{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:56:46Z","timestamp":1767909406296,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000829","name":"Department for Education, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Isaac Physics"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Isaac Physics"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000829","name":"Department for Education, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Isaac Physics"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Isaac Physics"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P034616\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P034616\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explore the driving of LEDs by untransformed AC. An extreme case is driving 1.9 V threshold (red) LEDs with UK mains, peak voltage 325 V. Commonly, driving is by transformed, rectified (DC) supply with a series resistor (where a significant fraction of the power is wasted) to limit current in the LED. With AC, one can instead reactively limit to a maximum current safe for an LED by employing a series capacitive impedance. Cheaper and simpler supplies can thus be employed in some cases. We analyse such non-linear circuits, and also\u00a0explore questions of duty cycle and power experimentally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80617-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T11:26:43Z","timestamp":1610537203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["LEDs driven by AC without transformers or rectifiers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Robin W.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"80617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9143","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2652318","volume":"32","author":"M Forouzesh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forouzesh, M., Siwakoti, Y. P., Gorji, S. A., Blaabjerg, F. & Lehman, B. Step-up dc-dc converters: A comprehensive review of voltage-boosting techniques, topologies, and applications. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 32, 9143\u20139178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2652318 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"80617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kline, M., Izyumin, I., Boser, B. & Sanders, S. R. A transformerless galvanically isolated switched capacitor led driver. Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) 2357\u20132360, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/APEC.2012.6166152 (2012).","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2012.6166152"},{"key":"80617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2851211","volume":"34","author":"DL Gerber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerber, D. L., Le, C., Kline, M., Kinget, P. R. & Sanders, S. R. An integrated multilevel converter with sigma-delta control for led lighting. IEEE Trans. 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Principles of Physics (John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2020)."},{"key":"80617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.48.000777","volume":"48","author":"H de Lange Dzn","year":"1958","unstructured":"de Lange Dzn, H. The dynamic nature of the human fovea\u2014intermittant and modulated light. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 777\u2013784 (1958).","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"80617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.51.000422","volume":"51","author":"D Kelly","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kelly, D. Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. I amplitude sensitivity measurements. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 422\u2013429 (1961).","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-80617-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-80617-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-80617-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T01:56:25Z","timestamp":1670032585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-80617-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["80617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-80617-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"963"}}