{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T12:33:56Z","timestamp":1776602036361,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eranda Foundation via the International Glaucoma Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"UK Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012617","name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology for a Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology"},{"name":"Helen Hamlyn Trust"},{"name":"Richard Desmond Charitable Trust"},{"name":"Clinician Scientist award","award":["CS-2014-14-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS-2014-14-023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHS"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017645","name":"Moorfields Eye Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007817","name":"Alcon Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The NIHR BRC at Moorfields Eye Hospital"},{"name":"Eranda Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011377","name":"International Glaucoma Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Richard Desmond Charitable Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is based on a combination of clinical and paraclinical tests. The potential contribution of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been recognized. We tested the feasibility of OCT measures of retinal asymmetry as a diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis at the community level. In this community-based study of 72\u2009120 subjects, we examined the diagnostic potential of the inter-eye difference of inner retinal OCT data for multiple sclerosis using the UK Biobank data collected at 22 sites between 2007 and 2010. OCT reporting and quality control guidelines were followed. The inter-eye percentage difference (IEPD) and inter-eye absolute difference (IEAD) were calculated for the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) complex and ganglion cell complex. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) comparisons were followed by univariate and multivariable comparisons accounting for a large range of diseases and co-morbidities. Cut-off levels were optimized by ROC and the Youden index. The prevalence of multiple sclerosis was 0.0023 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00229\u20130.00231]. Overall the discriminatory power of diagnosing multiple sclerosis with the IEPD AUROC curve (0.71, 95% CI 0.67\u20130.76) and IEAD (0.71, 95% CI 0.67\u20130.75) for the macular GCIPL complex were significantly higher if compared to the macular ganglion cell complex IEPD AUROC curve (0.64, 95% CI 0.59\u20130.69, P\u2009=\u20090.0017); IEAD AUROC curve (0.63, 95% CI 0.58\u20130.68, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) and macular RNFL IEPD AUROC curve (0.59, 95% CI 0.54\u20130.63, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001); IEAD AUROC curve (0.55, 95% CI 0.50\u20130.59, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). Screening sensitivity levels for the macular GCIPL complex IEPD (4% cut-off) were 51.7% and for the IEAD (4 \u03bcm cut-off) 43.5%. Specificity levels were 82.8% and 86.8%, respectively. The number of co-morbidities was important. There was a stepwise decrease of the AUROC curve from 0.72 in control subjects to 0.66 in more than nine co-morbidities or presence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease. In the multivariable analyses greater age, diabetes mellitus, other eye disease and a non-white ethnic background were relevant confounders. For most interactions, the effect sizes were large (partial \u03c92 &amp;gt; 0.14) with narrow confidence intervals. In conclusion, the OCT macular GCIPL complex IEPD and IEAD may be considered as supportive measurements for multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria in a young patient without relevant co-morbidity. The metric does not allow separation of multiple sclerosis from neuromyelitis optica. Retinal OCT imaging is accurate, rapid, non-invasive, widely available and may therefore help to reduce need for invasive and more costly procedures. To be viable, higher sensitivity and specificity levels are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T19:21:06Z","timestamp":1602703266000},"page":"224-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Retinal asymmetry in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Petzold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK"},{"name":"UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"Dutch Expertise Centre for Neuro-ophthalmology and MS Centre, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Sharon Y L","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6802-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony P","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pearse A","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Peng T","family":"Khaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Reisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Topcon Healthcare Solutions Research and Development, Oakland, New Jersey, USA"}]},{"given":"Baljean","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G","family":"Strouthidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Paul J","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Praveen J","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}]},{"name":"UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denize","family":"Atan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Barman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny H","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catey","family":"Bunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roxana O","family":"Carare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sharon Y L","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David 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A","family":"Muthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eoin","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chris G","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Euan","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tunde","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jugnoo S","family":"Rahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alicja 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