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A. Bloss, Heroines of the Crusades (Muscatine, Iowa, 1853)."},{"key":"7_CR2","unstructured":"S. Geldsetzer, Frauen auf Kreuzzugen, 1096\u20131291 (Darmstadt, 2003). This book appeared after this chapter had been written."},{"key":"7_CR3","unstructured":"M. Billings, The Crusades, 2nd edn (Stroud, 2000); B. Hamilton, The Crusades (Stroud, 1998); H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, trans. J. Gillingham, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1988); J. Phillips, The Crusades, 1095\u20131197 (Harlow, 2002); J. Richard, The Crusades, c. 1071-c. 1291 (Cambridge, 1999); J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (New Haven, 1987); J. Riley-Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 1995); S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1951\u201354)."},{"key":"7_CR4","unstructured":"R. C. Finucane, Soldiers of the Faith: Crusaders and Moslems at War (New York, 1983); R. Pernoud, The Crusaders (Edinburgh, 1963)."},{"key":"7_CR5","unstructured":"T. F. Madden, The Crusades: The Essential Readings (Oxford, 2002), does not consider gender or women at all. Hans Eberhard Mayer\u2019s seminal bibliographies predated the entry of gender studies into the academy and do not include sections on either women or gender: Bibliographie zur Geschichte derKreuzzuge (Hanover, 1960) and \u2018Literaturbericht tiber die Geschichte der Kreuzziige\u2019, Historische Zeitschrift, 3 (1969), 641\u2013736. James F. McEaney, Crusades: A Bibliography with Indexes (Hauppage, NY, 2002), includes \u2018women\u2019 as a category in his subject index but offers only two article citations."},{"key":"7_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Maier, \u2018The Roles of Women in the Crusade Movement: A Survey\u2019, Journal of Medieval History, 30 (2004), 61\u201382. This essay appeared after this chapter was completed.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmedhist.2003.12.003"},{"key":"7_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Porges, \u2018The Clergy, the Poor, and the Non-Combatants on the First Crusade\u2019, Speculum, 21 (1946), 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.2307\/2856833"},{"key":"7_CR8","unstructured":"B. Z. Kedar, \u2018The Passenger List of a Crusader Ship, 1250\u2019, Studi Medievali, series 3, 13 (1972), 267\u201379."},{"key":"7_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Brundage, \u2018Prostitution, Miscegenation and Sexual Purity in the First Crusade\u2019, in Crusade and Settlement: Papers Read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and Presented to R.C. Smail, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 57\u201365; reprinted in J. A. Brundage, The Crusades, Holy War, and Canon Law (London, 1991).","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003555957-19"},{"key":"7_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213\u20131221 (Philadelphia, 1986) and \u2018The Roles of Women in the Fifth Crusade\u2019, in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 294\u2013301.","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812200829"},{"key":"7_CR11","unstructured":"L. Brady, \u2018Essential and Despised: Images of Women in the First and Second Crusades, 1095\u20131148\u2019 (unpublished MA thesis, Department of History, University of Windsor, 1992)."},{"key":"7_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. J. Nicholson, \u2018Women on the Third Crusade\u2019, Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997), 335\u201349.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4181(97)00013-4"},{"key":"7_CR13","unstructured":"M. Bennett, \u2018Virile Latins, Effeminate Greeks and Strong Women: Gender Definitions on Crusade?\u2019; K. Caspi-Reisfeld, \u2018Women Warriors during the Crusades, 1095\u20131204\u2019; S. B. Edgington, \u201cSont cou ore les fems que jo voi la venir?\u201d Women in the Chanson d\u2019Antioche\u2019; M. R. Evans, \u201cUnfit to Bear Arms\u201d: The Gendering of Arms and Armour in Accounts of Women on Crusade\u2019; S. Lambert, \u2018Crusading or Spinning\u2019; all in Gendering the Crusades, ed. S. B. Edgington and S. Lambert (Cardiff, 2002) [hereafter cited as Gendering]."},{"key":"7_CR14","unstructured":"Y. Friedman, \u2018Women in Captivity and Their Ransom During the Crusader Period\u2019, in Cross-Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period: Essays Presented to Aryeh Grabois on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. M. Goodich, S. Menache and S. Schein (New York, 1995), pp. 75\u201387, and \u2018Captivity and Ransom: The Experience of Women\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 121\u201339."},{"key":"7_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasa Mazeika, \u2018Women Warriors in the Baltic Crusade Chronicles\u2019, in From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095\u20131500, ed. A. V. Murray (Tumhout, 1998), pp. 229\u201348.","DOI":"10.1484\/M.IMR-EB.3.4791"},{"key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-26541-1"},{"key":"7_CR17","unstructured":"C. M. Rousseau, \u2018Home Front and Battlefield: The Gendering of Papal Crusading Policy (1095\u20131291)\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 31\u201344."},{"key":"7_CR18","unstructured":"J. A. Brundage, \u2018The Crusader\u2019s Wife: A Canonistic Quandary\u2019, Studia Gratiana, 12 (1967), 427\u201341, \u2018The Crusader\u2019s Wife Revisited\u2019, Studia Gratiana, 14 (1967), 243\u201351, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Milwaukee, 1969)."},{"key":"7_CR19","unstructured":"M. Purcell, \u2018Women Crusaders: A Temporary Canonical Aberration?\u2019, in Principalities, Powers and Estates: Studies in Medieval and EarlyModern Government and Society, ed. L. O. Frapell (Adelaide, 1979), pp. 57\u201364."},{"key":"7_CR20","unstructured":"M. R. Tessera, \u2018Philip Count of Flanders and Hildegard of Bingen: Crusading against the Saracens or Crusading against Deadly Sin?\u2019 in Gendering, pp. 77\u201393."},{"key":"7_CR21","unstructured":"P. Adair, \u201cEgo et uxor mea \u2026\u201d: Countess Clemence and Her Role in the Comital Family and in Flanders (1092\u20131133)\u2019 (unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1994); T. de Hemptinne, \u2018Les epouses de crois\u00e9s et pelerins flamands aux XIe et XIIe siecles: l\u2019exemple des comtesses de Flandre Cl\u00e9mence et Sibylle\u2019, in Autour de la premiere croisade, ed. M. Balard (Paris, 1996)."},{"key":"7_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Hamilton, \u2018Eleanor of Castile and the Crusading Movement\u2019, Mediterranean Historical Review, 10 (1995), 92\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1080\/09518969508569686"},{"key":"7_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Riley-Smith, \u2018Family Traditions and Participation in the Second Crusade\u2019, in The Second Crusade and the Cistercians, ed. M. Gervers (New York, 1992) and The First Crusaders, 1095\u20131131 (Cambridge, 1997).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-06864-4_10"},{"key":"7_CR24","unstructured":"Jonathan Phillips, \u2018The Murder of Charles the Good and the Second Crusade: Household, Nobility, and Traditions of Crusading in Medieval Flanders\u2019, Medieval Prosopography, 19 (1998), 55\u201376."},{"key":"7_CR25","unstructured":"Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, 1993)."},{"key":"7_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. S. Miller, \u2018The Knights of Saint John and the Hospitals of the Latin West\u2019, Speculum, 53 (1978), 709\u201333.","DOI":"10.2307\/2849782"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR27.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Forey, 'Women and the Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries', Studia Monastica, 29 (1987), 63-92","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003557203-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR27.2","unstructured":"H. J. Nicholson, 'Templar Attitudes Towards Women', Medieval History, 1 (1991), 74-80, 'Margaret de Lacy and the Hospital of St. John at Aconbury, Herefordshire', Journalof Ecclesiastical History, 50 (1999), 629-51, 'The Military Orders and Their Relations with Women', in The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, ed. Z. Hunyadi and J. Laszlovsky (Budapest, 2001), 'Women in Templar and Hospitaller Commanderies', in La Commanderie: Institution des ordres militaires dans I'Occident m\u00e9di\u00e9val, ed. A. Luttrell and L. Pressouyre (Paris, 2002)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR27.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jane Oliver, 'The Rule of the Templars and a Courtly Ballade', Scriptorium, 35 (1981), 303-6.","DOI":"10.3406\/scrip.1981.1227"},{"key":"7_CR28","unstructured":"M. Dygo, \u2018The Political Role of the Cult of the Virgin Mary in Teutonic Prussia in the 14th and 15th Centuries\u2019, Journal ofMedieval History, 15 (1989), 63\u201380; H. J. Nicholson, \u2018The Head of St. Euphemia: Templar Devotion to Female Saints\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 108\u201320."},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR29.1","unstructured":"J. A. Brundage, 'Marriage Law in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem', in Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom ofJerusalem, ed. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 258-71"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR29.2","unstructured":"J. Richard, 'Le statut de la femme dans l'Orient Latin', in La Femme 2: Recueils de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Jean Bodin pour l'histoire comparative des institutions, 12 (Brussels, 1962), pp. 377-88."},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR30.1","unstructured":"B. Hamilton, 'Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem', in Medieval Women, ed. D. Baker, Studies in Church History: Subsidia, 1 (1978), pp. 143-74, and 'The Titular Nobility of the Latin East: The Case of Agnes of Courtenay', in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 197-203"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR30.2","unstructured":"H. E. Mayer, 'Studies in the History of Queen Melisende', Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 26 (1972), 93-189, 'Die Legitimtat Balduins IV. von Jerusalem und das Testament der Agnes von Courtenay', Historisches Jahrbuch, 108 (1988), 63-89"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR30.3","unstructured":"and 'The Beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem', in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 121-35."},{"key":"7_CR31","unstructured":"S. Lambert, \u2018Queen or Consort: Rulership and Politics in the Latin East, 1118\u20131228\u2019, in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe, ed. A. J. Duggan (Woodbridge, 1997), pp. 153\u201369."},{"key":"7_CR32","unstructured":"P. M. Holt, \u2018Baybar\u2019s Treaty with the Lady of Beirut in 667\/1279\u2019, in Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 242\u20135; S. Schein, \u2018Women in Medieval Colonial Society: The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 140\u201353."},{"key":"7_CR33","unstructured":"H. Dillard, Daughters of the Reconquest: Women in Castilian Town Society, 1100\u20131300 (Cambridge, 1984)."},{"key":"7_CR34","unstructured":"N. Christie, \u2018Crusade Literature\u2019, in Encyclopaedia of Women and Islamic Culture, ed. S. Joseph et al. (Leiden, forthcoming)."},{"key":"7_CR35","unstructured":"N. Hodgson, \u2018The Role of Kerbogha\u2019s Mother in the Gesta Francorum and Selected Chronicles of the First Crusade\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 163\u201376."},{"key":"7_CR36","unstructured":"M. Carrier, \u2018Perfidious and Effeminate Greeks: The Representation of Byzantine Ceremonial in the Western Chronicles of the Crusades (1096\u20131204)\u2019, Annuario dell\u2019Instituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica Venezia, 4 (2002), 47\u201368; P. Frankopan, \u2018Perception and Projection of Prejudice: Anna Comnena, the Alexiad, and the First Crusade\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 59\u201376."},{"key":"7_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Mirrer, \u2018Representing \u201cOther\u201d Men: Muslims, Jews, and Masculine Ideals in Medieval Castilian Epic and Ballad\u2019, in Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages, ed. C. A. Lees (Minneapolis, 1994), pp. 169\u201386, Women, Jews and Muslims in the Texts of Reconquest Castile (Ann Arbor, 1996).","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.15348"},{"key":"7_CR38","unstructured":"E. Siberry, Troubadours, Trouveres and Minnesingers and the Crusades\u2019, Studi Medievali, series 3, 29 (1988), 19\u201343, \u2018The Crusader\u2019s Departure and Return: A Much Later Perspective\u2019, in Gendering, pp. 177\u201390."},{"key":"7_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Blamires, The Case for Women in Medieval Culture (Oxford, 1997).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198186304.001.0001"},{"key":"7_CR40","unstructured":"E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, 1095\u20131274 (Oxford, 1985)."},{"key":"7_CR41","unstructured":"G. Constable, \u2018Opposition to Pilgrimage in the High Middle Ages\u2019, Studia Gratiana, 19 (1976), 125\u201346, reprinted in G. Constable, Religious Life and Thought (11 th-12th Centuries) (London, 1979); J. Lane, \u2018The Quest for the Holy Sepulchre: The Crusades and Beyond\u2019, paper given at the Sewanee Medieval Colloquium at Sewanee, Tennessee, 2001."},{"key":"7_CR42","unstructured":"For patristic understandings of spirituality, see P. Allen, RSM, The Concept of Woman: The Aristotelian Revolution 750 BC\u2014AD 1250 (Montreal, 1985); E. A. Clark, \u2018Ideology, History, and the Construction of \u201cWoman\u201d in Late Ancient Christianity\u2019, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 2 (1994), 155\u201384; G. Cloke, \u2018This Female Man of God\u2019: Women and Spiritual Power in the Patristic Age, AD 350\u2013450 (London, 1995); B. Newman, From Virile Woman to Woman Christ: Studies in Medieval Religion and Literature (Philadelphia, 1995). For high medieval spirituality, see C. Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkeley, 1982), Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance ofFood to Medieval Women (Berkeley, 1987), and Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion (New York, 1992); J. Tibbetts Schulenberg, \u2018The Heroics of Virginity: Brides of Christ and Sacrificial Mutilation\u2019, in Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, ed. M. B. Rose (Syracuse, 1986), pp. 29\u201372."},{"key":"7_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Green, \u2018Female Sexuality in the Medieval West\u2019, Trends in History, 4 (1990), 127\u201358.","DOI":"10.1300\/J265V04N04_06"},{"key":"7_CR44","unstructured":"Medieval Knighthood V, ed. S. Church and R. Harvey (Woodbridge, 1995); G. Duby, The Chivalrous Society (Berkeley, 1977), The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined (Chicago, 1978), and \u2018The Courtly Model\u2019, in A History of Women in the West: Silences of the Middle Ages, ed. C. Klapisch-Zuber (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); J. France, \u2018Patronage and the Appeal of the First Crusade\u2019, in The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. Phillips (Manchester, 1997), pp. 5\u201320; The Ideals and Practice ofMedieval Knighthood II, ed. C. Harper-Bill and R. Harvey (Woodbridge, 1988); R. W. Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1999); P. L\u2019Hermite-Leclercq, \u2018The Feudal Order\u2019, in A History of Women in the West, ed. Klapisch-Zuber; M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984) and Nobles, Knights, and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages (London, 1996); C. S. Jaeger, The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals, 939\u20131210 (Philadelphia, 1985) and Ennobling Love: In Seach of a Lost Sensibility (Philadelphia, 1999)."},{"key":"7_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. H. Bloch, Medieval Misogyny and the Invention of Western Romantic Love (Chicago, 1991); Courtly Ideology and Woman\u2019s Place in Medieval French Literature, ed. E. J. Burns and R. Krueger (Chapel Hill, 1985); E. J. Burns, Bodytalk: When Women Speak in Old French Literature (Philadelphia, 1993) and \u2018Refashioning Courtly Love: Lancelot as Ladies\u2019 Man or Lady\/Man?\u2019 in Constructing Medieval Sexuality, ed. K. Lochrie, P. McCracken and J. A. Schultz (Minneapolis, 1997), pp. 111\u201334; J. W. Ferrante, Woman as Image in Medieval Literature: From the Twelfth Century to Dante (New York, 1975); R. W. Hanning, \u2018The Social Significance of Twelfth-Century Chivalric Romance\u2019, Medievalia etHumanistica, 3 (1972), 3\u201329; S. Knight, \u2018The Social Function of the Middle English Romances\u2019, in Medieval Literature: Criticism, Ideology & History, ed. D. Aers (Brighton, Sussex, 1986), pp. 99\u2013122; C. Marchello-Nizia, \u2018Amour courtois, soci\u00e9t\u00e9 masuline et figures du pouvoir\u2019, Annales: Economies, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Civilisations, 36 (1981), 969\u201382; S. Westphal-Wihl, \u2018The Ladies\u2019 Tournament: Marriage, Sex, and Honor in Thirteenth-Century Germany\u2019, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14 (1989), 371\u201398.","DOI":"10.1086\/494514"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR46.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Porges, 'The Clergy, the Poor, and the Non-Combatants on the First Crusade', Speculum, 21 (1946), 1-21","DOI":"10.2307\/2856833"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR46.2","unstructured":"R. Somerville, 'The Council of Clermont and the First Crusade', Studia Gratiana, 20 (1976), 325-37."},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR47.1","unstructured":"J. A. Brundage, 'Sexual Equality in Medieval Canon Law', in Medieval Women and the Sources of Medieval History, ed. J. T. Rosenthal (Athens, Ga, 1990), pp. 66-79"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR47.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. M. Makowski, 'The Conjugal Debt and Medieval Canon Law', Journal ofMedieval History, 3 (1977), 99-114.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4181(77)90002-1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR48.1","unstructured":"J. M. Blythe, 'Women in the Military: Scholastic Arguments and Medieval Images of Female Warriors', History ofPolitical Thought, 22 (2001), 242-69"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR48.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. C. Hacker, 'Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe: A Reconnaissance', Signs, 6 (1981), 643-71","DOI":"10.1086\/493839"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR48.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. McLaughlin, 'The Woman Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe', Women's Studies, 17 (1990), 193-209","DOI":"10.1080\/00497878.1990.9978805"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR48.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Solterer, 'Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France', Signs, 16 (1991), 522-49","DOI":"10.1086\/494682"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR48.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. K. Stock, \"Arms and the (Wo)man\" in Medieval Romance: The Gendered Arming of Female Warriors in the Roman d'Eneas and Heldris's Roman de Silence', Arthuriana, 5 (1995), 56-83.","DOI":"10.1353\/art.1995.0013"},{"key":"7_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Farmer, \u2018Persuasive Voices: Clerical Images of Medieval Wives\u2019, Speculum, 61 (1986), 517\u201343.","DOI":"10.2307\/2851594"},{"key":"7_CR50","unstructured":"Studies include: M. Erler and M. Kowaleski, eds, Women and Power in the Middle Ages, (Athens, Ga, 1988) and Gendering the Master Narrative: Women and Power in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, 2003); Women and Sovereignty, ed. L. O. Fradenburg (Edinburgh, 1992); J. Gillingham, \u2018Love, Marriage and Politics in the Twelfth Century\u2019, in his Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century (London, 1994); M. Howell, \u2018Royal Women of England and France in the Mid-Thirteenth Century: A Gendered Perspective\u2019, in England and Europe in the Reign of Henry HI (1216\u20131272), ed. B. Weiler (Aldershot, 2002); K. A. LoPrete, \u2018The Gender of Lordly Women: The Case of Adela of Blois\u2019, in Pawns or Players?: Studies on Medieval and Early Modern Women, ed. C. Meek and C. Lawless (Dublin, 2003); Medieval Queenship (New York, 1998), ed. J. Carmi Parsons; E. M. Searle, \u2018Emma the Conqueror\u2019, in Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. J. Holdsworth, C. Harper-Bill and J. L. Nelson (Woodbridge, 1989), pp. 281\u20138; J. A. Truax, \u2018Anglo-Norman Women at War: Valiant Soldiers, Prudent Strategists or Charismatic Leaders?\u2019, in The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History, ed. D. J. Kagay and L. J. A. Villalon (Woodbridge, 1999), pp. 111\u201325; W. J. Wilkins, \u201cSubmitting the Neck of Your Mind\u201d: Gregory the Great and Women of Power\u2019, Catholic Historical Review, 77 (1991), 583\u201394."},{"key":"7_CR51","unstructured":"Adair, \u201cEgo et uxor mea \u2026\u201d; T. de Hemptinne, \u2018Les \u00e9pouses de croises et pelerins flamands aux XIe et XIIe siecles: l\u2019exemple des comtesses de Flandre Cl\u00e9mence et Sibylle\u2019, in Autour de la premiere croisade, ed. M. Balard (Paris, 1996)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR52.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Schein, 'Bridget of Sweden, Margery Kempe, and Women's Jerusalem Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages', Mediterranean Historical Review, 14 (1999), 44-58","DOI":"10.1080\/09518969908569751"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR52.2","unstructured":"K. T. Utterback, The Vision Becomes Reality: Medieval Women Pilgrims to the Holy Land', in Pilgrims and Travelers to the Holy Land, ed. Br. F. Le Beau and M. Mor (Omaha, 1994), pp. 159-68."},{"key":"7_CR53","unstructured":"The Medieval City under Siege, ed. I. A. Corfis and M. Wolfe (Woodbridge, 1995); Dillard, Daughters of the Reconquest; D. Herlihy, \u2018Land, Family and Women in Continental Europe, 701\u20131200\u2019, Traditio, 28 (1962), 89\u2013120; E. Lourie, \u2018A Society Organized for War: Medieval Spain\u2019, Past and Present, 35 (1966), 64\u201376; B. F. Reilly, The Kingdon ofLeon-Casrilla under Queen Urraca, 1109\u20131126 (Princeton, 1982)."},{"key":"7_CR54","unstructured":"Mirrer, \u2018Representing \u201cOther\u201d Men\u2019; J. de Weever, Sheba\u2019s Daughters: Whitening and Demonizing the Saracen Woman in Medieval French Epic (New York, 1998)."},{"key":"7_CR55","unstructured":"R. Abels and E. Harrison, \u2018The Participation of Women in Languedocian Catharism\u2019, Mediaeval Studies, 41 (1979), 215\u201351; M. Barber, \u2018Women and Catharism\u2019, Reading Medieval Studies, 3 (1977), 45\u201362; A. Blamires, \u2018Women and Preaching in Medieval Orthodoxy, Heresy, and Saints\u2019 Lives\u2019, Viator, 26 (1995), 135\u201352; J. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (Chicago, 1980) and Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe (New York, 1994); S. F. Kruger, \u2018Conversion and Medieval Sexual, Religious, and Racial Categories\u2019, in Constructing Medieval Sexuality, ed. 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