{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":17,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:51Z","timestamp":1783455291551,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article argues that generative AI in legal reasoning exposes a process-governance gap rather than merely a technology-risk problem. Professional conduct rules, ethical guidance and risk-based regulation, including the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, increasingly require competence, verification and human oversight. They do not, however, sufficiently operationalise the cognitive sequence by which legal professionals should frame a question, use AI output, reconstruct doctrine, verify sources and exercise final judgment. Drawing on Mata v. Avianca in the United States, Gummadi Usha Rani v. Sure Mallikarjuna Rao in India and human-AI interaction research on automation bias and cognitive offloading, the article proposes two instruments: the Supervised Intelligence Methodology (SIM), a five-stage process standard for AI-assisted legal reasoning, and the AI Reliance Test (ART), an ex post accountability mechanism for courts, regulators and professional bodies. The core contribution is the doctrine of Cognitive Sovereignty, understood as a non-delegable obligation to preserve independent professional judgment. The framework connects legal ethics with institutional legitimacy, rule-of-law accountability and democratic trust in AI-mediated adjudication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"52-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Human Oversight to Cognitive Sovereignty: A Process-Based Governance Standard for AI-Assisted Legal Reasoning"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6125-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivam","family":"Shukla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarie, B., Niblett, A., & Yoon, A. H. (2018). How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law. 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(2021). Through a glass, darkly: Artificial intelligence and the problem of opacity. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 69(2), 271\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcl\/avab012","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcl\/avab012"},{"key":"466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobbe, J. (2019). Administrative law and the machines of government: Judicial review of automated public-sector decision-making. Legal Studies, 39(4), 636\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/lst.2019.9","DOI":"10.1017\/lst.2019.9"},{"key":"467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings, M. L. (2004). Automation bias in intelligent time critical decision support systems. AIAA 1st Intelligent Systems Technical Conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2004-6313","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2004-6313"},{"key":"468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaher, J. (2016). The threat of algocracy: Reality, resistance and accommodation. 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Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-471.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union, L 2024\/1689. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj"},{"key":"472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink, M. (2025). Human oversight under Article 14 of the EU AI Act. SSRN. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5147196","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5146118"},{"key":"473","unstructured":"Gummadi Usha Rani v. Sure Mallikarjuna Rao, SLP(C) No. 7575\/2026 (Supreme Court of India, 27 February 2026)."},{"key":"474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoff, K. A., & Bashir, M. (2015). Trust in automation: Integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. 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Regulation & Governance, 12(4), 505\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rego.12158","DOI":"10.1111\/rego.12158"},{"key":"488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zalnieriute, M., Moses, L. B., & Williams, G. (2019). The rule of law and automation of government decision-making. 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The analysis is grounded in two central hypotheses: first, that poor governance and endemic corruption are primary catalysts for military interventions; and second, that the absence of virtuous leadership fosters public discontent, thereby shifting power dynamics in favor of the military. Drawing on a qualitative analytical method, the study explores historical legacies, particularly those rooted in colonial governance, alongside contemporary challenges such as insecurity, economic hardship, ethnic tensions, and foreign exploitation. The findings suggest that the repeated failure of civilian governments to ensure basic security, provide services, and resist corruption has eroded public trust and legitimized military takeovers in the eyes of many citizens. The article highlights how Machiavelli\u2019s concepts of virt\u00f9, fortuna, and the delicate balance between fear and love offer a valuable framework for understanding these developments. Furthermore, the role of external actors \u2013 France, the United States, the European Union, and Russia \u2013 is examined in terms of both their strategic interests and their influence on domestic political stability. By integrating historical, socio-political, and philosophical perspectives, the article presents a comprehensive interpretation of power transitions in the Sahel. Ultimately, it concludes that sustainable governance in the region depends not merely on security interventions but on the restoration of public trust through ethical leadership, transparency, and a commitment to social welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1762613841000},"page":"45-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Military Rule in the Sahel Region: Interpreting Governance and Power through Machiavellian Principles"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1561-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Gasigwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adefisoye, T., & Titus, U. (2025). 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The bitter harvest of French interventionism in the Sahel. International Affairs, 96(4), 895\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiaa094","DOI":"10.1093\/ia\/iiaa094"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harkness, K. (2016). The ethnic army and the state. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(4), 587\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022002714545332","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002714545332"},{"key":"91","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020). Mali: Armed groups commit atrocities in central region. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/09\/08\/mali-armed-groups-commit-atrocities-central-region"},{"key":"92","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2022). Burkina Faso: Events of 2021. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2022\/country-chapters\/burkina-faso"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, J., & Kposowa, A. (1992). The political origins of African military coups: Ethnic competition, military centrality, and the struggle over the post-colonial state. International Studies Quarterly, 36(2), 271\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2600773","DOI":"10.2307\/2600773"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kipo Sunyehzi, D., & Lambon, P. (2025). Military coups in West Africa. Africa Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/09744061 bja10259","DOI":"10.1163\/09744061-bja10259"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibang, C. (2025). Fostering regional integration in Africa in the wake of military takeovers in the Sahel. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 4(3\u20134), 289\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12700\/jceeas.2024.4.3 4.289","DOI":"10.12700\/jceeas.2024.4.3-4.289"},{"key":"96","unstructured":"Kone, B. (2023). What triggered Niger\u2019s coup? Unpacking political failures. 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Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 4(2), 288\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59569\/jceeas.2024.4.2.288","DOI":"10.59569\/jceeas.2024.4.2.288"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/4\/4","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/4\/4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:32Z","timestamp":1762613852000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/4"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-03","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T15:02:08Z","timestamp":1762614128180,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the ongoing tensions between Max Weber's concept of ideal-type bureaucracy and the principles of democratic governance, particularly in the context of contemporary India. By conducting a thorough qualitative analysis of policy documents, government reports, and academic literature, the research highlights key friction points where bureaucratic efficiency clashes with the need for democratic accountability. It contributes to the existing literature by providing an evidence-based examination of how colonial administrative legacies continue to shape the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy in the world's largest democracy. The findings suggest that while Weberian bureaucratic principles are essential for maintaining administrative stability, their strict application often conflicts with democratic values such as transparency, participation, and responsiveness. The analysis reveals that India's bureaucratic system, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), faces structural mismatches with democratic governance, resulting in issues such as accountability gaps, citizen exclusion, and a lack of procedural flexibility. This research presents a fresh framework for understanding the tensions between bureaucracy and democracy and suggests institutional reforms aimed at boosting democratic responsiveness while ensuring administrative effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-02","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1762613841000},"page":"30-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bureaucracy and Democracy: Tensions in Weber\u2019s Model and India\u2019s Practice"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0831-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumara","family":"Sheni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"43","unstructured":"Banerjee, A. (2018). Transparency and the RTI Act in India: Promise and challenges. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(9), 44-50."},{"key":"44","unstructured":"Beetham, D. (1996). Bureaucracy. University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"45","unstructured":"Bhargava, R. (2017). Politics and Ethics of the Indian Bureaucracy. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatnagar, S. (2014). Public service delivery: Role of information and communication technology in improving governance. Asian Development Bank.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2479689"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"Chakrabarty, B. (2007). Reinventing Public Administration: The Indian Experience. Orient Longman."},{"key":"48","unstructured":"Chakrabarty, B. (2013). Reinventing Public Administration: The Indian Experience. Orient Blackswan."},{"key":"49","unstructured":"Chakrabarty, B. (2017). Indian Administration: Evolution and Practice. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"50","unstructured":"Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its critics. Yale University Press."},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhakal, B., Muhammad, N., & Khadka, S. (2024). Nepal\u2019s Geopolitical Sensitivity on Great Power Rivalry: Analysing through the Lens of Schizoanalysis. Acta Humanitatis, 2(2), 74\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/ah-02.02.2024-01","DOI":"10.5709\/ah-02.02.2024-01"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung, A. (2015). Putting the public back into governance: The challenges of citizen participation and its future. Public Administration Review, 75(4), 513-522.","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12361"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"Jain, A. (2020). Aadhaar and exclusion: A critical analysis of India\u2019s biometric ID program. Economic & Political Weekly, 55(14), 34-39."},{"key":"54","unstructured":"Jha, S. (2010). Decentralization and local governance in India. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 56(1), 1-20."},{"key":"55","unstructured":"Jha, S. (2017). Secrecy and power in Indian bureaucracy. Indian Journal of Political Science, 78(3), 421-434."},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohli, A. (1990). Democracy and discontent: India\u2019s growing crisis of governability. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173803"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohli, A. (2004). State-directed development: Political power and industrialization in the global periphery. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754371"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohli, A. (2011). Poverty amid plenty in the new India. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139015080"},{"key":"59","unstructured":"Maheshwari, S. R. (2003). Indian administration (5th ed.). Orient Longman."},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathur, K. (2013). From government to governance: A brief survey of the Indian experience. Public Administration Review, 73(2), 314-318.","DOI":"10.1177\/0019556120130218"},{"key":"61","unstructured":"Mehta, P. B. (2010). The burden of democracy. Penguin Books."},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer-Sahling, J. H., & Mikkelsen, K. S. (2016). Civil service professionalisation in developing countries: A comparative analysis of 124 countries. Public Administration, 94(2), 417-436.","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.12276"},{"key":"63","unstructured":"National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCEAR). (2020). MGNREGA implementation status report. NCEAR Publications."},{"key":"64","unstructured":"Pande, S. (2007). Bureaucratic transfers in India: The political economy of patronage. India Review, 6(2), 161-177."},{"key":"65","unstructured":"Paul, S. (2002). Holding the state to account: Citizen charters in India. Public Administration and Development, 22(2), 103-112."},{"key":"66","unstructured":"Peters, B. G. (2010). The politics of bureaucracy: An introduction to comparative public administration (6th ed.). Routledge."},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, B. G., & Pierre, J. (2004). Politicization of the civil service in comparative perspective: The quest for control. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203799857"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, A. (2014). Transparency and accountability in Indian public administration: A case study of the RTI Act. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 60(3), 499-512.","DOI":"10.1177\/0019556120140118"},{"key":"69","unstructured":"Roy, A. (2020). Administrative reforms and the Indian state: The role of accountability institutions. Governance, 33(2), 345-363."},{"key":"70","unstructured":"Second Administrative Reforms Commission. (2008). Refurbishing personnel administration: Scaling new heights (10th Report). Government of India."},{"key":"71","unstructured":"Sharma, P. (2015). Bureaucracy and governance in India. Rawat Publications."},{"key":"72","unstructured":"Singh, S. (2012). Transparency and accountability in India: A study of the RTI Act. Concept Publishing Company."},{"key":"73","unstructured":"Srinivasan, J., & Chaudhuri, S. (2017). The digital lives of poor women in India: A study of financial inclusion. Development and Change, 48(4), 1010-1032."},{"key":"74","unstructured":"Weber, M. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology (H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills, Eds. & Trans.). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"75","unstructured":"Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (A. M. Henderson & T. Parsons, Trans.). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"76","unstructured":"World Bank. (2020). Improving public sector performance through innovation and inter-agency coordination. World Bank."},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanow, D. (2000). Conducting interpretive policy analysis. Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983747"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/3\/3","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/3\/3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:39Z","timestamp":1762613859000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-02","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:09:15Z","timestamp":1767028155360,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines the Russia\u2013India\u2013China (RIC) Troika as an informal coordination mechanism operating at the intersection of global governance, legal\u2013political authority, and multipolar order-building. Rather than treating RIC as a proto-alliance, the study conceptualises it as a consultative nucleus that shapes reform agendas through narrative alignment and forum spillover into institutional \u201camplifiers\u201d such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). The analysis is guided by three research questions: (RQ1) how RIC influences global governance reform agendas; (RQ2) what legal\u2013political effects sanctions regimes and counter-strategies have on RIC cooperation and Global South bargaining power; and (RQ3) under what constraints RIC translates sovereignty and reform narratives into institutional outcomes. Methodologically, the article employs qualitative analytical synthesis combining geopolitical analysis, discourse-oriented interpretation of governance frames, and policy-relevant institutional mapping. The findings show that contemporary sanctions regimes function as quasi-legal infrastructures of governance, extending authority through compliance ecosystems and control over financial and trade networks. This environment increases incentives for selective RIC convergence (energy reorientation, settlement diversification, connectivity initiatives) while also deepening asymmetry risks and intensifying India\u2019s hedging constraints. RIC\u2019s most robust effects are indirect: agenda-setting, coalition sequencing, and migration of preferences into BRICS\/SCO outputs. However, translation from narrative to institution remains structurally bounded by India\u2013China rivalry, power imbalances, and the embeddedness of existing global infrastructures. The article concludes that RIC contributes to \u201cpluralisation without emancipation\u201d: it expands bargaining room for parts of the Global South through institutional diversification, yet can reproduce new dependencies and hierarchies. The contribution is a governance-centred account of how informal trilateralism mediates contested legality and authority in a multiplex world order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1767027993000},"page":"150-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The RIC Troika and the Legal\u2013Political Reconfiguration of Global Governance: Sanctions, Institutional Innovation, and North\u2013South Power Rebalancing"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0563-4227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar Kashyap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3390-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somnath","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya, A. (2017). After liberal hegemony: The advent of a multiplex world order. Ethics & International Affairs, 31(3), 271\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S089267941700020X","DOI":"10.1017\/S089267941700020X"},{"key":"311","unstructured":"Bank for International Settlements (BIS). (June 2023). BIS Annual Economic Report 2023, Research & Publications. https:\/\/www.bis.org\/publ\/arpdf\/ar2023e.pdf"},{"key":"312","unstructured":"BRICS. (2023). Johannesburg II Declaration (XV BRICS Summit). Government of South Africa: BRICS Chairship."},{"key":"313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly, R. (2018). Russia's Response to Sanctions: How Western Economic Statecraft is Reshaping Political Economy in Russia. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108227346","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108227346"},{"key":"314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurrell, A. (2006). Hegemony, liberalism and global order: What space for would-be great powers? International Affairs, 82(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2006.00512.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2006.00512.x"},{"key":"315","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023, International Energy Agency. https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070\/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf"},{"key":"316","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund (IMF). (April, 2022). War sets back the global recovery. World Economic Outlook-2022. International Monetary Fund. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/issues\/2022\/04\/19\/world-economic-outlook-april-2022"},{"key":"317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The end of liberal international order? International Affairs, 94(1), 7\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iix241","DOI":"10.1093\/ia\/iix241"},{"key":"318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarski, M. (2015). Russia-China Relations in the Post-Crisis International Order (1st ed.). Routledge, London. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315757803","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315757803"},{"key":"319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashin, V. B. (2022). Rossiya, Kitay i ukrainskiy krizis [Russia, China, and the Ukrainian crisis]. Rossiya v global\u2019noy politike, 20(2), 204\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31278\/1810-6439-2022-20-2-204-212","DOI":"10.31278\/1810-6439-2022-20-2-204-212"},{"key":"320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krauthammer, C. (1990). The unipolar moment. Foreign Affairs, 70(1), 23\u201333.","DOI":"10.2307\/20044692"},{"key":"321","unstructured":"Lo, B. (2008). Axis of convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the new geopolitics. Chatham House; Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"322","unstructured":"Malhotra, S. (Feb, 2023). India\u2019s G20 presidency: Bridging the North-South divide. Observer Research Foundation (Expert Speak). https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/expert-speak\/indias-g20-presidency-bridging-the-north-south-divide"},{"key":"323","unstructured":"Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). (2021). Joint Communique of the 18th Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Russian Federation, the Republic of India and the People\u2019s Republic of China. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl\/34540\/joint+communique+of+the+18th+meeting+of+the+foreign+ministers+of+the+russian+federation+the+republic+of+india+and+the+peoples+republic+of+china"},{"key":"324","unstructured":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China. (2025). Joint Statement by the People\u2019s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Global Strategic Stability. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China. https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/zy\/jj\/xjpdelsjxgsfwcxjnslwgzzslqd\/202505\/t20250509_11617864.html"},{"key":"325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, F. & Papa, M. (May 2021). India\u2019s multi-alignment management and the Russia\u2013India\u2013China (RIC) triangle. International Affairs, 97(3), 801\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiab036","DOI":"10.1093\/ia\/iiab036"},{"key":"326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 550\u2013557.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.004"},{"key":"327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuenkel, O. (2014). Emerging powers and status: The case of the first BRICs summit. Asian Perspective, 39(1), 89\u2013109. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42704855","DOI":"10.1353\/apr.2014.0003"},{"key":"328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuenkel, O. (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2nd ed.). Lexington Books (Imprint), Bloomsbury Publishing. https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/us\/brics-and-the-future-of-global-order-9781498567275\/","DOI":"10.5040\/9781978730687"},{"key":"329","unstructured":"Weitz, R. (2025). Middle East Crises Highlight Constrained Russia-China-India Cooperation. The Asan Forum, Special Forum Issue. https:\/\/theasanforum.org\/middle-east-crises-highlight-constrained-russia-china-india-cooperation\/"},{"key":"330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, N. (January 2001). Making the IMF and the World Bank more Accountable. International Affairs, 77(1), 83\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-2346.00179","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2346.00179"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/15\/9","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/15\/9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:37Z","timestamp":1767027997000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/15"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-04","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:40Z","timestamp":1783455280452,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines the relationship between artificial intelligence adoption, data protection regulation and organisational trust in Europe. Rather than treating regulation as an external obstacle to innovation, it argues that legal frameworks can become confidence infrastructure when organisations have the capacity to translate legal duties into practical routines. Organisational trust is framed as a condition of action under uncertainty, shaped by legal clarity, professional expertise, governance capacity and calibrated reliance on automated systems. The analysis uses Eurostat data on enterprise AI adoption in 2024 and 2025 and compares EU Member States through a transparent ordinary least-squares model. The model indicates strong path-dependence: previous adoption explains most cross-national variation in 2025 AI use. Robustness checks excluding the Netherlands, which Eurostat flags as a 2025 break in time series, do not materially alter the result. Residual differences nevertheless reveal acceleration and drag, suggesting that diffusion also depends on skills, sectoral composition, institutional capacity and governance readiness. The findings show that lack of relevant expertise, uncertainty about legal consequences and concerns about data protection and privacy operate as measurable adoption frictions among enterprises that considered but did not use AI. The article concludes that Europe\u2019s AI challenge is not a simple trade-off between competitiveness and compliance; GDPR safeguards and phased AI Act risk governance can support organisational confidence when translated into AI literacy, data protection routines, human oversight, documentation and intelligible decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-02","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"18-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Compliance to Confidence: AI Diffusion, GDPR and Organisational Trust in Europe"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7287-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matea","family":"Novak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1465-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateja","family":"Kova\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mato","family":"Njavro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big data\u2019s disparate impact. California Law Review, 104(3), 671\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15779\/Z38BG31","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2477899"},{"key":"375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrell, J. (2016). How the machine \u201cthinks\u201d: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951715622512","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715622512"},{"key":"376","unstructured":"CMS. (2026). GDPR Enforcement Tracker Report 2026: Numbers and figures. Retrieved July 4, 2026, from https:\/\/cms.law\/en\/deu\/publication\/GDPR-Enforcement-Tracker-Report\/numbers-and-figures"},{"key":"377","unstructured":"Decision (EU) 2022\/2481 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 establishing the Digital Decade Policy Programme 2030. (2022). Official Journal of the European Union, L 323, 4\u201326. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dec\/2022\/2481\/oj"},{"key":"378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enholm, I. M., Papagiannidis, E., Mikalef, P., & Krogstie, J. (2022). Artificial intelligence and business value: A literature review. Information Systems Frontiers, 24(5), 1709\u20131734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-021-10186-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10186-w"},{"key":"379","unstructured":"European Commission. (2025, April 9). The AI Continent Action Plan. Shaping Europe\u2019s Digital Future. Retrieved July 4, 2026, from https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ai-continent-action-plan"},{"key":"380","unstructured":"Eurostat. (2026a). Artificial intelligence by size class of enterprise (isoc_eb_ai) [Data set]. Eurostat Data Browser. Retrieved July 4, 2026, from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2908\/isoc_eb_ai"},{"key":"381","unstructured":"Eurostat. (2026b, June 2). Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises. Statistics Explained. Retrieved July 4, 2026, from https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_enterprises"},{"key":"382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felzmann, H., Fosch Villaronga, E., Lutz, C., & Tam\u00f2-Larrieux, A. (2019). Transparency you can trust: Transparency requirements for artificial intelligence between legal norms and contextual concerns. Big Data & Society, 6(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951719860542","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719860542"},{"key":"383","unstructured":"Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford University Press."},{"key":"384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glikson, E., & Woolley, A. W. (2020). Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research. 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The continent increasingly supplies data, labour and digital markets for AI systems while exercising limited control over the infrastructures, standards and rules that govern them. This article argues that the resulting dependency is reproduced through four mechanisms: data extraction and value capture, infrastructural dependency, asymmetric rule-making and algorithmic power. It examines African legal and policy responses, including data protection laws, the Malabo Convention, the AfCFTA Digital Trade Protocol and the African Continental AI Strategy, against influential external frameworks such as the OECD AI Principles and the EU AI Act. India and Brazil are used as bounded comparative cases to test whether stronger state capacity or rights-based legal frameworks overcome algorithmic dependency. The article concludes that they do not eliminate dependency but reconfigure it. It therefore proposes the Algorithmic Dependency and Data Sovereignty Model (ADDSM) as a diagnostic tool for sequencing governance, infrastructure, economic and enforcement reforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"30-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital Colonialism and Algorithmic Power: Data Sovereignty and AI Governance in the Global South"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2973-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Chinonye","family":"Onuchukwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9869-0814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oghomwen Rita","family":"Ohiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"401","unstructured":"African Union. 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Joint statement initiative on e-commerce. https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/ecom_e\/joint_statement_e.htm"},{"key":"459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, H., Ledwidge, M. T., Fadahunsi, K. P., Lee, H.-Y., Wu, J., Morrow, S., Nisar, Y. B., Mbakaya, B., O\u2019Donoghue, J., & Gallagher, J. (2025). Global artificial intelligence (AI) governance, trust, and ethics for sustainable health (GATES): A protocol for methodological framework. VeriXiv, 2, Article 187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/verixiv.1380.1","DOI":"10.12688\/verixiv.1380.1"},{"key":"460","unstructured":"Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs."}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/26\/13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/26\/13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:30:14Z","timestamp":1783452614000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/26"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-03","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:15:29Z","timestamp":1766182529154,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article develops an interdisciplinary framework for assessing the external legitimacy of governments at the intersection of international law and political science. Building on Jean d\u2019Aspremont\u2019s distinction between legitimacy by origin (the source of authority) and by performance (how authority is exercised), it integrates David Beetham\u2019s triad \u2013 legality, normative justifiability, and expressed consent \u2013 with J\u00fcrgen Habermas\u2019s account of discursive legitimation and the rule of law. We argue that since the end of the Cold War, recognition and accreditation practices in international and regional organizations have primarily qualified governments based on their origin (e.g., elections), but increasingly disqualify them based on performance, especially in cases involving illiberal democracies or unconstitutional changes of government. To make these dynamics tractable, the article advances an operational matrix that links origin \u2013 and performance-based tests to concrete legal and political effects (recognition\/seating; credential deferral; suspension; targeted sanctions) and embeds due-process and restoration pathways. The framework clarifies how external legitimacy interacts with internal (sociological) legitimacy, treating the latter as evidentiary input rather than a determinant. Methodologically, it proceeds through theory-led synthesis and structured operationalization (rather than case studies), yielding policy design implications for organizations: transparency of reasoning, graduated and proportionate measures, and institutional safeguards. The result is a principled and comparable approach that shows why origin-only tests are inadequate wherever rights, the rule of law, and public justification are systematically compromised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-01","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1762613841000},"page":"11-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Who Speaks for the State? External Legitimacy, Illiberal Democracy, and the Origin\u2013Performance Test"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Iwanowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"17","unstructured":"African Union (AU). (2007). African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/au.int\/en\/treaties\/african-charter-democracy-elections-and-governance"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, S., Clark, R., & Kaya, A. (2025). Power by proxy: Participation as a resource in global governance. The Review of International Organizations. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11558-025-09585-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11558-025-09585-4"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beetham, D. (1991). The legitimation of power. Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-21599-7"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brundage, J. (2023). Representation and recognition: State sovereignty as performative. American Journal of Sociology, 128(5), 1335\u20131380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/724674","DOI":"10.1086\/724674"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"d\u2019Aspremont, J. (2006). Legitimacy of governments in the age of democracy. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 38(4), 877\u2013918. Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/nyujilp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/38.4-dAspremont.pdf"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik, B., Iwanowska, B., & Kapranov, Y. (2023). The Digital Geo-Mapping Database and Platform of Holocaust and Genocide Processes in Europe (1933\u20131945): Reference to the Resources from Belarus. Acta Humanitatis, 1(2), 107-128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/ah-01.02.2023-02","DOI":"10.5709\/ah-01.02.2023-02"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, C. (2011). Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics. European Journal of International Relations, 17(2), 327\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1354066109350055","DOI":"10.1177\/1354066109350055"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"Forbes. (2023). Elizabeth Holmes. Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/profile\/elizabeth-holmes\/"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forster, T. (2024). Respected individuals: When state representatives wield outsize influence in international organizations. International Affairs, 100(2), 567\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiad226","DOI":"10.1093\/ia\/iiad226"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1975). Legitimation crisis. Polity \/ Wiley. Retrieved 12 August 2025 from https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/legitimationcris0000habe"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action, Vol. 1: Reason and the rationalization of society. Beacon Press. Retrieved 13 August 2025 from https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/theoryofcommunic01habe"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action, Vol. 2: Lifeworld and system. Beacon Press. Retrieved 13 August 2025 from https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lifeworld-and-system-a-critique-of-functionalist-reason-jurgen-habermas-thomas-m_202402"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. MIT Press. Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262082433\/between-facts-and-norms\/","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1564.001.0001"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1998). The inclusion of the other: Studies in political theory. MIT Press. Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262581868\/the-inclusion-of-the-other\/"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heberer, T. (2019). Representation in a context across political orders and the Chinese case. Journal of Chinese Governance, 4(4), 339\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23812346.2019.1672363","DOI":"10.1080\/23812346.2019.1672363"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/competitive-authoritarianism\/","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511781353"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limerick, N. (2020). Speaking for a state: Standardized Kichwa greetings and conundrums of commensuration in intercultural Ecuador. Signs and Society, 8(2), 185\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/708164","DOI":"10.1086\/708164"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcloughlin, C. (2024). Public services as carriers of ideas that (de-)legitimise the state: The illustrative case of free education in Sri Lanka. 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Retrieved 10 August 2025 from https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/1997-11-01\/rise-illiberal-democracy","DOI":"10.2307\/20048274"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/2\/2","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/2\/2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:42Z","timestamp":1762613862000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-01","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:24Z","timestamp":1783455264748,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As artificial intelligence develops rapidly, people increasingly turn to it for interpreting and translation, driven by interpreter shortages, rising caseloads, and cost. This article asks whether AI-mediated interpreting and machine translation can satisfy the right to a fair trial of persons who do not understand the language of the proceedings, and for whom the technology fails most severely. Using a doctrinal and normative method, it reconstructs the right to language assistance under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Directive 2010\/64\/EU, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a right to adequate language assistance, calibrated to the actual communicative capacity of the person. It argues that generic systems trained on adult speech and high-resource standard languages cannot guarantee adequacy and fail most visibly for vulnerable and intergenerational court users, with children as the clearest case, in criminal proceedings and in the cross-border hearing of the child. Situating the question within the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, Council of Europe instruments, and the 2026 Joint Statement on Artificial Intelligence and the Rights of the Child, the article proposes an adequacy standard, mandatory human oversight, and restrictions on unedited machine output in proceedings affecting vulnerable parties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"67-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fair Trial in a Machine-Translated World: AI Interpreting and the Right to Adequate Language Assistance"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Stadnicze\u0144ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"489","unstructured":"Aguirre Zarraga v. 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Framework convention on artificial intelligence and human rights, democracy and the rule of law (CETS No. 225). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680afae3c"},{"key":"501","unstructured":"Council Regulation (EU) 2019\/1111 of 25 June 2019 on jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, and on international child abduction (recast). (2019). Official Journal of the European Union, L 178, 1\u2013115."},{"key":"502","unstructured":"Covaci, Case C-216\/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:686 (Court of Justice of the European Union, First Chamber, October 15, 2015)."},{"key":"503","unstructured":"Directive 2010\/64\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings. (2010). Official Journal of the European Union, L 280, 1\u20137."},{"key":"504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enqvist, L. (2023). \u2018Human oversight\u2019 in the EU Artificial Intelligence Act: What, when and by whom? Law, Innovation and Technology, 15(2), 508\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17579961.2023.2245683","DOI":"10.1080\/17579961.2023.2245683"},{"key":"505","unstructured":"European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice. (2018). European ethical charter on the use of artificial intelligence in judicial systems and their environment. Council of Europe. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/ethical-charter-en-for-publication-4-december-2018\/16808f699c"},{"key":"506","unstructured":"European Court of Human Rights. (n.d.). Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to a fair trial (criminal limb). Council of Europe. Retrieved July 2, 2026, from https:\/\/ks.echr.coe.int\/web\/echr-ks\/article-6-criminal"},{"key":"507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerosa, M., Giuliani, D., & Brugnara, F. (2007). 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Testing neural machine translation against different levels of specialisation: An exploratory investigation across legal genres and languages. trans-kom, 16(1), 174\u2013209."},{"key":"518","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). (2024). Official Journal of the European Union, L, 2024\/1689. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\/eng"},{"key":"519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savoldi, B., Gaido, M., Bentivogli, L., Negri, M., & Turchi, M. (2021). Gender bias in machine translation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 9, 845\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00401","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00401"},{"key":"520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivakumar, P. G., & Georgiou, P. (2020). Transfer learning from adult to children for speech recognition: Evaluation, analysis and recommendations. Computer Speech & Language, 63, Article 101077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csl.2020.101077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2020.101077"},{"key":"521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, L. N., O\u2019Hagan, M., & O\u2019Sullivan, C. (2021). Understanding the societal impacts of machine translation: A critical review of the literature on medical and legal use cases. Information, Communication & Society, 24(11), 1515\u20131532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1776370","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1776370"},{"key":"522","unstructured":"Vigier-Moreno, F. J., & P\u00e9rez-Mac\u00edas, L. (2022). Assessing neural machine translation of court documents: A case study on the translation of a Spanish remand order into English. 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SSRN. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5040351","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5040351"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/28\/15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/28\/15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:27:58Z","timestamp":1783452478000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/28"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-05","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:15:52Z","timestamp":1766182552314,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of Russian\u2013Belarusian defence cooperation from 1992 to 2023, situating it at the intersection of international security law and strategic studies. It reconstructs the legal\u2013institutional framework underpinning integration, beginning with bilateral agreements in the early 1990s, expanding through the 1997 Union Treaty and 1999\/2000 Union State Treaty, and consolidated by post-2017 implementation acts. The study demonstrates how declaratory commitments have been transformed into operational mechanisms, particularly through the Regional Grouping of Forces (RGF), joint planning, coordinated procurement, border management, and the legal status of Russian facilities on Belarusian territory. By linking treaty obligations to observable military practices, the article develops a sovereignty-sensitive framework that evaluates Belarus\u2019s constrained autonomy in procurement, basing, and command authority. It also assesses the implications for NATO\u2019s eastern flank, highlighting reduced warning times, expanded Russian strategic depth, and the compression of operational timelines in the Suwa\u0142ki corridor and adjacent sectors. The findings underscore how defence integration has become legally entrenched, operationally resilient, and asymmetrically structured, while simultaneously framed by Minsk and Moscow as defensive and stabilising within the Union State\u2019s security concept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1762613841000},"page":"62-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Defence Integration between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus (1992\u20132023): Legal Foundations, Military Mechanisms, and Implications for European Security"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wyczawski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7316-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"120","unstructured":"American German Institute (AGI). 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Military exercises of Russia and Belarus as a response to the intensification of NATO military activities. Eurasia.Expert, 3(12), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18254\/S271332140013177-1","DOI":"10.18254\/S271332140013177-1"},{"key":"184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zverev, Y. (2021). Joint Russian-Belarusian strategic exercise \u201cWest-2021\u201d: Scale, goals, design, course, reactions abroad. Eurasia.Expert, 4(15), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18254\/S271332140016975-9","DOI":"10.18254\/S271332140016975-9"},{"key":"185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zverev, Y., & Mezhevich, N. (2022). The Republic of Belarus and the Kaliningrad region of Russia as a sub-regional security complex. Baltic Region, 14(3), 59\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5922\/2079-8555-2022-3-4","DOI":"10.5922\/2079-8555-2022-3-4"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/5\/5","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/5\/5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T14:57:26Z","timestamp":1762613846000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.01.2025-04","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:44:15Z","timestamp":1783118655791,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines how the legitimacy of political authority is being reshaped by the rise of the digital state, where public power is increasingly exercised through algorithms, automated decision systems, and data infrastructures. It argues that classical legitimacy theories\u2014associated with Weberian authority, Easton\u2019s systemic approach, Luhmann\u2019s (1990) self-legitimation, Lipset\u2019s conviction-based legitimacy, and process-oriented accounts such as Weso\u0142owski\u2019s reflective action and Biernat\u2019s constitutive legitimation\u2014remain analytically valuable but require translation into the operational logic of algorithmic governance. The paper proposes a working definition of algorithmic legitimacy as the publicly defensible right to govern via computational systems, sustained when procedures are explainable and contestable, outcomes meet auditable thresholds of fairness and reliability, and affected publics have meaningful routes of participation and redress. Reframing Easton\u2019s input\u2013throughput\u2013output model through a \u201cdata pipeline\u201d lens, the article shows that legitimacy is now produced and tested across data acquisition, model design, deployment, and performance monitoring. It also highlights how Luhmann\u2019s self-referential legitimation can intensify under algorithmic systems that cite their own metrics and audits as justification, risking opaque auto-justification unless paired with epistemic transparency and public reason-giving. Drawing on belief-based and reflexive perspectives, the article emphasizes that accuracy or efficiency alone cannot secure legitimacy: legitimacy depends on procedural due process (notice, explanation, appeal), correction capacity, and citizen oversight. The conclusion advances a multidimensional test for algorithmic rule: legitimate digital governance must integrate participatory design (input), transparent and contestable pipelines (throughput), and audited, just outcomes with timely redress (output). Algorithmic legitimacy is therefore reflexive by design\u2014earned through iterative justification, error-handling, and democratic accountability rather than presumed from technical correctness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1767027993000},"page":"130-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Algorithmic Legitimacy and the Digital State:  Rethinking Governance, Trust, and Accountability in the Age of AI"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Iwanowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abiri, G. (2024). 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Legitymizacja w\u0142adzy politycznej [The legitimization of political power]. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Miko\u0142aja Kopernika."},{"key":"271","unstructured":"Burdeau, G. (1969). Trait\u00e9 de science politique. Tome 1: Le pouvoir politique [Treatise of political science. Vol. 1: Political power]. LGDJ."},{"key":"272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busuioc, M. (2020). Accountable artificial intelligence: Holding algorithms to account. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 825\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/puar.13293","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13293"},{"key":"273","unstructured":"Deutsch, K. W. (1963). The nerves of government: Models of political communication and control. Free Press."},{"key":"274","unstructured":"Easton, D. (1965). A framework for political analysis. Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"275","unstructured":"Ferrero, G. (1942). The principles of power: The great political crises of history. Putnam."},{"key":"276","unstructured":"Friedrich, C. J. (1963). Man and his government. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"277","unstructured":"Gaus, D. (2011). The dynamics of legitimation: Why the study of political legitimacy needs more realism (RECON Online Working Paper No. 2011\/15). University of Oslo. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/8252198\/The_Dynamics_of_Legitimation_Why_the_Study_of_Political_Legitimacy_Needs_More_Realism"},{"key":"278","unstructured":"Gebethner, S. (1985). Systemy polityczne wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnego \u015bwiata [Political systems of the contemporary world]. Pa\u0144stwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe."},{"key":"279","unstructured":"Goldsmith, S., & Yang, J. (2025). AI and the transformation of accountability and discretion in urban governance. arXiv. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.13101"},{"key":"280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ign\u00e1cz, Z. S. (2024). The relationship between political legitimacy and economic legitimacy: Empirical explorations of a novel research approach on legitimacy. 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(1997). Legitymizacja system\u00f3w politycznych [Legitimation of political systems]. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej."},{"key":"301","unstructured":"Tarkowski, J. (1994). Socjologia \u015bwiata polityki. Instytut Studi\u00f3w Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk."},{"key":"302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Ham, C., & Thomassen, J. (2017). The myth of legitimacy decline: An empirical evaluation of trends in political support in established democracies. In C. van Ham, J. Thomassen, K. Aarts, & R. Andeweg (Eds.), Myth and reality of the legitimacy crisis: Explaining trends and cross-national differences in established democracies (pp. 11\u201329). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198793717.001.0001","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198793717.001.0001"},{"key":"303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vonsovych, S. H. (2021). Evolution vectors of legitimacy theory as an attribute of power: Past and present. 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Technology in Society, 70, 101926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.101926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.101926"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/14\/8","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/14\/8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:43Z","timestamp":1767028003000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/14"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-03","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:09:22Z","timestamp":1767028162651,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping democratic governance in Southeast Asia through a comparative study of Indonesia and the Philippines. Rather than treating \u201cAI in courts,\u201d \u201cAI in public administration,\u201d and \u201cAI in elections\u201d as separate debates, the study integrates these domains and argues that democracy-related outcomes emerge from their interaction across the governance cycle\u2014from rights-sensitive adjudication and service delivery to the formation of electoral preferences. The analysis is guided by two complementary lenses: democratic accountability (traceability, contestability, liability\/answerability, auditability) and digital and platform sovereignty (control over data and public infrastructures versus dependence on transnational platform ecosystems). Methodologically, the article employs a qualitative comparative case-study design based on documentary analysis of legal instruments, policy strategies, regulator and electoral-body guidance, institutional reports, and peer-reviewed scholarship within a 2020\u20132025 timeframe. The findings indicate that the most immediate democratic risks arise not from fully autonomous \u201cAI government,\u201d but from the institutional embedding of AI-capable infrastructures that become decision-relevant in practice. In the justice sector, procedural digitisation creates pathways toward Machine-Involved Judgment (MIJ) when decision-support outputs shape discretion without robust disclosure, auditable trails, or meaningful review routes. In public administration, integrated GovTech architectures intensify Automated Policymaking (APM) dynamics, where eligibility and access rules are executed through platforms, amplifying demands for contestability and independent oversight. In elections, Algorithmic Political Persuasion (APP)\u2014microtargeting, synthetic media, and platform optimisation\u2014poses the most time-sensitive threats to voter autonomy and electoral integrity, prompting uneven but increasingly explicit platform-facing interventions. The article contributes an integrated analytical toolkit for democratic AI governance and derives risk-based recommendations prioritising enforceable transparency, independent auditing, and effective remedies aligned with citizen sovereignty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-02","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1767027993000},"page":"111-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Courts to Campaigns:  AI, Accountability, and Digital Sovereignty in Indonesia and the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3589-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A Muh","family":"Farid Paradigma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfrink, K., Keller, I., Kortuem, G., & Doorn, N. 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(2019). Directive on automated decision-making. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.tbs-sct.canada.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592"},{"key":"260","unstructured":"UNESCO, & United Nations Development Programme. (2024). Preventing and mitigating the misuse of generative AI in elections (Issue brief). https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000391010"},{"key":"261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Floridi, L. (2017). Why a right to explanation of automated decision-making does not exist in the General Data Protection Regulation. International Data Privacy Law, 7(2), 76\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/idpl\/ipx005","DOI":"10.1093\/idpl\/ipx005"},{"key":"262","unstructured":"Weizenbaum Institute. (2024, June 25). Digital sovereignty: Ways toward a self-determined future. https:\/\/fundamentals.weizenbaum-institut.de\/en\/digital-sovereignty\/"},{"key":"263","unstructured":"Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE."},{"key":"264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. J., M\u00f6ller, J., Kruikemeier, S., \u00d3 Fathaigh, R., Irion, K., Dobber, T., Bodo, B., & de Vreese, C. H. (2018). Online political microtargeting: Promises and threats for democracy. 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Focusing on Hungary, Poland, and Moldova, the study conceptualises regression as \u201cbacksliding by law,\u201d whereby incumbents preserve electoral procedures while incrementally converting the rule of law into an instrument of executive entrenchment through judicial governance reforms, oversight capture, and administrative reconfiguration. The analysis synthesises research showing that post-communist institutional opportunity structures\u2014weak checks and balances, corruption, and clientelist governance\u2014lower the costs of institutional conversion and facilitate the consolidation of aspiring dominant-party regimes. It further demonstrates how ethnopopulism supplies a legitimating infrastructure for illiberal reforms by reframing liberal constraints as obstacles to popular sovereignty and by intensifying regime divides and affective polarisation. External pressures are treated as conditional amplification rather than a standalone cause. While Russia-linked disinformation and political penetration are widely discussed, the evidence for direct authoritarian diffusion remains contested; external influence appears most consequential where domestic institutions are already weak and where incumbents can operationalise sovereignty narratives. The article also highlights the ambivalent role of the European Union: integration may constrain illiberalism yet unintentionally enable executive strengthening and weak domestic institutions, thereby facilitating strategic compliance and continued institutional conversion. The study contributes by specifying interaction effects among capture, legitimation, and amplification mechanisms and by identifying research gaps concerning Moldova, local-level dynamics, and the long-term institutional consequences of EU interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-01","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1767027993000},"page":"83-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Democracy in Retreat: Structural and Historical Drivers of Eastern European Politics"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6991-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ipshita","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ananda, A., & Dawson, J. (2023). Cultural liberalism in Eastern and Western Europe: A societal antidote to democratic backsliding? Journal of European Public Policy, 31, 801\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2179101","DOI":"10.1080\/13501763.2023.2179101"},{"key":"187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhard, M. (2021). Democratic backsliding in Poland and Hungary. Slavic Review, 80, 585\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/slr.2021.145","DOI":"10.1017\/slr.2021.145"},{"key":"188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bill, S., & Stanley, B. (2025). Democracy after illiberalism: A warning from Poland. Journal of Democracy, 36, 16\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/jod.2025.a964585","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2025.a964585"},{"key":"189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackington, C., Dimitrova, A., Ionita, I., & Vachudova, M. (2024). Mobilizing against democratic backsliding: What motivates protestors in Central and Eastern Europe? 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Jej dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 naukowa koncentruje si\u0119 na polityce por\u00f3wnawczej i sprawach europejskich, ze szczeg\u00f3lnym uwzgl\u0119dnieniem zarz\u0105dzania demokratycznego, zmian instytucjonalnych oraz styku prawa i polityki w Europie postkomunistycznej."}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/12\/6","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/12\/6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:53Z","timestamp":1767028013000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/12"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-01","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:39Z","timestamp":1783455279134,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generative AI is lowering the cost of producing campaign messages that combine music, humour, and platform-native short video. This article examines the circulation of \"Yowerii\", an AI-assisted Amapiano campaign sound used in pro-Museveni digital communication during Uganda\u2019s 2025-2026 electoral cycle. The study deliberately reframes the project as a non-experimental digital trace case study rather than a causal field experiment. It analyses platform metrics captured on 15 March 2026 from one TikTok post and one YouTube upload, together generating 541,403 views, 49,000 likes, 976 public comments, 2,221 shares, 1,835 favourites, and 58,200 public TikTok sound uses. It also reports a qualitative content analysis of the available TikTok comment corpus (n = 775). The findings show high visible engagement, substantial participatory sound reuse, and a comment ecology dominated by positive campaign support, humour appreciation, and political debate. The data do not prove persuasion, turnout, or vote conversion. The article contributes to research on AI-mediated political communication by showing how synthetic campaign music can function as a platformed participation object, while raising legal and policy questions about disclosure, campaign accountability, platform labelling, and youth-targeted algorithmic persuasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"109-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-Generated Campaign Music and Platformed Political Participation: A Digital Trace Case Study of the \u201cYowerii\u201d Amapiano Sound in Uganda\u2019s 2025-2026 Electoral Cycle"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0787-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Winyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"602","unstructured":"African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, & Intergovernmental Authority on Development. (2026, January 15). Preliminary statement to the Republic of Uganda: 15 January 2026 general elections. https:\/\/www.peaceau.org\/en\/article\/the-african-union-common-market-for-eastern-and-southern-africa-and-the-inter-governmental-authority-on-development-election-observation-mission-preliminary-statement-to-the-republic-of-uganda-15-january-2026-general-elections"},{"key":"603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0267323118760317","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323118760317"},{"key":"604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch, T. (2017). Twitter activism and youth in South Africa: The case of #RhodesMustFall. Information, Communication & Society, 20(2), 221\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1162829","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1162829"},{"key":"605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190696726.001.0001"},{"key":"606","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., & Li, Y. (2026). Political Content Engagement Model: A large-scale analysis of TikTok political video content features and audience engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 174, Article 108808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108808"},{"key":"607","unstructured":"Electoral Commission of Uganda. (2025). Polling dates for presidential, parliamentary and local government councils elections, 2026 (revised). https:\/\/ec.or.ug\/news\/polling-dates-presidential-parliamentary-and-local-government-councils-elections-2026-revised"},{"key":"#cr-split#-608.1","unstructured":"European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-608.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union, L 2024\/1689. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\/eng"},{"key":"609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, A., van den Hoogen, E., Tulin, M., & de Vreese, C. (2025). Generative AI generating concerns: Citizens\u2019 perspectives during the 2024 European elections. The International Journal of Press\/Politics. 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Prototype politics: Technology-intensive campaigning and the data of democracy. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199350247.001.0001"},{"key":"614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiss, D., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). Technology firms shape political communication: The work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with campaigns during the 2016 U.S. presidential cycle. Political Communication, 35(2), 155\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10584609.2017.1364814","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2017.1364814"},{"key":"615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Cheng, Z., & Gil de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, H. (2025). TikTok\u2019s political landscape: Examining echo chambers and political expression dynamics. New Media & Society. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448251339755","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448251339755"},{"key":"616","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141abuz, M., & Soczy\u0144ski, S. (2026). Deep fakes as a tool of political advertising: Can regulatory framework benefit from the \u201cShip of Theseus\u201d paradox? Technology in Society, 84, Article 103060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2025.103060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2025.103060"},{"key":"617","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/267990","DOI":"10.1086\/267990"},{"key":"618","unstructured":"OECD. (2024). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/one.oecd.org\/document\/C\/MIN(2024)17\/en"},{"key":"619","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199999736.001.0001"},{"key":"620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paris, B., & Donovan, J. (2019). Deepfakes and cheap fakes: The manipulation of audio and visual evidence. Data & Society Research Institute. https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/deepfakes-and-cheap-fakes\/","DOI":"10.69985\/GTFQ8529"},{"key":"621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauchfleisch, A., Jungherr, A., & Wuttke, A. (2025). Explaining public preferences for regulating artificial intelligence in election campaigns: Evidence from the U.S. and Taiwan. Telecommunications Policy, 49(10), Article 103072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.telpol.2025.103072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2025.103072"},{"key":"622","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauchfleisch, A., Vogler, D., & de Seta, G. (2025). Deepfakes or synthetic media? The effect of euphemisms for labeling technology on risk and benefit perceptions. Social Media + Society, 11(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20563051251350975","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051251350975"},{"key":"623","unstructured":"Republic of Uganda. (2019). Data Protection and Privacy Act, 2019. https:\/\/ict.go.ug\/site\/documents\/Data-Protection-and-Privacy-Act-2019.pdf"},{"key":"624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanishyn, A., Malytska, O., & Goncharuk, V. (2025). AI-driven disinformation: Policy recommendations for democratic resilience. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 8, Article 1569115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1569115","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1569115"},{"key":"625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solovev, K., Drolsbach, C., Demirel, E., & Pr\u00f6llochs, N. (2026). Engagement with political videos on TikTok during the 2025 German federal election. EPJ Data Science, 15, Article 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00632-7","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00632-7"},{"key":"626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Street, J., Hague, S., & Savigny, H. (2008). Playing to the crowd: The role of music and musicians in political participation. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10(2), 269\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-856X.2007.00299.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-856x.2007.00299.x"},{"key":"627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suing, A. (2025). Disinformation, AI and regulation in Ecuador\u2019s 2025 presidential election. Frontiers in Political Science, 7, Article 1624206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpos.2025.1624206","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2025.1624206"},{"key":"628","unstructured":"TikTok. (n.d.). About AI-generated content. TikTok Help Center. Retrieved July 3, 2026, from https:\/\/support.tiktok.com\/en\/using-tiktok\/creating-videos\/ai-generated-content"},{"key":"629","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2023). Guidelines for the governance of digital platforms: Safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information through a multistakeholder approach. UNESCO. https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/internet-trust\/guidelines"},{"key":"630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120903408","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120903408"},{"key":"631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulli, D., & Zulli, D. J. (2022). Extending the Internet meme: Conceptualizing technological mimesis and imitation publics on the TikTok platform. New Media & Society, 24(8), 1872\u20131890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444820983603","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820983603"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/31\/18","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/31\/18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:25:10Z","timestamp":1783452310000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/31"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-08","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:53Z","timestamp":1783455293735,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The legal profession is shifting from deterministic legal research tools to probabilistic generative systems capable of producing fluent but false legal outputs. This article proposes AI Voir Dire as a structured reliability protocol for the legal use of artificial intelligence. The concept is a procedural metaphor, not a claim that AI is a legal witness. It adapts the logic of voir dire \u2013 testing competence, bias, credibility, and admissibility \u2013 to AI-assisted legal work and AI-influenced evidence. The article distinguishes six legally distinct uses of AI: legal research and drafting, expert analysis, machine-generated evidence, synthetic media, algorithmic risk assessment, and litigation analytics. It then develops four inquiries: professional competence, methodological reliability, authenticity and provenance, and bias and due process. Recent U.S. cases show that courts are not rejecting AI categorically, but are rejecting uses that are unverified, unexplained, undisclosed, or unfairly prejudicial. The article argues that responsible AI integration requires task-specific validation, preserved audit trails, independent citation verification, disclosure where required, and nondelegable human accountability. It concludes with an AI Voir Dire protocol for legal filings, expert evidence, synthetic media authentication, and courtroom admissibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-01","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"4-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Examining The Code: The Necessary Art of the AI Voir Dire"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4474-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Higenyi Simon","family":"Kasango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"346","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules. (2025-2026). Report and agenda materials concerning proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 707 on machine-generated evidence."},{"key":"347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aletras, N., Tsarapatsanis, D., Preotiuc-Pietro, D., & Lampos, V. (2016). Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: A natural language processing perspective. PeerJ Computer Science, 2, Article e93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj-cs.93","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.93"},{"key":"348","unstructured":"American Bar Association. (n.d.). Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.1: Competence, Comment [8]."},{"key":"349","unstructured":"American Bar Association Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility. (2024, July 29). Formal Opinion 512: Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools."},{"key":"350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, K., Bench-Capon, T., & Bollegala, D. (2020). Explanation in AI and law: Past, present and future. Artificial Intelligence, 289, Article 103387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2020.103387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2020.103387"},{"key":"351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bibal, A., Lognoul, M., de Streel, A., & Frenay, B. (2021). Legal requirements on explainability in machine learning. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 29(2), 149\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-020-09270-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-020-09270-4"},{"key":"352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binns, R., Van Kleek, M., Veale, M., Lyngs, U., Zhao, J., & Shadbolt, N. (2018). \u201cIt\u2019s reducing a human being to a percentage\u201d: Perceptions of justice in algorithmic decisions. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Article 377, 1-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173951","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173951"},{"key":"353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brozek, B., Furman, M., Jakubiec, M., & Kucharzyk, B. (2024). The black box problem revisited: Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 32(2), 427-440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-023-09356-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-023-09356-9"},{"key":"354","unstructured":"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)."},{"key":"355","unstructured":"Fed. R. Civ. P. 11."},{"key":"356","unstructured":"Fed. R. Evid. 403, 702, 901, 902, 1002."},{"key":"357","unstructured":"Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)."},{"key":"358","unstructured":"Gauthier v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., No. 1:23-cv-00281, 2024 WL 4882651 (E.D. Tex. Nov. 25, 2024)."},{"key":"359","unstructured":"In re Celsius Network LLC, 655 B.R. 301 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2023)."},{"key":"360","unstructured":"Louisiana Act No. 250, 2025 Reg. Sess. (La. 2025) (concerning attorney diligence and artificially generated or altered evidence)."},{"key":"361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magesh, V., Surani, F., Dahl, M., Suzgun, M., Manning, C. D., & Ho, D. E. (2025). Hallucination-free? Assessing the reliability of leading AI legal research tools. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 22(2), 216-242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jels.12413","DOI":"10.1111\/jels.12413"},{"key":"362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, E. (2025). Re-evaluating GPT-4's bar exam performance. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 33, 581-604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-024-09396-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-024-09396-9"},{"key":"363","unstructured":"Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 678 F. Supp. 3d 443 (S.D.N.Y. 2023)."},{"key":"364","unstructured":"Matter of Weber, 2024 N.Y. Slip Op. 24258 (Sur. Ct. Saratoga County Oct. 10, 2024)."},{"key":"365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medvedeva, M., Vols, M., & Wieling, M. (2020). Using machine learning to predict decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 28, 237-266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-019-09255-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-019-09255-y"},{"key":"366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data & Society, 3(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951716679679","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716679679"},{"key":"367","unstructured":"People v. Crabill, 23PDJ067 (Colo. Presiding Disciplinary Judge Nov. 22, 2023)."},{"key":"368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"People v. Wakefield, 38 N.Y.3d 367 (2022).","DOI":"10.47577\/tssj.v38i1.7984"},{"key":"369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudin, C. (2019). Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1, 206-215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0048-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0048-x"},{"key":"370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selbst, A. D., Boyd, D., Friedler, S. A., Venkatasubramanian, S., & Vertesi, J. (2019). Fairness and abstraction in sociotechnical systems. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 59-68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287598","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"371","unstructured":"Starr, B. (2023). Mandatory certification regarding generative artificial intelligence. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Judge-Specific Requirements."},{"key":"372","unstructured":"State v. Loomis, 881 N.W.2d 749 (Wis. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 2290 (2017)."},{"key":"373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Russell, C. (2021). Why fairness cannot be automated: Bridging the gap between EU non-discrimination law and AI. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, Article 105567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105567"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/24\/11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/24\/11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:31:43Z","timestamp":1783452703000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/24"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-01","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:35Z","timestamp":1783455275814,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The institutional use of artificial intelligence (AI) in parliamentary work is expanding from transcription, translation and document management to research assistance, amendment analysis and public input processing. Yet the accountability mechanisms governing such use remain underdeveloped. Existing responsible-AI frameworks emphasise transparency, human oversight and risk management, but they are largely designed for public administration, market actors or generic public-sector deployment and only partially address parliaments as autonomous legislative institutions. This article asks who governs AI use within parliaments and where democratic accountability gaps arise when algorithmic systems mediate legislative work. Using a conceptual-normative approach grounded in theories of democratic legitimacy, political accountability and algorithmic governance, the article argues that the central problem is not algorithmic autonomy but the displacement of politically relevant choices into infrastructural systems that shape information, options and procedural conditions before formal legislative decisions are made. The article develops a four-part typology: epistemic opacity, institutional attribution, procedural oversight and democratic-legal contestation gaps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"94-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Who Governs Parliamentary AI? Accountability Gaps in the Institutional Use of AI"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6528-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordan","family":"Strui\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"568","unstructured":"Ada Lovelace Institute, AI Now Institute, & Open Government Partnership. (2021). 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Using the 2010\u20132020 global demographic baseline, the study treats differential fertility, migration-linked redistribution, religious switching, and cohort replacement as structural drivers that reconfigure the contemporary religious field. However, it argues that demographic dynamics alone cannot explain why religious belonging becomes politically consequential under conditions of existential threat. Ukraine\u2019s wartime context (2022\u20132025) demonstrates how a security agenda can translate demographic and geopolitical pressures into enforceable governance categories\u2014such as lawful\/unlawful, permitted\/prohibited, loyal\/disloyal, and domestic\/foreign-linked\u2014that reshape institutional legitimacy and everyday religious affiliation. Conceptually, the article integrates a public-religion approach with a phenomenology of the sacred to capture both institutional-public and symbolic-existential dimensions of identity transformation. Methodologically, it combines doctrinal legal analysis, structured qualitative document analysis, and process tracing of Ukraine\u2019s wartime regulatory shift, focusing on how legal instruments and institutional procedures structure the religious field during armed conflict. The analysis also evaluates the boundary between security framing and freedom of religion through a legality\u2013necessity\u2013proportionality lens, with particular attention to procedural safeguards, effective remedies, and the risk of collective effects on religious communities. The findings suggest that wartime governance can operate as a field-shaping mechanism that reorders religious authority and belonging, not merely by responding to security threats but by redefining what counts as legitimate institutional presence. At the same time, the study shows that narrow tailoring and procedural robustness are decisive for preventing rights-risk spillovers that may intensify identity polarisation, weaken civic trust, and complicate post-war reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1767027993000},"page":"172-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Religious Identity Under Pressure:  Demography, War, and Legal\u2013Political Governance in Ukraine (2010\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8895-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurii","family":"Taraban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanova, J. (1994). Public religions in the modern world. University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226190204.001.0001"},{"key":"332","unstructured":"Council of Europe. (1950). Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights). https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/convention_eng"},{"key":"333","unstructured":"Eliade, M. (1957). The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion. Harcourt, Brace."},{"key":"334","unstructured":"Eliade, M. (1971). The myth of the eternal return: Cosmos and history. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"335","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2025). World Report 2025: Ukraine. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2025\/country-chapters\/ukraine"},{"key":"336","unstructured":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2025). Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine: 1 December 2024 to 31 May 2025 (42nd periodic report). https:\/\/ukraine.ohchr.org\/en\/documents\/country-reports\/report-human-rights-situation-ukraine-1-december-2024-31-may-2025"},{"key":"337","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2025, June 9). How the global religious landscape changed from 2010 to 2020. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020\/"},{"key":"338","unstructured":"President of Ukraine. (2022, February 24). Ukaz Prezydenta Ukrainy \u2116 64\/2022 \u201cPro vvedennia voiennoho stanu v Ukraini\u201d [Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 64\/2022 \u201cOn the Introduction of Martial Law in Ukraine\u201d]. https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/64\/2022#Text"},{"key":"339","unstructured":"RFE\/RL\u2019s Ukrainian Service. (2024, August 24). Zelenskiy signs law banning Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine. Radio Free Europe\/Radio Liberty. https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/ukraine-russia-orthodox-religion-ban\/33091200.html"},{"key":"340","unstructured":"Smith, P. (2025, August 28). Ukrainian government seeks to ban Orthodox Church over Moscow ties. AP News. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/8e96c2b037597c0f001bb0d605b9aeab"},{"key":"341","unstructured":"United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights"},{"key":"342","unstructured":"United Nations Commission on Human Rights. (1984). Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UN Doc. E\/CN.4\/1985\/4, Annex)."},{"key":"343","unstructured":"UN Human Rights Committee. (1993, July 30). General Comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of thought, conscience or religion) (CCPR\/C\/21\/Rev.1\/Add.4). https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/453883fb22.html"},{"key":"344","unstructured":"Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (1991, April 23). Zakon Ukrainy \u2116 987-XII \u201cPro svobodu sovisti ta relihiini orhanizatsii\u201d[Law of Ukraine No. 987-XII \u201cOn Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations\u201d]. https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/987-12#Text"},{"key":"345","unstructured":"Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2024, August 20). Zakon Ukrainy \u2116 3894-IX \u201cPro zakhyst konstytutsiinoho ladu u sferi diialnosti relihiinykh orhanizatsii\u201d [Law of Ukraine No. 3894-IX \u201cOn the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Sphere of Activities of Religious Organizations\u201d]. https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/3894-20#Text"}],"container-title":["AI, Law, Politics"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/16\/10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/16\/10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T17:06:35Z","timestamp":1767027995000},"score":0.0,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alp-journal.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/16"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/alp-01.02.2025-05","ISSN":["3072-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3072-1229","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:14:59Z","timestamp":1783455299933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ALP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence is increasingly embedded in civic technologies that mediate communication between citizens and public institutions. Most legal and policy debates treat AI governance as a problem of automated decision-making: whether outputs are explainable, fair, reviewable or contestable. This article shifts attention upstream. It argues that civic platforms also exercise pre-decisional governance through interface architectures, ranking systems, moderation pathways and AI-supported clustering or summarisation. These mechanisms rarely decide a legal claim on their own, yet they determine which contributions become visible, comparable, aggregated and institutionally actionable. The article develops a conceptual framework for analysing this infrastructural layer of democratic authority. Methodologically, it uses an ideal-typical reconstruction of participatory platform workflows, informed by documented affordances of systems such as Decidim and Consul, rather than an empirical evaluation of a single deployment. The analysis connects platform governance and public-law accountability with the EU AI Act, the Digital Services Act, the GDPR and the Council of Europe AI Convention. It proposes four governance principles: visibility-mechanism transparency, procedural traceability, contestability by design and institutional responsibility mapping. The article concludes that democratic legitimacy in AI-mediated civic environments depends not only on accountable decisions but on accountable infrastructures of participation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5709\/alp-02.01.2026-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1783452260000},"page":"81-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Who Governs the Interface? Platform Design, Human\u2013AI Interaction, and Democratic Authority in Civic Technologies"],"prefix":"10.5709","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1305-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Stanizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3691","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arana-Catania, M., van Lier, F.-A., Procter, R., Tkachenko, N., He, Y., Zubiaga, A., & Liakata, M. (2021). Citizen participation and machine learning for a better democracy. Digital Government: Research and Practice, 2(3), Article 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3452118","DOI":"10.1145\/3452118"},{"key":"527","unstructured":"B\u00e5dum, N. B., Ladegaard, S. F., Bedsted, B., van Doren, D., Hofmann, U., Droste-Franke, B., Kirch, H., Sch\u00fcmmer, C., Wi\u00dfler, M., & Beik\u00fcfner, A. (2026). EU civic engagement: The use of digital tools and AI to promote citizen participation in EU policymaking. European Parliamentary Research Service, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2861\/2101464"},{"key":"528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barandiaran, X. E., Calleja-L\u00f3pez, A., Monterde, A., & Romero, C. (2024). Decidim, a technopolitical network for participatory democracy: Philosophy, practice and autonomy of a collective platform in the age of digital intelligence. Springer Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-50784-7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-50784-7"},{"key":"529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beer, D. (2017). The social power of algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1216147","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1216147"},{"key":"530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bono Rossello, N., Simonofski, A., & Castiaux, A. (2025). Artificial intelligence for digital citizen participation: Design principles for a collective intelligence architecture. Government Information Quarterly, 42(2), Article 102020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.giq.2025.102020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2025.102020"},{"key":"531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borge, R., Balcells, J., & Padr\u00f3-Solanet, A. (2023). Democratic disruption or continuity? Analysis of the Decidim platform in Catalan municipalities. American Behavioral Scientist, 67(7), 926\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00027642221092798","DOI":"10.1177\/00027642221092798"},{"key":"532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowker, G. C., & Star, S. L. (1999). Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6352.001.0001"},{"key":"533","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownsword, R. (2008). Rights, regulation, and the technological revolution. 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