{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T14:16:55Z","timestamp":1763216215143,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007160","name":"Wichita State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Capitalization and University Research\/Creative Pr"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Capitalization and University Research\/Creative Pr"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Micromech. Microeng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dielectric elastomer actuators fabricated from thin and miniaturized metal electrodes integrated with highly soft and stretchable elastomers offer the promise of opening new possibilities in the field of microrobotics. To achieve large displacements\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) m at actuation voltages\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) V in actuators with thin metal electrodes, the approach of distributed electrode array with fractal interconnects is proposed, where a single large electrode is replaced with an array of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    small individual electrodes physically linked together with fractal interconnects. To investigate the effect of distributed electrode array with fractal interconnects on the static and dynamic response of the actuators, elastomer actuators with different electrode arrays\u2014comprised of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2208 {1,5,13,25} individual electrodes in the shape of circles\u2014are fabricated and characterized. This study shows that the approach of distributed electrode array with fractal interconnects results in achieving large actuator displacements\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) m at high speeds\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) mm s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , making these actuators suitable for driving microrobots.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T20:07:32Z","timestamp":1617912452000},"page":"064002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators through the approach of distributed electrode array with fractal interconnects architecture"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1124-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindhu Preetham","family":"Burugupally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bhargav","family":"Koppolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Danesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-2225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongkuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vidisha","family":"Indeewari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"jmmabf632bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815053116","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Realizing the potential of dielectric elastomer artificial muscles","volume":"116","author":"Duduta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz6451","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaz6451","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An autonomous untethered fast soft robotic insect driven by low-voltage dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat1893","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat1893","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Translucent soft robots driven by frameless fluid electrode dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"3","author":"Christianson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6139","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic actuators with muscle-like performance","volume":"359","author":"Acome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2017.0022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Soft dielectric elastomer oscillators driving bioinspired robots","volume":"4","author":"Henke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17414","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Miniaturized swimming soft robot with complex movement actuated and controlled by remote light signals","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaa9957","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap9957","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Adaptive metalenses with simultaneous electrical control of focal length, astigmatism and shift","volume":"4","author":"She","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2008.10.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Towards flexible medical instruments: review of flexible fluidic actuators","volume":"33","author":"De Greef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2018.2805901","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electro-active polymer based soft tactile interface for wearable devices","volume":"11","author":"Mun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201801603","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An electroactive and transparent haptic interface utilizing soft elastomer actuators with silver nanowire electrodes","volume":"14","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2981642","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review on dielectric elastomer actuators, technology, applications and challenges","volume":"104","author":"O\u2019Halloran","year":"72008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-012-7402-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Flexible and stretchable electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"110","author":"Rosset","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0024-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Untethered soft robotics","volume":"1","author":"Rich","year":"22018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3694267","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"100","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5454.836","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-speed electrically actuated elastomers with strain greater than 100%","volume":"287","author":"Pelrine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2019.2920108","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Automatic design of soft dielectric elastomer actuators with optimal spatial electric fields","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1109\/MELCON.2010.5476257","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Dielectric elastomers and compliant metal electrode technology","author":"Jones","year":"2010"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.604468","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Novel multilayer electrostatic solid state actuators with elastic dielectric","volume":"5759","author":"Schlaak","year":"2005"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(97)01657-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrostriction of polymer dielectrics with compliant electrodes as a means of actuation","volume":"64","author":"Pelrine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators A"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab3b32","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dielectric elastomer materials for large-strain actuation and energy harvesting: a comparison between styrenic rubber, natural rubber and acrylic elastomer","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23529","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stretchable and transparent hydrogels as soft conductors for dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201907375","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D printing of interdigitated dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"30","author":"Chortos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2222095","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Characterization of screen-printed electrodes for dielectric elastomer (de) membranes: influence of screen dimensions and electrode thickness on actuator performance","volume":"9798","author":"Fasolt","year":"2016"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2007.895222","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microelectrostrictive actuator with large out-of-plane deformation for flow-control application","volume":"16","author":"Pimpin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(00)00128-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tensile testing of free-standing Cu, Ag and Al thin films and Ag\/Cu multilayers","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46697","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Soft electronics enabled ergonomic human-computer interaction for swallowing training","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4266","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.475160","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Mechanical properties of dielectric elastomer actuators with smart metallic compliant electrodes","volume":"4695","author":"Benslimane","year":"2002"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403942","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrafast all-polymer electrically tunable silicone lenses","volume":"25","author":"Maffli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7944(93)90107-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fracture and fatigue of bonded rubber blocks under compression","volume":"44","author":"Gent","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2004.11.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modeling of a pre-strained circular actuator made of dielectric elastomers","volume":"120","author":"Wissler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators A"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538289","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of elastic properties of carbon-black-filled rubber vulcanizates","volume":"63","author":"Yeoh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"jmmabf632bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.06.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamics of a parallel-plate electrostatic actuator in viscous dielectric media","volume":"295","author":"Burugupally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators A"},{"key":"jmmabf632bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/1461348419883757","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hysteresis compensation control of a dielectric elastomer vibration isolator","volume":"40","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control"}],"container-title":["Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T14:12:45Z","timestamp":1763215965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf632","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-1317","1361-6439"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0960-1317"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1361-6439"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Enhancing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators through the approach of distributed electrode array with fractal interconnects architecture","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2020-12-31","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-04-08","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-04-27","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}