{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:17:43Z","timestamp":1760120263668,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/J500100\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/J500100\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000669","name":"Overseas Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C0172504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C0172504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000669","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DFID-ESRC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Economic sanctions, and the suspension of budget support in particular, are supposed to pressure target governments into complying with sanction demands by putting spending commitments at risk. In this article we argue that this is too simplistic since governments have more fiscal levers at their disposal. The case of Burundi illustrates this argument. Following Burundi's 2015 political crisis, donors imposed economic sanctions on the country and suspended all budget support to the national government. Using monthly data on the government's fiscal position between 2005 and 2017, we present evidence from a time series analysis showing that aid does not affect spending and that aid shortfalls are instead systematically compensated with domestic borrowing. It appears that the Burundian government has been able to withstand the sanctions and to fulfil its spending commitments by substituting domestic debt for aid. Thus, the economic costs of sanctions do not necessarily translate directly into political costs but are mitigated by the government's fiscal response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/isq\/sqaa007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T16:49:44Z","timestamp":1582217384000},"page":"369-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Debt or Alive: Burundi's Fiscal Response to Economic Sanctions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel","family":"Dom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Roger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nottingham"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/03050620590950097","article-title":"The Determinants of Economic Sanctions Success and Failure","volume":"31","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Interactions"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343312456224","article-title":"Economic Sanctions: A Blunt Instrument?","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0020-8833.2005.00347.x","article-title":"Criminalizing Consequences of Sanctions: Embargo Busting and Its Legacy","volume":"49","author":"Andreas","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/2998540","article-title":"Estimating and Testing Linear Models with Multiple Structural Changes","volume":"66","author":"Bai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"volume-title":"Economic Statecraft","year":"1985","author":"Baldwin","key":"2020061703433093800_bib5"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020061703433093800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/09636419908429400","article-title":"Asking the Right Question: When Do Economic Sanctions Work Best?","volume":"9","author":"Blanchard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Security Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2307\/2950715","article-title":"Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa","volume":"46","author":"Bratton","year":"1994","journal-title":"World Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2017.1283926","article-title":"Rentier Peacekeeping in Neo-Patrimonial Systems: The Examples of Burundi and Kenya","volume":"38","author":"Brosig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemporary Security Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdf.2014.02.002","article-title":"Domestic Public Debt in Low-Income Countries: Trends and Structure","volume":"4","author":"Bua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review of Development Finance"},{"article-title":"How Volatile and Unpredictable Are Aid Flows, and What Are the Policy Implications?","year":"2001","author":"Bulir","key":"2020061703433093800_bib10"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020061703433093800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2017.1303677","article-title":"Fiscal Reforms and the Fiscal Effects of Aid in Uganda","volume":"53","author":"Bwire","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Development Studies"},{"article-title":"The Changing Face of Rwanda's Public Debt","year":"2016","author":"Cassimon","key":"2020061703433093800_bib12"},{"article-title":"The Politics of State Effectiveness in Burundi and Rwanda: Ruling Elite Legitimacy and the Imperative of State Performance","year":"2016","author":"Chemouni","key":"2020061703433093800_bib13"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2307\/30035974","article-title":"Domestic Debt Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"52","author":"Christensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IMF Staff Papers"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0048(99)01005-8","article-title":"Monetary Policy Shocks: What Have We Learned and to What End?","volume-title":"Handbook of Macroeconomics","author":"Christiano","year":"1999"},{"issue":"0","key":"2020061703433093800_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic Coercion and the Problem of Sanctions-Proofing","volume":"0","author":"Cilizoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conflict Management and Peace Science"},{"article-title":"Sanctions Program: Burundi: Ordonnance Du 4 Novembre 2015 (modifi\u00e9e Le 4.12.2015) Instituant Des Mesures \u00c0 L'encontre Du Burundi","year":"2015","author":"Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Suisse","key":"2020061703433093800_bib17"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/13510349708403526","article-title":"Foreign Aid and Political Conditionality: Issues of Effectiveness and Consistency","volume":"4","author":"Crawford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Democratization"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2307\/2111779","article-title":"On the Determinants of the Success of Economic Sanctions: An Empirical Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Dashti-Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4292.001.0001","volume-title":"The Logic of Political Survival","author":"de Mesquita","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020061703433093800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343313485487","article-title":"Potential Early Phase Success and Ultimate Failure of Economic Sanctions: A VAR Approach with an Application to Iran","volume":"50","author":"Dizaji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818303573052","article-title":"The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion","volume":"57","author":"Drezner","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343398035004006","article-title":"Revisiting Economic Sanctions Reconsidered","volume":"35","author":"Drury","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2008.01523.x","article-title":"Sleeping with Your Friends\u2019 Enemies: An Explanation of Sanctions-Busting Trade","volume":"53","author":"Early","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804794329","volume-title":"Busted Sanctions: Explaining Why Economic Sanctions Fail","author":"Early","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/03050629.2016.1093477","article-title":"Do Sanctions Always Stigmatize? The Effects of Economic Sanctions on Foreign Aid","volume":"42","author":"Early","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Interactions"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912918806412","article-title":"Searching in the Shadows: The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Informal Economies","volume":"72","author":"Early","year":"2019","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib28","article-title":"Traders to Be Fined for Not Issuing Invoices","volume-title":"Viewswire: Burundi Economy","author":"EIU","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020061703433093800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414011427883","article-title":"Authoritarian Responses to Foreign Pressure: Spending, Repression, and Sanctions","volume":"45","author":"Escrib\u00e0-Folch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comparative Political Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2010.00590.x","article-title":"Dealing with Tyranny: International Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian Rulers","volume":"54","author":"Escrib\u00e0-Folch","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020061703433093800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/1540496X.2015.1073987","article-title":"Local Currency Bond Market Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Stock-Taking Exercise and Analysis of Key Drivers","volume":"52","author":"Essers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging Markets Finance and Trade"},{"volume-title":"Council Decision (cfsp) 2015\/1763 of 1 October 2015 Concerning Restrictive Measures in View of the Situation in Burundi","year":"2015","author":"EU (European Union)","key":"2020061703433093800_bib32"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib33","article-title":"Council Decision Concerning the Conclusion of Consultations with the Republic of Burundi under Article 96 of the Partnership Agreement","volume-title":"Legislative Acts and Other Instruments 6501\/16","author":"EU (European Union)","year":"2016"},{"volume-title":"Burundi: EU Renews Sanctions until 31 October 2019","year":"2018","author":"EU (European Union)","key":"2020061703433093800_bib34"},{"article-title":"Germany Suspends Government-Related Programmes of Its Development Cooperation with Burundi","year":"2015","author":"Federal Republic of Germany","key":"2020061703433093800_bib35"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1750635217698334","article-title":"\u2018I Wish I Could Be the Journalist I Was, But I Currently Cannot\u2019: Experiencing the Impossibility of Journalism in Burundi","volume":"10","author":"Fr\u00e8re","year":"2017","journal-title":"Media, War & Conflict"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.2006.00160.x","article-title":"Cooperation, Co-optation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships","volume":"18","author":"Gandhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Economics & Politics"},{"volume-title":"Domestic Resource Mobilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Burundi","year":"2010","author":"Girukwigomba","key":"2020061703433093800_bib38"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022278X15000324","article-title":"Regional Sanctions Against Burundi: The Regime's Argumentative Self-Entrapment","volume":"53","author":"Grauvogel","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Modern African Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/000203971605100201","article-title":"Burundi After the 2015 Elections: A Conference Report","volume":"51","author":"Grauvogel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Africa Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib41","first-page":"86","article-title":"Sanctions and Signals: How International Sanction Threats Trigger Domestic Protest in Targeted Regimes","volume":"61","author":"Grauvogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12065","article-title":"Claims to Legitimacy Count: Why Sanctions Fail to Instigate Democratisation in Authoritarian Regimes: Claims to Legitimacy Count","volume":"53","author":"Grauvogel","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2011.566998","article-title":"Budget Support and Democracy: A Twist in the Conditionality Tale","volume":"32","author":"Hayman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Third World Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib44","first-page":"429","article-title":"A Model of Public Fiscal Behavior in Developing Countries: Aid, Investment, and Taxation","volume":"65","author":"Heller","year":"1975","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1353\/wp.2006.0011","article-title":"When Do (Imposed) Economic Sanctions Work?","volume":"57","author":"Hovi","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Politics"},{"volume-title":"Economic Sanctions Reconsidered","year":"2007","author":"Hufbauer","key":"2020061703433093800_bib46"},{"volume-title":"Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and CurrentP","year":"1990","author":"Hufbauer","key":"2020061703433093800_bib47"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib48","first-page":"12","article-title":"Fragile States: Taking Part in Africa's Inclusive Growth Take-Off","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Africa Economic Brief"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020061703433093800_bib49","first-page":"786","article-title":"The Theory of International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Approach","volume":"78","author":"Kaempfer","year":"1988","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"article-title":"La Coop\u00e9ration Belge Au D\u00e9veloppement Suspend Une S\u00e9rie D'interventions Au Burundi Et Arr\u00eate D\u00e9finitivement La Coop\u00e9ration Polici\u00e8re","year":"2015","author":"Kingdom of Belgium","key":"2020061703433093800_bib50"},{"article-title":"The Netherlands Suspends Aid to Burundi","year":"2015","author":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","key":"2020061703433093800_bib51"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2012.00761.x","article-title":"Investment, Opportunity, and Risk: Do US Sanctions Deter or Encourage Global Investment?","volume":"57","author":"Lektzian","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020061703433093800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002707306811","article-title":"An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success","volume":"51","author":"Lektzian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2005.00142.x","article-title":"Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders?","volume":"49","author":"Marinov","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020061703433093800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2017.1303676","article-title":"The Fiscal Effects of Aid in Ethiopia: Evidence from CVAR Applications","volume":"53","author":"Mascagni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib56","first-page":"72","article-title":"Fiscal Effects of Aid","volume-title":"Fiscal Policy for Development","author":"McGillivray","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020061703433093800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343314533811","article-title":"Designing Foreign Policy: Voters, Special Interest Groups, and Economic Sanctions","volume":"51","author":"McLean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"article-title":"Burundi and Its Development Partners: Navigating the Turbulent Tides of Governance Setbacks","year":"2017","author":"Molenaers","key":"2020061703433093800_bib58"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2020061703433093800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grv029","article-title":"Aid and Domestic Resource Mobilization with a Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"Morrissey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Economic Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020061703433093800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2016.1153071","article-title":"Tax Revenue Performance and Vulnerability in Developing Countries","volume":"52","author":"Morrissey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"volume-title":"Strat\u00e9gie Nationale de D\u00e9veloppement de la Statistique du Burundi (SNDS - Burundi) 2010\u20132014","year":"2009","author":"MPRRB","key":"2020061703433093800_bib61"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.12.018","article-title":"Theocracy and Resilience Against Economic Sanctions","volume":"111","author":"Naghavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib63","first-page":"53","article-title":"Analysis of Asymmetries in the Tax-Spending Nexus in Burundi","volume":"4","author":"Ndoricimpa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-5180","article-title":"Potential Benefits and Risks of Increased Aid Flows to Burundi","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w18289","article-title":"The Financial Sector in Burundi","author":"Nkurunziza","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/03050620210394","article-title":"Modelling Selection Bias in Studies of Sanctions Efficacy","volume":"28","author":"Nooruddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Interactions"},{"volume-title":"L'Augmentation Continuelle de la Dette Interieure au Burundi sans Contrepartie au Niveau de la Production Nationale qui est en Phase de R\u00e9cession","year":"2018","author":"OLUCOME","key":"2020061703433093800_bib67"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1162\/isec.22.2.90","article-title":"Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work","volume":"22","author":"Pape","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Security"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020061703433093800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/10242694.2019.1625250","article-title":"When Do Imposed Economic Sanctions Work? A Critical Review of the Sanctions Effectiveness Literature","volume":"30","author":"Peksen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Defence and Peace Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912915620049","article-title":"Sanctions and Alternate Markets: How Trade and Alliances Affect the Onset of Economic Coercion","volume":"69","author":"Peksen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"418","key":"2020061703433093800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/afraf\/adi092","article-title":"Briefing: Burundi: A Peaceful Transition After a Decade of War?","volume":"105","author":"Reyntjens","year":"2006","journal-title":"African Affairs"},{"key":"2020061703433093800_bib72","article-title":"Scenarios for Burundi","volume-title":"Analysis and Policy Brief 11","author":"Reyntjens","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/000203971605100204","article-title":"Institutional Engineering, Management of Ethnicity, and Democratic Failure in Burundi","volume":"51","author":"Reyntjens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Africa Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061703433093800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2307\/1912531","article-title":"Perfect Equilibrium in a Bargaining Model","volume":"50","author":"Rubinstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"article-title":"Grand Corruption in Burundi: A Collective Action Problem Which Poses Major Challenges for Governance Reforms","year":"2016","author":"Rufyikiri","key":"2020061703433093800_bib75"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912907313077","article-title":"Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options","volume":"61","author":"Seawright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"article-title":"Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Burundi","year":"2015","author":"US White House","key":"2020061703433093800_bib77"},{"article-title":"Message to the Congress \u2013 Notification to the Congress on AGOA Program Change","year":"2015","author":"US White House","key":"2020061703433093800_bib78"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/422339","article-title":"Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence","volume":"31","author":"Uvin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comparative Politics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/17531055.2018.1459827","article-title":"From Rural Rebellion to Urban Uprising? A Socio-Spatial Perspective on Bujumbura's Conflict History","volume":"12","author":"Van Acker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Eastern African Studies"},{"issue":"457","key":"2020061703433093800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/afraf\/adv045","article-title":"Burundi's Electoral Crisis \u2013 Back to Power-Sharing Politics As Usual?","volume":"114","author":"Vandeginste","year":"2015","journal-title":"African Affairs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061703433093800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/000203971605100203","article-title":"Legal Loopholes and the Politics of Executive Term Limits: Insights from Burundi","volume":"51","author":"Vandeginste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Africa Spectrum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2011.00668.x","article-title":"Playing to the Home Crowd? Symbolic Use of Economic Sanctions in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Whang","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020061703433093800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2307\/1962769","article-title":"The Tinpot and the Totalitarian: An Economic Theory of Dictatorship","volume":"84","author":"Wintrobe","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"volume-title":"Implementation Completion and Results Report on Grants to the Republic of Burundi","year":"2017","author":"World Bank","key":"2020061703433093800_bib85"},{"volume-title":"World Development Indicators","year":"2018","author":"World Bank","key":"2020061703433093800_bib86"}],"container-title":["International Studies Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/isq\/article-pdf\/64\/2\/369\/33395897\/sqaa007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/isq\/article-pdf\/64\/2\/369\/33395897\/sqaa007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T08:04:04Z","timestamp":1695801844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/isq\/article\/64\/2\/369\/5741708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/isq\/sqaa007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-8833","1468-2478"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0020-8833"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-2478"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]}}}