{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T08:40:22Z","timestamp":1776588022014,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,28]],"date-time":"2001-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011549","name":"American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006953","name":"New England Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006953","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Growth factors, hormones, and other regulatory molecules are traditionally required in tissue engineering studies to direct the differentiation of progenitor cells along specific lineages. We demonstrate that mechanical stimulation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , without ligament\u2010selective exogenous growth and differentiation factors, induces the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells from the bone marrow into a ligament cell lineage in preference to alternative paths (i.e., bone or cartilage cell lineages). A bioreactor was designed to permit the controlled application of ligament\u2010like multidimensional mechanical strains (translational and rotational strain) to the undifferentiated cells embedded in a collagen gel. The application of mechanical stress over a period of 21 days up\u2010regulated ligament fibroblast markers, including collagen types I and III and tenascin\u2010C, fostered statistically significant cell alignment and density and resulted in the formation of oriented collagen fibers, all features characteristic of ligament cells. At the same time, no up\u2010regulation of bone or cartilage\u2010specific cell markers was observed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0656fje","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:03:10Z","timestamp":1027710190000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":523,"title":["Cell differentiation by mechanical stress"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gregory H.","family":"Altman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Bioengineering Center 4 Colby Street Medford Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Horan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Bioengineering Center 4 Colby Street Medford Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Basel Department of Surgery Research Division 4031 Basel Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Farhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Basel Department of Surgery Research Division 4031 Basel Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Peter R. H.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Center for Technology and Engineering Boston Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Volloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Bioengineering Center 4 Colby Street Medford Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Medical Center Department of Orthopaedics Boston Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"Vunjak-Novakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology Cambridge Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Bioengineering Center 4 Colby Street Medford Massachusetts"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012436630-5\/50017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35070687"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02529731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2094"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Principles of Tissue Engineering","author":"Goulet F.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction","volume":"162","author":"Chomczynsky P.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. 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