{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:09Z","timestamp":1772138349090,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"MGH Research Scholar Fund","award":["NIH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH"]}]},{"name":"MGH Research Scholar Fund","award":["R01DK105072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK105072"]}]},{"name":"MGH Research Scholar Fund","award":["R21OH011052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21OH011052"]}]},{"name":"MGH Research Scholar Fund","award":["R01DK107859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK107859"]}]},{"name":"MGH Research Scholar Fund","award":["R01DK102696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK102696"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/0005700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/0005700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Manchester Research Infrastructure Fund"},{"name":"Instrumentarium Science Foundation, Yrj\u00f6 Jahnsson Foundation and Academy of Finland","award":["#269517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#269517"]}]},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol funded by the Medical Research Council","award":["MC_UU_00011\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00011\/1"]}]},{"name":"de Pass Vice Chancellor\u2019s Research Fellow at the University of Bristol"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shift work is associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk. This observation may be partly explained by cardiometabolic risk factors having a role in the selection of individuals into or out of shift work. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses in the UK Biobank (UKB) to test this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used genetic risk scores (GRS) to proxy nine cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases (including educational attainment, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption), and tested associations of each GRS with self-reported frequency of current shift work among employed UKB participants of European ancestry (n\u2009=\u2009190\u00a0573). We used summary-level MR sensitivity analyses to assess robustness of the identified effects, and we tested whether effects were mediated through sleep timing preference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetically instrumented liability to lower educational attainment (odds ratio (OR) per 3.6 fewer years in educational attainment\u2009=\u20092.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.22\u20132.59, P\u2009=\u20094.84\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u201320) and higher body mass index (OR per 4.7\u2009kg\/m2 higher BMI\u2009=\u20091.30, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.14\u20131.47, P\u2009=\u20095.85\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u20135) increased odds of reporting participation in frequent shift work. Results were unchanged in sensitivity analyses allowing for different assumptions regarding horizontal pleiotropy. No selection effects were evident for the remaining exposures, nor for any exposures on selection out of shift work. Sleep timing preference did not mediate the effects of BMI and educational attainment on selection into shift work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liability to lower educational attainment and higher BMI may influence selection into shift work. This phenomenon may bias epidemiological studies of shift work that are performed in the UKB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T23:32:19Z","timestamp":1613691139000},"page":"1229-1240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Selection into shift work is influenced by educational attainment and body mass index: a Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iyas","family":"Daghlas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca C","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline M","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan S","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna M","family":"Ollila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4337-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva S","family":"Schernhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Davey","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6380-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin K","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richa","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3752-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021083121312884200_dyab031-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2010.00432.x","article-title":"Shift-work research: Where do we stand, where should we go?","volume":"8","author":"Kantermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Biol 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