Preparation measures for a COVID-19 focus on rapid quarantine of social isolation and economic concerns have risen metal health considerations that become an integrated part of the pandemic outbreak. This outbreak of novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is swayed an overall 213 countries, areas or territories, with over 2,921,439 confirmed cases and 203,289 confirmed deaths reported till 26 April 2020. This created a lot of strain and fear; fear of falling ill and dying of being infected leading to heightened levels of insurmountable psychological pressure. This scrutiny attempt to assess the widespread outbreaks of COVID-19 on mental health professionals, healthcare workers and general population in association with adverse mental health sequelae like generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), depressive symptoms, insomnia, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, OCD, suicidal behavior, delirium, psychosis, harmful alcohol consumption, and drug use. There is a need for more evocative exploration to intensify awareness to address the potential psychological and behavioral risks that will remain elevated as long as the COVID-19 pandemic continues in the community. In conclusion, incessant surveillance of the subsyndromal mental health problems for outbreaks should be part of galvanized global action during the quarantine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T06:06:30Z","timestamp":1614837990000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mental Health in The Context of The COVID 19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical social welfare officer, Department of medical records, Goverment medical college and hospital, Chandigarh, india"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varinder","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor & head dept of medical records goverment medical college and hospital chandigarh, india"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M et al. (2020) . Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir. Med. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [Google Scholar] .","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30134-x"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.WHO. (2020) . Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) URL https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/events-as-they-happen (Accessed 3-31."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3.WHO. (2020) . Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report \u2013 46. URL https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200306-sitrep-46-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2 (Accessed 3-31."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.Baud D, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Pomar L et al. (2020) Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. [PMC free article][] [Google Scholar].","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30195-x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.Centers for (2019) Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020)Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Section NavigationSevere Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease. (COVID-19) \u2014 United States , Weekly \/ 69-12.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912e2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.Health World. (2020) Organization. (2020)Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/health-emergencies\/coronavirus-covid-19\/news\/news\/2020\/3\/mental-health-and-psychological-resilience-during-the-covid-19-pandemic , Accessed:","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.03.068"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7.Tsang H W, Scudds R J, Chan E Y. (2004) Psychosocial impact of SARS.EmergInfect. , Dis 10, 1326-1327."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.Nickell L A, Crighton E J, Tracy C S. (2004) Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution.CMAJ. 170, 793-798.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031077"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Yip P S, Cheung Y T, Chau P H, Law Y W. (2010) The impact of epidemic outbreak: the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and suicide among older adults in Hong Kong.Crisis. 31, 86-92.","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000015"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Aiello A, Khayeri M Y, Raja S. (2011) Resilience training for hospital workers in anticipation of an influenza pandemic. , J Contin Educ Health Prof 31, 15-20.","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.20096"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Taylor S.(2019)The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.","DOI":"10.20879\/acr.2020.17.2.98"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12.Gates B. (2020) Responding to covid-19 - a once-in-a-century pandemic?. , N Engl J Med 10.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2003762"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Phua D H, Tang H K, Tham K Y. (2005) Coping responses of emergency physicians and nurses to the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. , Acad Emerg Med 12, 322-328.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01951.x"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"14.beware Psychiatrists. (2020) the impact of COVID-19 and pandemics on mental health. https:\/\/www.psychiatrictimes.com\/psychiatrists-beware-impact-coronavirus-pandemics-mental-health\/ , Accessed:"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"15.DeblinaRoy SarvodayaTripathy, Kar SujitaKumar, Nivedita a. (2020) Sharma,a Sudhir Kumar Verma,a and Vikas Kaushal. , Jun 51, 102083."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"16.Prevention. Centers for Disease Control (2017) Quarantine and Isolation [Internet]. [cited. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/quarantine\/index.html"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Tognotti E. (2013) Lessons from the history of quarantine, from plague to influenza A. Vol. 19, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 254-9.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.120312"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.Del Rio C, Malani P N. (2020) COVID-19 - new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. , JAMA 10-1001.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3072"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"19.World Health Organization. (2020) Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, Heymann D L, Ihekweazu C et al. (2020) COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet. pii: S0140-6736(20)30673-5. doi: http:\/\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30673-5. [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30673-5"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.Sharma A, Pillai D R, Lu M, Doolan C, Leal J et al. (2020) Impact of isolation precautions on quality of life: a meta-analysis. , J Hosp Infect [Internet]. [cited 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.004"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22.Gammon J, Hunt J, Musselwhite C. (2019) stigmatisation of source isolation: a literature review. , J Res Nurs 24(8), 677-93.","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987119845031"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"23.Brooks S K, Webster R K, Smith L E, Woodland L, Wessely S et al. (2020) Wessely FMedSci S, Greenberg FRCPsych. Available from: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3532534 , Lancet [Internet] 6736(20)."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"24. (2020) Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . , Accessed: 19."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25.Rubin G J, Wessely S. (2020) The psychological effects of quarantining a city. , BMJ 368, 313-10.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m313"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.Sim M. (2016) Psychological trauma of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome victims and bereaved families. , Epidemiol Health 38, 2016054-10.","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2016054"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.Hwang S W, Ueng J J, Chiu S.(2010)Universal health insurance and health care access for homeless persons. , Am J Public Health 100, 1454-61.","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2009.182022"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28.Tsai J, Gelberg L, Rosenheck R A. (2019) Changes in physical health after supported housing: Results from the Collaborative Initiative to End Chronic Homelessness. , J Gen Intern Med 34, 1703-08.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05070-y"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.Maremmani A G, Bacciardi S, Gehring N D. (2017) Substance use among homeless individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. , J Nerv Ment Dis 205, 173-77.","DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0000000000000462"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30.Person B, Sy F, Holton K, Govert B, Liang A et al. (2004) National Center for Inectious Diseases\/SARS Community Outreach Team. Fear and stigma: the epidemic within the SARS outbreak. DOI  , Emerg Infect Dis 10, 358-63.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030750"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.Shultz J M, Cooper J L, Baingana F, Oquendo M A, Espinel Z et al. (2020) The role of fear-related behaviors in the 2013\u20132016 West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016, 104.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0741-y"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.Lee S M, Kang W S, Cho A R, Kim T, Park J K. (2018) Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantinedhemodialysispatients. , Compr Psychiatry 87, 123-127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.10.003"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.T P Su, T C Lien, C Y Yang, Y L Su, J H Wang et al. (2007) Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured SARS caring unit during outbreak: a prospective and periodic assessment study in Taiwan. [PMC free article] [] [Google Scholar] , J Psychiatr Res 41, 119-130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.Mak I W, Chu C M, Pan P C, Yiu M G, Chan V L. (2009) Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. DOI  , Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31, 318-26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.Xiang Y T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q et al. (2020) Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. , Lancet Psychiatry 7, 228-229.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30046-8"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"36.P J Lazarus, S R Jimerson, S E Broch. National Association of School Psychologists (2003) Helping children after a natural disaster: Information for parents and teachers. In. , Bethesda, MD: 435-450."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"37.F H Norris. (2005) Range, magnitude and duration of the effects of disasters on mental health: Review update. Research Education Disaster Mental Health. Disaster Effects. 1-23."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"38.S D, B L Green. (1992) Mental health effects of natural and human made disasters. , PTSD Research Quarterly 3, 1-8."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.Viana M C, Andrade L H. (2012) Lifetime prevalence, age and gender distribution and age-of-onset of psychiatric disorders in the S\u00e3o Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil: results from the S\u00e3o Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey. , Braz J Psychiatry 34, 249-60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbp.2012.03.001"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.Linda Barratt R, Shaban R, Moyle W. (2011) Patient experience of source isolation: Lessons for clinical practice. , Contemp Nurse 39(2), 180-93.","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2011.39.2.180"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41.Gammon J, Hunt J.Source isolation and patient wellbeing in healthcare settings. , Br J Nurs 27(2), 88-91.","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2018.27.2.88"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"42.Maunder R. (2003) The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. , Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(10), 1245-1251."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.Zheng G. (2005) Exploratory study on psychosocial impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak on Chinese students living in Japan. , Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 17(2), 124-129.","DOI":"10.1177\/101053950501700211"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.Shigemura J, Ursano R J, Morganstein J C, Kurosawa M, Benedek D M. (2020) Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019\u2010nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. In press","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12988"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45.Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C et al. (2020) The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. In press","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30047-X"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46.Everts J. (2013) Announcing swine flu and the interpretation of pandemic anxiety. 809\u2013825.[Google Scholar] , Antipode 45.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8330.2012.01021.x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47.Banerjee D. (2020) The COVID-19 outbreak: crucial role the psychiatrists can play. [] [Google Scholar] , Asian J. Psychiatry 102014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102014"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48.Purssell E, Gould D, Chudleigh J. (2020) Impact of isolation on hospitalised patients who are infectious: systematic review with meta-analysis. , BMJ Open 10(2).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030371"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49.Zhu Y, Chen L, Ji H, Xi M, Fang Y et al. (2020) The Risk and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Infections among inpatients in Psychiatric Hospitals. free article] [] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] , Neurosci. Bull 36(3), 299-302.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-020-00476-9"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50.Zhu Z, Xu S, Wang H, Liu Z, Wu J et al. (2020) Health Workers. Yale: COVID-19 in Wuhan: Immediate Psychological Impact on 5062. medRxiv 2020.02.20. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] .","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.20.20025338"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51.Guo X, Meng Z, Huang G, Fan J, Zhou W et al. (2016) Meta-analysis of the prevalence of anxiety disorders in mainland China from. to , Sci Rep 6, 28033.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28033"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52.Gao W, Ping S, Liu X. (2020) Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: a longitudinal study from China. 292\u2013300.[] [Google Scholar] , J Affect Disord 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.121"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"53.Rashidi Fakari F, Simbar M. (2020) Coronavirus pandemic and worries during pregnancy; a letter to the editor. [PMC free article] [] [Google Scholar] , Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med 8(1)."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54.Morgan D J, Diekema D J, Sepkowitz K, Perencevich E N. (2009) Adverse outcomes associated with contact precautions: A review of the literature. Available from: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.04.257 , Am J Infect Control [Internet] 37(2), 85-93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.04.257"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55.Abad C, Fearday A, Safdar N. (2010) Adverse effects of isolation in hospitalised patients: a systematic review. , J Hosp Infect 76(2), 97-102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.04.027"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56.Duan L, Zhu G. (2020) Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic.Lancet Psychiatry;. 7, 300-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30073-0"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57.Moritz S, Purdon C, Jelinek L. (2018) If it is absurd, then why do you do it? The richer the obsessional experience, the more compelling the compulsion. , Clin Psychol Psychother 25, 210-216.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2155"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58.Ferrao Y A, Shavitt R G, Prado H. (2012) Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 253-258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.09.017"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59.Gupta M A, Gupta A K. (2019) Self-induced dermatoses: A great imitator. , Clin Dermatol 37(3), 268-277.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.01.006"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60.Gieler U, Consoli S G, Tomas-Aragones L. (2013) Self-inflicted lesions in dermatology: terminology and classification--a position paper from the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP). , ActaDermVenereol 93(1), 4-12.","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1506"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61.Exner C, Zetsche U, Lincoln T M, Rief W. (2014) Imminent danger? Probabilistic classification learning of threat-related information in obsessive-compulsive disorder. , BehavTher 45(2), 157-167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.09.006"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62.Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L et al. (2020) Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. , Int J Environ Res Public Health; 17, 1729.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63.Brooks S K, Webster R K, Smith L E, Woodland L, Wessely S et al. (2020) The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet (London, England): In. press. [PMC free article] []","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/c5pz8"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64.Lurie N, Manolio T, Patterson A P. (2013) Research as a part of public health emergency response. , NEnglJ Med 368, 1251-1255.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1209510"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"65.Health World. (2016) Organisation. (2016)Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks. , Geneva, Switzerland: WHO;"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66.Senga M, Pringle K, Ramsay A. (2016) Factors underlyingebolavirus infection among health workers. , Kenema, Sierra Leone, Clin Infect Dis 63, 454-459.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw327"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"67.United States Department (2008) of Veteran Affairs. from: http:www.ncptsd.va.gov\/ncmain\/ncdocs\/fact_shts\/fs_riskfactors.html"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"68.United States Department (2008) of Veteran Affairs. Survivors of Natural Disasters and Mass Violence. Retrieved from http:www.ncptsd.va.gov\/ncmain\/ncdocs\/fact_shts\/fs_survivors_disaster.html ."},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"69.National Governors (2006) Association Center for Best Practices. from http:\/\/www.nga.org\/portal\/site\/nga"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70.Trauma-. (2013) stressor-related disorders. In: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. , Arlington, VA: 265-90.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.991543"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"71.HealthLink Medical College of Wisconsin (2008) Helping childen and adolescents cope with violence and disaster.Retrieved. from: http:\/\/healthlink.mcw.edu\/article\/984000570.html"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72.Severance E G, Dickerson F B, Viscidi R P.(2011)Coronavirus immunoreactivity in individuals with a recent onset of psychotic symptoms. , Schizophr Bull 37, 101-107.","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp052"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73.Liberzon I. (1999) Brain activation in PTSD in response to trauma-related stimuli. , Biological Psychiatry 45(7), 817-826.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00246-7"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74.Suedfeld P. (1974) Social isolation: A case for interdisciplinary research. , The Canadian Psychologist 15, 1-14.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0081737"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75.Rodgers M, Dalton J, Harden M, Street A, Parker G et al. (2018) Integrated care to address the physical health needs of people with severe mental illness: a mapping review of the recent evidence on barriers, facilitators and evaluations. , Int 18, 9.","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.2605"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"76.O'Connor R C, Nock M K. (2014) The psychology of suicidal behaviour.Lancet. , Psychiatry 1, 73-85."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"77.John A, Glendenning A C, Marchant A. (2018) Self-harm, suicidal behaviours, and cyberbullying in children and young people: systematic review.J. , Med Internet Res 20, 129.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.9044"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"78.Turecki G, Brent D A, Gunnell D. (2019) Suicide and suicide risk.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 5, 74.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0121-0"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"79.Shigemura J, Ursano R J, Morganstein J C. (2020) Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry ClinNeurosci., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12988"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80.Ford-Jones P C, Chaufan C. (2017) A critical analysis of debates around mental health calls in the prehospital setting. , Inquiry 54, 46958017704608-10.","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958017704608"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81.Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. (2020) 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet (London. In press , England) 22(395), 37-38.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30309-3"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82.Yang Y, Li W, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Cheung T et al. (2020) Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. , Lancet Psychiatry 7(4), 19.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30079-1"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"83.Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Y T Xiang, Liu Z et al. (2020) . Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 7(4), 17-18.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30077-8"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"84.E J Johnson, Hariharan S. (2017) Public health awareness: knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general public on health risks during the H1N1 influenza pandemic. [Google Scholar] , J. Public Health 25, 333-337.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-017-0790-7"},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"85.J L Gibson, J M Ivancevich, J H Donnelly, Konopaske R. (2002) Oganizations: Behavior, structure, processes. , New York City:"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86.T B Abebe, A S Bhagavathula, Y G Tefera, Ahmad A, M U Khan et al. (2016) Healthcare professionals\u2019 awareness, knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and beliefs about Ebola at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. [PMC free article] [] [Google Scholar] , J. Public Health Afr 7, 570.","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2016.570"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87.YeenHuang, Zhao Ning. (2020) Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey.Psychiatry Res., 112954.10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88.O'Connor R C, Kirtley O J. (2018) The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour.PhilosTrans. , R SocLondB Biol Sci 37320170268.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0268"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89.Stack S. (1988) Suicide: media impacts in war and peace. 1910\u20131920.Suicide Life ThreatBehav 18, 342-357.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278x.1988.tb00172.x"},{"key":"ref89","unstructured":"90.Mishra P, U S Bhadauria, P L Dasar, Kumar S, Lalani A et al. (2016) Knowledge, attitude and anxiety towards pandemic flu a potential bio weapon among health professionals in Indore City. [] [Google Scholar] , Przegl. Epidemiol 70, 125-127."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91.Elovainio M, Hakulinen C, Pulkki-R\u00e5back L. (2017) Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study.Lancet Public Health. 2, 260-266.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(17)30075-0"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"92.Matthews T, Danese A, Caspi A. (2019) Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study.Psychol. , Med 49, 268-277.","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291718000788"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T06:07:19Z","timestamp":1614838039000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1348"}},"editor":[{"given":"Rau","family":"Isea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Estudios Avanzados -IDEA, Venezuela."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3367","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:52Z","timestamp":1753884772666,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives\nTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19 associated with the clinical presentation and in relation to the PCR-RT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, gender, age group and degree of lung involvement will be evaluated.\n\nMethods\nWe evaluated 1545 patients with chest CT, delineating the age range and degree of lung involvement, and 306 patients with chest CT and PCR-RT.\n\nResults\nOf the 1545 examinations, 53% were men and 47% were women, there was greater involvement in the 50-59 age group. In the pulmonary study, 55.05% were COVID-19. In the degree of lung involvement 37.70% were mild, 35.76% were moderate, and 26.54% were severe. In the distribution by age, there was a greater involvement between 50-59 years with 56% between moderate (27.6%) and severe (28.0%). Between tomography and PCR-RT, the sensitivity was 68.8%, specificity 59.5%, accuracy 91.3%, with prevalence 31.9%, positive predictive value 44.3% and negative predictive value 80.3%, in females, sensitivity 55.3%, positive predictive value 37.1%, negative predictive value 75.3%, in males, sensitivity 81.6%, positive predictive value 50, 6 and negative predictive value 86.6%.The sensitivities are different between the genders with p of 0.005 and specificity of 0.938, with age effect, starting at 45 years we have a p of 0.057 that decreases to 0.006 at 80 years for sensitivity and specificity.\n\nConclusions\nThe sensitivity and accuracy of CT scan in relation to PCR-RT was significant. Sensitivity increases with prevalence and in the older age group and in men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T09:30:27Z","timestamp":1664616627000},"page":"28-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Chest Computed Tomography in A Covid-19 Reference Hospital - First Wave - Distrito Federal - Brazil"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Gleim Dias","family":"De Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiologist at N\u00facleo de Radiologia e Imagenologia do Hospital Regional da Asa Norte-HRAN-Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Rodrigues","family":"Queiroz De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiologist at the Unit of Radiology and Imagenology of Hospital Regional da Asa Norte-HRAN- Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Gomes","family":"De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident in Radiology and Imagenology at Universidade de Bras\u00edlia-UNB- Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brazil-R3"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thales Queiroz","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Student at the University of Bras\u00edlia-UNB- Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulysses Rodrigues","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatrist, Director of Hospital Regional da Asa Norte-HRAN- Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano Guimaraes","family":"Ibiapina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgeon, Hospital Regional da Asa Norte-HRAN- Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Henrique","family":"Ramos Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonologist, head of the pulmonology service of Hospital Regional da Asa Norte-HRAN- Distrito Federal-Bras\u00edlia-Brasil-Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio Aron","family":"Ajzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiologist, Post-Doctorate advisor at UNIFESP- S\u00e3o Paulo-Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Smith DL, Grenier J-P, Batte C, Spieler B. A       Characteristic Chest Radiographic Pattern in the Setting of COVID-19 Pandemic.","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200280"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Pan Y, Guan H. Imaging changes in patients with       2019-nCov. Eur Radiol. 2020; 30(7):3612-3613. doi:10.1007\/s00330-020-06713-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06713-z"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Wenzhong  liu, hualan L. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. 2020","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.11938173"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020; 104(3): 246-251.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.06.001"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"5. Chan LP, Tan BH, Chen RC. Multispecialty Articles. Clinical Perspective. 2020;(October):1-5."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. Li Ruiyun, Pei Sen, Chen Bin, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science 2020; 3221:1-9","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.14.20023127"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Strunk JL, Temesgen H, Andersen H, Packalen P. Imaging Profile of the COVID-19 Infection: Radiologic Findings and Literature Review Authors: 2014; 80(2): 1-8","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.80.2.143-150"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"8. Choi W, My T, Tran L, et al. 2020; Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology. 1: 1-13."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9. Zhong L, Gong P, Biging GS. Clinical and Chest Radiography Features Determine Patient Outcomes In Young and. 2012; 78:1-15."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. 2020; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. Am J Roentgenol. 215(1): 87-93.","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.20.23034"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Vardhanabhuti V, Loader RJ, Mitchell GR, Riordan RD, Roobottom CA. Cardiopulmonar y Imaging \u2022 Original Research. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013; 200: 545-552.","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9424"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Tay MZ, Poh CM, R\u00e9nia L. The trinity of COVID-19\u202f: immunity , inflammation and intervention. 2020; 2:   17-20.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13. Kooraki S, Hosseiny M, Myers L, Gholamrezanezhad A. 2020; Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: What the Department of Radiology Should Know. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(4): 447-451.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.02.008"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"14. Hospital M, Chai Hospital Y. Radiological Findings of 2019-nCoV Pneumonia PMH Experience. 2020."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"15. Xiang Y, Yu D, Qin X, Li X, Zhang Q. Clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019. J Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Univ Medical Sci. 2020; 41(4): 492-496."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhu T, Xia L. CT features of  coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in 62 patients in Wuhan, China. Am J Roentgenol. 2020; 214(6): 1287-1294","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.20.22975"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"17. Strunk JL, Temesgen H, Andersen H, Packalen P. Chest CT Findings in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to Duration of Infection. 2014; 80(2): 1-8."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18. Radiologia SG De, Infectologia SG. Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para Otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o da Solicita\u00e7\u00e3o e Leitura de TC do T\u00f3rax\u202f: Pandemia COVID-19 Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para Otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o da Solicita\u00e7\u00e3o e.","DOI":"10.17771\/pucrio.acad.51011"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-NCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020; 295(1): 210-217","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200274"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20. Zhao W, Zhong Z, Xie X, Yu Q, Liu J. 2020; Relation         between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (covid-19) pneumonia: A multicenter study. Am J Roentgenol. 214(5): 1072-1077.","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.20.22976"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"21. Strunk JL, Temesgen H, Andersen H, Packalen P. Radiology Department Preparedness for COVID-19: Radiology Scientific Expert Panel. 2014; 80(2): 1-8"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Li Y, Xia L. 2020; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. Am J Roentgenol. 214(6): 1280-1286","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.20.22954"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Ciccarese F, Coppola F, Spinelli D, et al. 2020; Diagnostic Accuracy of North America Expert Consensus Statement on Reporting CT Findings in Patients with Suspected COVID-19 Infection: An Italian Single Center Experience. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2(4): 200312.","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200312"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. De Smet K, De Smet D, Ryckaert T, et al. Diagnostic Performance of Chest CT for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Individuals with or without COVID-19 Symptoms. Radiology. 2020; 202708.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202708"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"25. Ai T, Yang Z, Xia L. 2020; Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease. Radiology. 2019: 1-23."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Simpson S, Kay FU, Abbara S, et al. Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Statement on Reporting Chest CT Findings Related to COVID-19. Endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA - Secondary Publication. J Thorac Imaging. 2020; 35(4): 219-227","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200152.podcast"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"27. Comparing DC-, Waller J V, Tucker A, et al. Diagnostic Tools for Coronavirus. 2020;(October):1-5."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, et al. 2020; Correlation of Chest                 CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. 296(2): 32-40.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Meirelles G de SP. 2020; COVID-19\u202f: uma breve atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o para radiologistas. Radiol Bras. 53(5):320-328.","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2020.0074"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Sardanelli F, Di Leo G. 2020; Assessing the value of diagnostic tests in the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Radiology. 296(3): 193-194.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201845"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-NCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020; 295(1): 210-217","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200274"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. Leeflang MM, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Hooft L,        Bossuyt PM. 2013; Varia\u00e7\u00e3o da sensibilidade e especificidade de um teste com a preval\u00eancia               da doen\u00e7a . CMAJ  185 (11): 537-544","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121286"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Leeflang MM, Bossuyt PM, Irwig L. A precis\u00e3o                     do teste de diagn\u00f3stico pode variar com a preval\u00eancia: implica\u00e7\u00f5es para o diagn\u00f3stico baseado em evid\u00eancias. J Clin Epidemiol 2009; 62 (1): 5\u201312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.04.007"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34. Jeffrey P. Kanne , Brent P. Little, Jonathan H. Chung, Brett M. Elicker, Loren H. Ketai. (2020).            Essentials for Radiologists on COVID-19: An               Update - Radiology Scientific Expert Panel. Radiology. 296(2)","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200527"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35. Constantine A. Raptis,  Mark M. Hammer,  Ryan G. Short, Amar Shah, Sanjeev Bhalla, Andrew J. Bierhals, Peter D. Filev, Michael D. Hope, Jean Jeudy, Seth J. Kligerman, Travis S. Henry. Chest CT and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Critical Review of the Literature to Date. March 26, 2020. Cardiopulmonary Imaging - Clinical Perspective. AJR 215(4) 2020.","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.20.23202"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36. David L. Smith MD, John-Paul Grenier MD, Catherine Batte MS, Bradley Spieler MD. A Characteristic Chest Radiographic Pattern in the Setting of COVID-19 Pandemic. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging. 2(5). 2020.","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200280"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37. CODEPLAN - Companhia de Planejamento do Distrito Federal. Governo do Distrito Federal. Boletim        COVID-19 N\u00ba 7. Jun 2, 2020.","DOI":"10.26512\/2010.tcc.2660"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. BARBOSA IR, GALV\u00c3O MHR, SOUZA TA, GOMES SM,MEDEIROS A DE A, LIMA KC. Incid\u00eancia e mortalidade por covid-19 na popula\u00e7\u00e3o idosa brasileira e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com indicadores contextuais: um estudo ecol\u00f3gico. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol 2020; 23(1): 200171.","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-49742022000200020"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39. Bao C, Liu X, Zhang H, Li Y, Liu J. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CT Findings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020; 17(6):701-709.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.03.006"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Boehmer T, DeVies J, Caruso E, et al. Changing Age Distribution of the COVID-19 Pandemic \u2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69(39):1404-1409.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6939e1"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. Mistry D, Litvinova M, Pastore y Piontti A, et al. Inferring high-resolution human mixing patterns for disease modeling. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1):8-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20544-y"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Lavezzo E, Franchin E, Ciavarella C, et al. Suppression of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Italian municipality of Vo\u2019. Nature. 2020; 584(7821): 425-429.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2488-1"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43. Feehan DM, Mahmud AS. 2021; Quantifying population contact patterns in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun. 12(1):893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20990-2"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Guan, W.J.; Ni, Z.Y.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W.H.; Ou, C.Q.; He, J.X.; Liu, L.; Shan, H.; Lei, C.L.; Hui, D.S.C.; et al. 2020, Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382: 1708-1720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45. (2020). Covid-19 National Emergency Response Center, E.; Case Management Team, K.C.F.D.C. Prevention. Early Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Coronavirus Disease in South Korea. Osong Public Health Res. Perspect  11, 8\u201314.","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.1.03"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. (2020). Center for Disease Control, U. Severe Outcomes among Patients with Coronavirus Disease Disease2019 (COVID-19)\u2014United States,February12-March16,2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. (MMWR) 69:, 343\u2013346.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912e2"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47. Li, R.; Pei, S.; Chen, B.; Song, Y.; Zhang, T.; Yang, W.; Shaman, J. (2020). Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel      coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science. 368: 489-493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3221"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48. Gao, J.; Tian, Z.; Yang, X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci. Trends 2020, 14, 72\u201373.","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"49. Lee C. 2008; \u201cRa\u00e7a\u201d e \u201cetnia\u201d na pesquisa biom\u00e9dica: como os cientistas constroem e explicam as diferen\u00e7as na sa\u00fade? Soc Sci Med.  68: 1183-1190"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50. Zhao H, Harris RJ, Ellis J, Pebody RG. 2015; Etnia, priva\u00e7\u00e3o e mortalidade devido \u00e0 pandemia de influenza A de2009 (H1N1) na Inglaterra durante a pandemia de 2009\/2010 e a primeira temporada p\u00f3s-pand\u00eamica. Epidemiol Infect.  143: 3375\u20133383","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815000576"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51. Pareek M, Bangash MN, Pareek N, Pan D, Sze S, Minhas JS, Hanif W, Khunti K. Etnia e COVID - 19 : uma prioridade urgente de pesquisa em sa\u00fade                p\u00fablica.Lanceta. 2 de maio de 2020; 395 (10234): 1421-1422.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30922-3"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52. Tillin T, Hughes AD, Mayet J, et al. The relationship between metabolic risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease in Europeans, South Asians, and African Caribbeans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 1777\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.046"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53. Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang Y-H, Hsueh S-C, Yen                M-Y, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2                             (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020; 53(3): 404-12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.02.012"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54.  Li L-Q, Huang T, Wang Y-Q, Wang Z-P, Liang Y, Huang T-B, et al. Covid-19 patients\u2019 clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2020; 92(6): 577-83.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25757"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55. GALVAO, Maria Helena Rodrigues; RONCALLI, Angelo Giuseppe. Fatores associados a maior risco de ocorr\u00eancia de \u00f3bito por COVID-19: an\u00e1lise de sobreviv\u00eancia com base em casos confirmados. Rev. bras. epidemiol.,  Rio de Janeiro,  v. 23,  e200106,    2020.","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720200106"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56. Uddin M, Mustafa F, Rizvi TA, Loney T, Suwaidi HA,                     Al-Marzouqi AHH, Eldin AK, Alsabeeha N, Adrian TE, Stefanini C, Nowotny N, Alsheikh-Ali A, Senok AC. 2020; SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions. Viruses. 12(5): 526.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050526"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1855","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1664616638000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1855"}},"editor":[{"given":"Ian James","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edith Cowan University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-22-4328","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"article-number":"1855"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:14:25Z","timestamp":1753884865575,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the future of people worldwide, it has made it necessary to take measures with high economic costs, including quarantine. We consider it is more logical for some scientists to investigate time-saving treatment options until vaccination studies, which are started to be studied rapidly, are accomplished or specific antiviral agents are found. In this context, treatment combinations of one or more of the immune modulators known as cytokines, which can stimulate or accelerate the immune system, should be tried. In our opinion, although such options are not as effective as specific treatments such as vaccines, such options will offer highly effective alternatives in times of emergency. For this reason, we found it appropriate to make a reminder by preparing a broad review about interferon gamma, which is an antivirus and is an immunomodulator and which plays a critical role in humoral and cellular immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:16:25Z","timestamp":1593756985000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Use of Immune Modulator Interferon-Gamma to Support Combating COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Fatih","family":"Ozcelik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alpaslan","family":"Tanoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Zahit","family":"\u00c7\u0131rac\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilbey Kayra","family":"Ozcelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K. (2013) Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI64096. J Clin Invest 123: 958-965","DOI":"10.1172\/jci64096"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N et al. (2003) Mortality Associated With Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the United States.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.289.2.179. JAMA 289: 179.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.179"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Rybak MJ. (2004) Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents: An Update. Pharmacotherapy 24, 203S-215S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.24.18.203S.52236.","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.18.203s.52236"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Bleuven C, Landry CR. (2016) Molecular and cellular bases of adaptation to a changing environment in microorganisms.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2016.1458. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 283: 20161458.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.1458"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, Zaki R, Tan Z et al. (2020) The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiol pii: dyaa033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaa033.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa033"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"6. (2006). Immunomodulation C on ND in the S of AT. Promising Approaches to the Development of Immunomodulation for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Washington (DC):NationalAcademiesPress(US)."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Casadevall A, Pirofski L. (2003) The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro732. 1: 17-24","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro732"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"8. Janeway C, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M. (2001) The Immune System in Health and Disease. Immunobiology. 5th bask\u0131, New York:GarlandScience, s. 425-596."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9. Abreu MT, Arditi M. (2004) Innate immunity and toll-like receptors: clinical implications of basic science research. J Pediatr.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.01.057. 144: 421-429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.01.057"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. O\u2019Neill LAJ. (2005) Immunity\u2019s early-warning system. Sci Am 292: 24-31.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0305-31d"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11. Averdam A, Petersen B, Rosner C, Neff J, Roos C et al. (2009) A novel System of polymorphic and diverse NK cell receptors in primates. PLoS Genet 5,e1000688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000688.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000688"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12. Ljunggren H-G, K\u00e4rre K. (1990). In search of the \u2018missing self\u2019: MHC molecules and NK cell recognition. Immunol Today.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90097-S. 11: 237-244","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90097-s"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13. Carrillo-Bustamante P, Kesmir C, de Boer RJ. (2015) Can Selective MHC Downregulation Explain the Specificity and Genetic Diversity of NK Cell Receptors? Front Immunol 6,311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00311.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00311"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. Kyuwa S, Cohen M, Nelson G, Tahara SM, Stohlman SA. (1994) Modulation of cellular macromolecular synthesis by coronavirus: implication for pathogenesis. J Virol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.68.10.6815-6819.1994. 68: 6815-6819","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6815-6819.1994"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15. Breitbart M, Rohwer F. Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus? Trends Microbiol 2005; 13: 278-84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2005.04.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.04.003"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Prokunina-Olsson L, Alphonse N, Dickenson RE, Durbin JE, Glenn JS, Hartmann R. (2020). COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda. J Exp Med.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20200653. 217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200653"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17. Ren Z, Yan L, Zhang N, Guo Y, Yang C et al. (2013) The newly emerged SARS-Like coronavirus HCoV-EMC also has an \u201cAchilles\u2019 heel\u201d: current effective inhibitor targeting a 3C-like protease. Protein Cell.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13238-013-2841-3. 4: 248-250","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-013-2841-3"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18. Ludwig S. (2011) Disruption of virus-host cell interactions and cell signaling pathways as an anti-viral approach against influenza virus infections. Biol Chem.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/BC.2011.121. 392: 837-847.","DOI":"10.1515\/bc.2011.121"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19. Josset L, Textoris J, Loriod B, Ferraris O, Moules V et al. (2010) Gene Expression Signature-Based Screening Identifies New Broadly Effective Influenza A Antivirals. PLoS One 5,e13169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0013169.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013169"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, Farrar J, Martin TR et al. (2012) Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11. 76: 16-32","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21. Meijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts HH, Heijligenberg R, Rijkers GT et al. (2011) Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60607-7. 377: 2023-2030","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(11)60607-7"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV et al. (2009) Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08309. 461: 399-401","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Brun-Buisson C, Richard J-CM, Mercat A, Thi\u00e9baut ACM, Brochard L. (2011) Early Corticosteroids in Severe Influenza A\/H1N1 Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201101-0135OC. 183: 1200-1206","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201101-0135oc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. Wang R, Jaw JJ, Stutzman NC, Zou Z, Sun PD. (2012) Natural killer cell-produced IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 induce target cell cytolysis through up-regulation of ICAM-1. J Leukoc Biol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0611308. 91: 299-309","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0611308"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25. Polderman KH, Girbes ARJ. (2004) Drug intervention trials in sepsis: divergent results. Lancet.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16259-4. 363: 1721-1723","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16259-4"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Meurs E, Chong K, Galabru J, Thomas NSB, Kerr IM et al. (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon. Cell 62: 379-390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90374-N.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90374-n"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Samuel CE. (2001) Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin Microbiol Rev.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001. 14: 778-809","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.14.4.778-809.2001"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28. Kotenko S V., Gallagher G, Baurin V V., Lewis-Antes A, Shen M, Shah NK. (2003). IFN-\u03bbs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni875. 4:69-77","DOI":"10.1038\/ni875"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29. Donnelly RP, Kotenko S V. Interferon-Lambda: A New Addition to an Old Family. J Interf Cytokine Res 2010; 30: 555-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.2010.0078.","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0078"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Lee AJ, Chen B, Chew MV, Barra NG, Shenouda MM et al. (2017) Inflammatory monocytes require type I interferon receptor signaling to activate NK cells via IL-18 during a mucosal viral infection. J Exp Med 214:1153-1167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20160880.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160880"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Lee AJ, Ashkar AA. (2018) The dual nature of type I and type II interferons. Front Immunol 9,2061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02061.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02061"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"32. Strander H. (1989) The action of interferons on virus-associated human neoplasms. Cancer Surv 8,755-792."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33. Mandelli F, Avvisati G, Amadori S, Boccadoro M, Gernone A et al. (1990) Maintenance Treatment with Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Responding to Conventional Induction Chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 322, 1430-1434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199005173222005.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199005173222005"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34. Borden EC, Sen GC, Uze G, Silverman RH, Ransohoff RM et al. (2007) Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6,975-990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd2422.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2422"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35. Jakimovski D, Kolb C, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B. (2018) Interferon \u03b2 for multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8,a032003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a032003.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a032003"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, Sch\u00e4fer A, Won J et al. (2020) Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6. 11: 222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37. Chan JF-W, Yao Y, Yeung M-L, Deng W, Bao L et al. (2015) Treatment With Lopinavir\/Ritonavir or Interferon-\u03b21b Improves Outcome of MERS-CoV Infection in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Common Marmoset. J Infect Dis.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392. 212: 1904-1913","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. Sallard E, Lescure F-X, Yazdanpanah Y, Mentre F, Peiffer-Smadja N. (2020) Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19. Antiviral Res 178,104791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104791.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104791"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. (2020) COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Hear Lung Transplant. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2020.03.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.03.012"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y et al. (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. 395: 1054-1062","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T et al. (2020) The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol 214,108393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108393"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Deonarain R, Alcami\u0301 A, Alexiou M, Dallman MJ, Gewert DR et al. (2000) Impaired Antiviral Response and Alpha\/Beta Interferon Induction in Mice Lacking Beta Interferon. J Virol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3404-3409.2000. 74: 3404-3409","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.7.3404-3409.2000"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43. Omrani AS, Saad MM, Baig K, Bahloul A, Abdul-Matin M et al. (2014) Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70920-X. 14: 1090-1095","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(14)70920-x"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44. Gao L, Yu S, Chen Q, Duan Z, Zhou J et al. (2010) A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human interferons \u03b1-2b nasal spray to prevent acute viral respiratory infections in military recruits. Vaccine.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.062. 28: 4445-4451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.062"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45. Liu Y-J. (2005) IPC: Professional Type 1 Interferon-Producing Cells and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Precursors. Annu Rev Immunol 23,275-306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115633.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115633"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM. (2014) Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses. Annu Rev Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231. 32: 513-545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47. Totura AL, Baric RS. (2012) SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon. Curr Opin Virol. 2: 264-275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.04.004"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Billiau A. (1996) Interferon-\u03b3: Biology and Role in Pathogenesis. Adv. Immunol., Academic Press Inc.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60428-9. 62: 61-130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60428-9"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49. Lund FE, Randall TD.(2010) Effector and regulatory B cells: modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 10,236-247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2729.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2729"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50. Baumgarth N. (2011) The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2901. 11: 34-46","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2901"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51. Wojciechowski W, Harris DP, Sprague F, Mousseau B, Makris M et al. (2009) Cytokine-producing effector B cells regulate type 2 immunity to H. polygyrus. Immunity 30,421-433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.01.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.01.006"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52. Poe JC, Smith SH, Haas KM, Yanaba K, Tsubata T et al. (2011) Amplified B lymphocyte CD40 signaling drives regulatory B10 cell expansion in mice. PLoS One 6,e22464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0022464.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022464"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53. Tu W, Lau Y-L, Zheng J, Liu Y, Chan P-L et al. (2008) Efficient generation of human alloantigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells from naive precursors by CD40-activated B cells. Blood.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2008-04-152041. 112: 2554-2562s","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-152041"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54. Yang M, Sun L, Wang S, Ko K-H, Xu H et al. (2010) Novel Function of B Cell-Activating Factor in the Induction of IL-10-Producing Regulatory B Cells. J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.0902551. 184: 3321-3325","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902551"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55. Horikawa M, Minard-Colin V, Matsushita T, Tedder TF. (2011) Regulatory B cell production of IL-10 inhibits lymphoma depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice. J Clin Invest 121, 4268-4280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI59266.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci59266"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Bao Y, Liu X, Han C, Xu S, Xie B et al. (2014) Identification of IFN-\u03b3-producing innate B cells. Cell Res.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cr.2013.155. 24: 161-176","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.155"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Gray D, Gray M, Barr T. (2007) Innate responses of B cells. Eur J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200737728. 37: 3304-3310","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737728"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58. Sindhava VJ, Tuna H, Gachuki BW, DiLillo DJ, Avdiushko MG et al. (2012) Bone Marrow Dendritic Cell-Mediated Regulation of TLR and B Cell Receptor Signaling in B Cells. J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1101352. 189: 3355-3367","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101352"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59. Bossen C, Cachero TG, Tardivel A, Ingold K, Willen L et al. (2008) TACI, unlike BAFF-R, is solely activated by oligomeric BAFF and APRIL to support survival of activated B cells and plasmablasts. Blood 111, 1004-1012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2007-09-110874.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-09-110874"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60. Bal\u00e1zs M, Martin F, Zhou T, Kearney JF. (2002) Blood Dendritic Cells Interact with Splenic Marginal Zone B Cells to Initiate T-Independent Immune Responses. Immunity.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00389-8. 17: 341-352","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(02)00389-8"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61. Cerutti A, Puga I, Cols M. (2011) Innate control of B cell responses. Trends Immunol 32,202-211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2011.02.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.02.004"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62. Presti RM, Pollock JL, Dal Canto AJ, O\u2019Guin AK, Virgin HW. (1998) Interferon \u03b3 Regulates Acute and Latent Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection and Chronic Disease of the Great Vessels. J Exp Med 188,577-588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.188.3.577.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.3.577"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63. Harris DP, Haynes L, Sayles PC, Duso DK, Eaton SM et al. (2000) Reciprocal regulation of polarized cytokine production by effector B and T cells. Nat Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/82717. 1: 475-482","DOI":"10.1038\/82717"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64. Barr TA, Brown S, Ryan G, Zhao J, Gray D. (2007) TLR-mediated stimulation of APC: Distinct cytokine responses of B cells and dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200636483. 37: 3040-3053","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636483"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65. Yoshimoto T, Okamura H, Tagawa Y-I, Iwakura Y, Nakanishi K. (1997) Interleukin 18 together with interleukin 12 inhibits IgE production by induction of interferon- production from activated B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94,3948-3953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3948.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3948"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66. Ganapamo F, Dennis VA, Philipp MT. (2001) CD19+ cells produce IFN-\u03b3 in mice infected withBorrelia burgdorferi. Eur J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1521-4141. 31: 3460-3468","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3460::aid-immu3460>3.0.co;2-x"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67. Kubota K, Kadoya Y. (2011) Innate IFN-\u03b3-Producing Cells in the Spleen of Mice Early after Listeria monocytogenes Infection: Importance of Microenvironment of the Cells Involved in the Production of Innate IFN-\u03b3. Front Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00026. 2(6)","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00026"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68. Williams MA, Schmidt RL, Lenz LL. (2012) Early events regulating immunity and pathogenesis during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Trends Immunol 33,488-495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2012.04.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.04.007"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69. Pamer EG. (2004) Immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes. Nat Rev Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri1461. 4: 812-823","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1461"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70. Wheelock EF. (1965) Interferon-Like Virus-Inhibitor Induced in Human Leukocytes by Phytohemagglutinin. Science.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.149.3681.310. 80 (149): 310-311","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3681.310"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"71. Boehm U, Klamp T, Groot M, Howard JC. (1997) Cellular responses to interferon-\u03b3. Annu Rev Immunol 15,749-95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.749.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.749"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72. Tau G, Rothman P. (1999) Biologic functions of the IFN-gamma receptors. Allergy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00099.x. 54: 1233-1251.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00099.x"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73. Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Pollack BP, Mariano TM, Donnelly RJ et al. (1995) Interaction between the Components of the Interferon \u03b3 Receptor Complex. J Biol Chem.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.270.36.20915. 270: 20915-20921","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.36.20915"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Farrar MA, Fernandez-Luna J, Schreiber RD. (1991) Identification of two regions within the cytoplasmic domain of the human interferon-gamma receptor required for function. J Biol Chem 266, 19626-19635.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55039-0"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75. Zhu J, Paul WE. (2008) CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults. Blood.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2008-05-078154. 112: 1557-1569","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-078154"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76. Rawlings JS, Rosler KM, Harrison DA. (2004) The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway. J Cell Sci.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.00963. 117: 1281-1283","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00963"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"77. Hemmi S, Peghini P, Metzler M, Merlin G, Dembic Z et al. (1989) Cloning of murine interferon gamma receptor cDNA: expression in human cells mediates high-affinity binding but is not sufficient to confer sensitivity to murine interferon gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86,9901-9905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.86.24.9901.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.9901"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"78. Marsters SA, Pennica D, Bach E, Schreiber RD, Ashkenazi A. (1995) Interferon gamma signals via a high-affinity multisubunit receptor complex that contains two types of polypeptide chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92,5401-5405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5401.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5401"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"79. Cook JR, Jung V, Schwartz B, Wang P, Pestka S. (1992) Structural analysis of the human interferon gamma receptor: a small segment of the intracellular domain is specifically required for class I major histocompatibility complex antigen induction and antiviral activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:11317-11321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.23.11317.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.23.11317"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80. Farrar MA, Campbell JD, Schreiber RD. (1992) Identification of a functionally important sequence in the C terminus of the interferon-gamma receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89,11706-11710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.24.11706.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.11706"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81. Lee E-Y, Schultz KLW, Griffin DE. (2013) Mice deficient in interferon-gamma or interferon-gamma receptor 1 have distinct inflammatory responses to acute viral encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 8,e76412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076412.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076412"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82. Lu B, Ebensperger C, Dembic Z, Wang Y, Kvatyuk M et al. (1998) Targeted disruption of the interferon- receptor 2 gene results in severe immune defects in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95:8233-8238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8233.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8233"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83. Bazan JF. (1990) Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87,6934-6938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.87.18.6934.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.18.6934"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84. Igarashi K, Garotta G, Ozmen L, Ziemiecki A, Wilks AF et al. (1994) Interferon-gamma induces tyrosine phosphorylation of interferon-gamma receptor and regulated association of protein tyrosine kinases, Jak1 and Jak2, with its receptor. J Biol Chem 269: 14333-14336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36621-8"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85. Kaplan DH, Greenlund AC, Tanner JW, Shaw AS, Schreiber RD. (1996) Identification of an Interferon- Receptor Chain Sequence Required for JAK-1 Binding. J Biol Chem.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.1.9. 271: 9-12","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.1.9"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86. Greenlund AC, Farrar MA, Viviano BL, Schreiber RD. (1994) Ligand-induced IFN gamma receptor tyrosine phosphorylation couples the receptor to its signal transduction system (p91). EMBO J.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06422.x. 13: 1591-1600","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06422.x"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87. Briscoe J, Rogers NC, Witthuhn BA, Watling D, Harpur AG et al. (1996) Kinase-negative mutants of JAK1 can sustain interferon-gamma-inducible gene expression but not an antiviral state. EMBO J.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00415.x. 15: 799-809","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00415.x"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88. Pang Q, Fagerlie S, Christianson TA, Keeble W, Faulkner G et al. (2000) The fanconi anemia protein FANCC binds to and facilitates the activation of STAT1 by gamma interferon and hematopoietic growth factors. Mol Cell Biol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.20.13.4724-4735.2000. 20: 4724-4735","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.20.13.4724-4735.2000"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89. Heim M, Kerr I, Stark G, Darnell J. (1995) Contribution of STAT SH2 groups to specific interferon signaling by the Jak-STAT pathway. Science.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.7871432. 80(267): 1347-1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7871432"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90. Schindler C, Shuai K, Prezioso V, Darnell J. (1992) Interferon-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor. Science.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1496401. 80(257): 809-813","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1496401"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91. Stark GR, Darnell JE. (2012) The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty. Immunity.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.013. 36: 503-514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.013"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"92. Michalska A, Blaszczyk K, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. (2018) A Positive Feedback Amplifier Circuit That Regulates Interferon (IFN)-Stimulated Gene Expression and Controls Type I and Type II IFN Responses. Front Immunol 9,1135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01135.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01135"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"93. Kiu H, Nicholson SE. (2012) Biology and significance of the JAK\/STAT signalling pathways. Growth Factors.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08977194.2012.660936. 30: 88-106","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2012.660936"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"94. David M, Petricoin E, Benjamin C, Pine R, Weber M et al. (1995) Requirement for MAP kinase (ERK2) activity in interferon alpha- and interferon beta-stimulated gene expression through STAT proteins. Science.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.7569900. 80(269): 1721-1723","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569900"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"95. Fr\u00fch K, Yang Y. (1999) Antigen presentation by MHC class I and its regulation by interferon \u03b3. Curr Opin Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80014-4. 11: 76-81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(99)80014-4"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"96. Cresswell P. (1994) Assembly, Transport, and Function of MHC Class II Molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 12,259-291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001355.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001355"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"97. Mond JJ, Carman J, Sarma C, Ohara J, Finkelman FD. (1986) Interferon-gamma suppresses B cell stimulation factor (BSF-1) induction of class II MHC determinants on B cells. J Immunol 137: 3534-3537","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.11.3534"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"98. Raval A, Puri N, Rath PC, Saxena RK. (1998) Cytokine regulation of expression of class I MHC antigens. Exp Mol Med 30,1-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.1998.1.","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.1998.1"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"99. Fong TA, Mosmann TR. (1990) Alloreactive murine CD8+ T cell clones secrete the Th1 pattern of cytokines. J Immunol 144: 1744-1752.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.5.1744"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"100. Maillard I, Launois P, Xenarios I, Louis JA, Acha-Orbea H et al. (1998) Immune Response to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus in Mice Lacking the Alpha\/Beta Interferon or the Gamma Interferon Receptor. J Virol 72,2638.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.72.4.2638-2646.1998"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"101. Planz O, Ehl S, Furrer E, Horvath E, Br\u00fcndler MA et al. (1997) A critical role for neutralizing-antibody-producing B cells, CD4+ T cells, and interferons in persistent and acute infections of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Implications for adoptive immunotherapy of virus carriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94,6874-6879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.13.6874.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.13.6874"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"102. Weck KE, Dal Canto AJ, Gould JD, O\u2019Guin AK, Roth KA et al. (1997) Murine \u03b3-herpesvirus 68 causes severe large-vessel arteritis in mice lacking interferon-\u03b3 responsiveness: A new model for virus-induced vascular disease. Nat Med 3, 1346-1353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1297-1346.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1297-1346"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"103. Kang S, Brown HM, Hwang S. (2018) Direct antiviral mechanisms of interferon-gamma. Immune Netw 18,e33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4110\/in.2018.18.e33.","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e33"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"104. Ozmen L, Roman D, Fountoulakis M, Schmid G, Ryffel B et al. (1995) Experimental therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: the treatment of NZB\/W mice with mouse soluble interferon-\u03b3 receptor inhibits the onset of glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.1830250103. 25: 6-12","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250103"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"105. de Groen RA, Boltjes A, Hou J, Liu B-S, McPhee F et al. (2015) IFN-\u03bb-mediated IL-12 production in macrophages induces IFN-\u03b3 production in human NK cells. Eur J Immunol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201444903. 45: 250-259","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201444903"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"106. Yoshida A, Koide Y, Uchijima M, Yoshida TO. (1994) IFN-\u03b3 Induces IL-12 mRNA Expression by a Murine Macrophage Cell Line, J774. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198,857-861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1122.","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1122"},{"key":"ref106","unstructured":"107. Car BD, Eng VM, Schnyder B, LeHir M, Shakhov AN et al. (1995) Role of interferon-\u03b3 in interleukin 12-induced pathology in mice. Am J Pathol 147, 1693-1707."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"108. Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Pollack BP, Mariano TM, Donnelly RJ et al. (1995) Interaction between the Components of the Interferon \u03b3 Receptor Complex. J Biol Chem.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.270.36.20915. 270: 20915-20921","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.36.20915"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"109. Rook GAW. (1997) Intractable mycobacterial infections associated with genetic defects in the receptor for interferon gamma: what does this tell us about immunity to mycobacteria? Thorax 52, S41-46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.52.2008.S41.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.2008.s41"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"110. Holland SM. (2000) Treatment of infections in the patient with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. Microbes Infect 2, 1579-1590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01314-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(00)01314-9"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"111. Lee EY, Schultz KLW, Griffin DE. (2013) Mice Deficient in Interferon-Gamma or Interferon-Gamma Receptor 1 Have Distinct Inflammatory Responses to Acute Viral Encephalomyelitis. PLoS One.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076412. 8(10): 76412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076412"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"112. Mendoza JL, Escalante NK, Jude KM, Sotolongo Bellon J, Su L et al. (2019) Structure of the IFN\u03b3 receptor complex guides design of biased agonists. Nature.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-0988-7. 567: 56-60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0988-7"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"113. Scagnolari C, Vicenzi E, Bellomi F, Stillitano MG, Pinna D et al. (2004) Increased sensitivity of SARS-coronavirus to a combination of human type I and type II interferons. Antivir Ther 9,1003-1011.","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900618"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1344","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T10:27:35Z","timestamp":1696328855000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1344"}},"editor":[{"given":"Sasho","family":"Stoleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Health of R. Macedonia, WHO CC and Ga2len CC, Macedonia."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3345","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"article-number":"1344"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:40Z","timestamp":1753884760718,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCV"],"DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T04:41:13Z","timestamp":1603946473000},"page":"21-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19: Success Depends on Medical Concepts, Not Political Views"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Klepikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Renton, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"1.. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.Peyrani Paula, Mandell Lionel, Torres Antoni, Glenn S Tillotson. (2019) The burden of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance. , Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 13(2), 139-152.","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1562339"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.J P Metlay, G W Waterer, al A C Long at. (2019) on behalf of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. \u201cDiagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. , An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America\u201d. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 7(1), 45-67.","DOI":"10.12746\/swrccc.v8i33.625"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4.Seligman Renato, Seligman Beatriz Graeff Santos. (2020) . Pandemic in the 21st Century. The Challenge of COVID-19\u201d. EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine 9(8), 30-31."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5.Rawson T M, LSP Moore, Zhu N. (2020) Bacterial and fungal co-infection in individuals with coronavirus: A rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing [published online ahead of print. ciaa530. doi: 10.1093\/cid\/ciaa530","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa530"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.M Dou\u0161ak Beovi\u0107, Ferreira-Coimbra J. (2020) Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a \u2018snapshot\u2019 Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey. , Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy dkaa, 3386-3390.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa326"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.Kim D, Quinn J, Pinsky B. (2020) Rates of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens. JAMA. 323, 2085-2086.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6266"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.Sakurai A, Sasaki T, Kato S. (2020) . Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. NEJM 383(9), 885-886.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2013020"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.Keeley A J, Evans C M, de Silva TI. (2020) Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: the tip or the iceberg?. , Thorax 75, 621-622.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215337"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.Ing A J, Cocks C, Green J P. (2020) COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton. , Thorax 75, 693-694.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215091"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.Lipman M, Chambers R C, Singer M. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: clinical picture of COVID-19 and implications for research. Thorax. 75, 614-616.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215024"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12.D A Berlin, R M Gulick, F J Martinez. (2020) . Severe Covid-19. NEJM 1-10.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2009575"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.Koeckerling D, Barker J, Mudalige N L. (2020) Awake prone positioning. in COVID-19. Thorax Published Online First: 16 75, 833-834.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215133"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.Thompson A E. (2020) Prone positioning in awake, nonintubated patients with COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure. [e-pub]. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3030) , JAMA Intern Med","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3030"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.Winearls S, Swingwood E L, Hardaker C L. (2020) Early conscious prone positioning in patients with COVID-19 receiving continuous positive airway pressure: a retrospective analysis. , BMJ, Open Respiratory Research 7(1), 1-4.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2020-000711"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.M L Ranney, Griffeth V, A K Jha. (2020) . Critical Supply Shortages \u2014 The Need for Ventilators and Personal Protective Equipment during the Covid-19 Pandemic. NEJM, 2020; 382:e41 DOI: 10.1056\/NEJMp2006141 .","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp2006141"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. (2008) Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 86, 408-416.","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.07.048769"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"18. (2004) WHO Revised global burden of disease 2002 estimates. http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/estimates_regional_2002_revised\/en\/ (accessed"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19. (2020) Editorial from The New England Journal of Medicine (2020). Dying in a Leadership Vacuum. , N Engl J Med 383, 1479-1480.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejme2029812"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T09:46:39Z","timestamp":1669369599000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/ijcv\/article\/1483"}},"editor":[{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Turabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madrid, Toledo, Spain."}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3597","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-1537"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"article-number":"1483"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:20:41Z","timestamp":1765041641451,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Open Access Pub","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-24-5129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T16:43:09Z","timestamp":1760546589000},"page":"10-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Patterns of Nature"],"prefix":"10.14302","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Warr","family":"Gregory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatton","family":"Les","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, UK"},{"name":"* Corresponding Author"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5410","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. The Uniprot Consortium. UniProt: the Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2023. Nucleic Acids Research2022 11;51(D1):D523\u2013D531. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkac1052","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1052"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Sommerfeld A Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics 1956 Academic Press New York NY;","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3060071"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Hatton L Warr G Strong evidence of an information theoretical conservation principle linking all discrete systems. RSoc open sci 2019 11 6","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191101"},{"key":"ref004","unstructured":"4. Hatton L Warr G W Exposing Nature\u2019s Bias: The Hidden Clockwork behind Society, Life and the Universe. Bluespear Publishing 2022 Isbn 978 1"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Hatton L Warr G Protein Structure and Evolution: Are They Constrained Globally by a Principle Derived from Information Theory? PLOS ONE 2015 10 0125663","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125663"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. MEJ Newman Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf\u2019s law. Contemporary Physics 2006 46 323 351","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510500052444"},{"key":"ref007","unstructured":"7. ClausetAShaliziC RMEJNewmanPower-Law Distributions in Empirical Data2009SIAM Review514661703 Available from: https: \/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/070710111"},{"key":"ref008","unstructured":"8. Clauset A Inference, Models and Simulation for Complex Systems 2011 Lectures available 7000 7000"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. BlasiusBPower-law distribution in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases2020Chaos30093123 Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov\/33003939","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0013031"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Xenikos D G Asimakopoulos A Power-law growth of the COVID-19 fatality incidents in Europe. Infectious Disease Modelling 2021 6 743 750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2021.05.001"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Rhodes C J Anderson R M Power laws governing epidemics in isolated populations 1996 Nature 381 600","DOI":"10.1038\/381600a0"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. MeyerSHeldLPower-law models for infectious disease spread. The Annals of Applied Statistics20148316121639 Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/14-AOAS743","DOI":"10.1214\/14-AOAS743"},{"key":"ref013","unstructured":"13. Rhodes C J Anderson R M A scaling analysis of measles epidemics in a small population 1996 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 10 1098"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Popper K The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1959 Routledge","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3060577"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Ziolkowski A M Further Thoughts on Popperian Geophysics\u2013the Example of Deconvolution. Geophysical Prospecting 1982 10 1371 10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1982.tb01296.x"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Claerbout J F Karrenbach M Electronic documents give reproducibility a new meaning. In: 1992 Proc. 62nd Ann. Int. Meeting. Soc. of Exploration Geophysics 601 604","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1822162"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Hatton L Roberts A How accurate is scientific software? 1994 IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 785 797","DOI":"10.1109\/32.328993"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Shahram M Stodden V Donoho D L Maleki A Rahman I 2009 Reproducible Research in Computational Harmonic Analysis. Computing in Science & Engineering 11 01","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2009.15"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Ince D C Hatton L Graham-Cumming J The case for open program code 2012 Nature 482 485 488 10.1038\/nature10836","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10836"},{"key":"ref020","unstructured":"20. Hatton L Warr G 2016 Full Computational Reproducibility in Biological Science: Methods, Software and a Case Study in Protein Biology. ArXiv.; Available from:http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.06897[q-bio.QM"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Coronaviruses"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/article\/2146\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/article\/2146\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T16:43:14Z","timestamp":1760546594000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openaccesspub.org\/international-journal-of-coronaviruses\/article\/2146"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-24-5129","ISSN":["2692-1537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-1537","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}