{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T23:36:07Z","timestamp":1773876967966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative operational proposal for measuring the intellectual capital (IC) of higher education institutions (HEIs) through a strategic prospective lens of analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>After providing a literature review on the methods for measuring IC that focuses on the organisational IC of HEIs, four case studies applied to Portuguese HEIs are presented, using a matrix of cross-referenced impacts \u2013 multiplications applied to a classification (MICMAC) approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The empirical findings reveal how human capital, structural capital and relational capital make up the core components and provide a fairly diversified list of the measurement indicators for the operational evaluation of the IC of HEIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>It contributes into the literature of strategic prospective analysis of HEIs by: analysing the measurement systems for the organisational IC interrelated with HEIs; identifying the key components to the organisational IC of HEIs and their respective measurement indicators; and draufting a new method for operationally implementing organisational IC through the systematic application of the components and indicators identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through an innovative vision, the present study reconciles and systematically structures the methods already proposed by other authors before presenting an innovative operational approach and an alternative to the already existing methods. In addition, the structure of this proposal itself enables HEIs to choose from among the various indicators proposed for IC, correspondingly those that best align with the type of institution under evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jic-07-2018-0117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T04:18:58Z","timestamp":1556511538000},"page":"355-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The intellectual capital of higher education institutions"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931011039679","article-title":"Intellectual capital reporting at UK universities","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1108\/00251749810204142","article-title":"Intellectual capital: an exploratory study that develops measures and models","volume":"36","year":"1998","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-3435.00041","article-title":"The response of higher education institutions to regional needs","volume":"35","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Education"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019802608400","article-title":"Higher education and its clients: institutional responses to changes in demand and in environment","volume":"44","year":"2002","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref005","first-page":"25","article-title":"Issues of knowledge management in the public sector","volume":"1","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/isaf.231","article-title":"Project selection based on intellectual capital scorecards","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref007","volume-title":"Handbook of Qualitative Research","year":"1994"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref008","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Reconsidering the regional economic development impacts of higher education institutions in the United States","volume":"50","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref300","article-title":"Intellectual capital: realizing your company\u2019s true value by finding its hidden brainpower","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1108\/14636681111126238","article-title":"Ready for the future? Universities\u2019 capabilities to strategically manage their intellectual capital","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref010","unstructured":"European Commission (2003), \u201cThe role of the universities in the Europe of knowledge\u201d, Communication from the Commission of 5 February, available at: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/PT\/TXT\/?uri=URISERV:c11067"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref011","unstructured":"European Commission (2006), \u201cRICARDIS: reporting intellectual capital to augment research, development and innovation in SMEs,\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/invest-in-research\/pdf\/download_en\/2006-2977_web1.pdf"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref012","volume-title":"Europe 2020. A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. COM (2010) 2020 Final","author":"European Commission","year":"2010"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref013","first-page":"606","article-title":"Strategic prospective methodology to explore sustainable futures","volume":"11","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref014","article-title":"Towards an advanced impact analysis of intangible resources in organizations (BWL IX No. 2)","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref015","unstructured":"Godet, M. (1979), \u201cThe crisis in forecasting and the emergence of the \u2018prospective\u2019 approach\u201d, in Pearse, J.D. and Lennon, H.K. (Eds), With case studies in Energy and Air Transport, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, pp. 1-136."},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref016","volume-title":"From Anticipation to Action","year":"1994"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref017","volume-title":"A Prospectiva Estrat\u00e9tica","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s12208-017-0173-3","article-title":"Application of structural analysis for local development in the center region of Valle del Cauca, Colombia","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930710715088","article-title":"The intellectual capital performance of the Indian banking sector","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref020","unstructured":"Kempton, L., Goddard, J., Edwards, J., Hegyi, F.B. and Elena-P\u00e9rez, S. (2013), \u201cUniversities and smart specialisation\u201d, European Commission, S3 Policy Brief Series No. 03\/2013 Louise, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, available at: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.2791\/52851"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref021","first-page":"181","article-title":"Intellectual capital management as part of knowledge management initiatives at institutions of higher learning","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.hep.8300169","article-title":"Revisiting the third mission of universities: toward a renewed categorization of university activities?","volume":"20","year":"2007","journal-title":"Higher Education Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.12.020","article-title":"Using fuzzy AHP to develop intellectual capital evaluation model for assessing their performance contribution in a university","volume":"37","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3152\/147154404781776464","article-title":"Intellectual capital reporting for universities: conceptual background and application for Austrian universities","volume":"13","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mar.2003.10.005","article-title":"Managing and reporting knowledge-based resources and processes in research organisations: specifics, lessons learned and perspectives","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Management Accounting Research"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref027","unstructured":"Leitner, K.-H., Sammer, M., Graggober, M., Schartinger, D. and Zielowski, C. (2001), \u201cWissensbilanzierung f\u00fcr Universit\u00e4ten\u201d, Seibersdorf Research, Auftragsprojekt f\u00fcr das Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kunst, Wien, pp. 1-86."},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref026","unstructured":"Leitner, K.-H., Curaj, A., Elena-Perez, S., Fazlagic, J., Kalemis, K., Martinaitis, Z., Secundo, G., Sicilia, M.-A. and Zaksa, K. (2014), \u201cA strategic approach for intellectual capital management in European universities\u201d, in Leitner, K. and Curaj, A. (Eds), Guidelines for Implementation, UEFISCDI Blueprints Series, Bucharest, pp. 1-94."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref028","first-page":"520","article-title":"Reclaiming qualitative methods for organizational research: a preface","volume":"24","year":"1979","journal-title":"Qualitative Methodology"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref029","first-page":"10","article-title":"Identifying Stakeholders in a Portuguese university: a case study La identificaci\u00f3n de los stakeholders en una universidad portuguesa","volume":"362","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1108\/09513570610709881","article-title":"Problematising intellectual capital research: ostensive versus performative IC","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accounting Auditing and Accountability Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-33052014000400012","article-title":"Valoraci\u00f3n prospectiva del capital intelectual de la Universidad de Atacama, mediante la t\u00e9cnica Delphi","volume":"22","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ingeniare. Revista Chilena de Ingenier\u00eda"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref032","volume-title":"Methodological Guide","author":"OEU","year":"2006","edition":"PRIME, ed."},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5120\/14985-3290","article-title":"Structural analysis with knowledge-based MICMAC approach","volume":"86","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-08-2017-0807","article-title":"Back to the future of intellectual capital research: a systematic literature review","volume":"56","year":"2018","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref035","first-page":"102","article-title":"The advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in language \u2018testing and assessment\u2019 research: a literature review","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Learning"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards improved information disclosure on intellectual capital in Spanish universities","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Journal of Human Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-05-2013-0058","article-title":"Recognition and measurement of intellectual capital in Spanish universities","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1057\/kmrp.2013.27","article-title":"The relevance of intellectual capital disclosure: empirical evidence from Spanish universities","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knowledge Management Research & Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930710830873","article-title":"Intellectual capital management in Spanish universities","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931111154689","article-title":"Intellectual capital in Spanish public universities: stakeholders\u2019 information needs","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref041","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to respond to information needs of university stakeholders: proposal of indicators for reporting on intellectual capital","volume":"III","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1108\/JOCM-02-2015-0025","article-title":"The value of disclosing intellectual capital in Spanish universities","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Change Management"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref043","first-page":"1","article-title":"Managing intellectual capital: conceptual background and application for European higher education institutions","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930610709158","article-title":"Intellectual capital in universities: improving transparency and internal management","volume":"7","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930910952687","article-title":"Intellectual capital dynamics in universities: a reporting model","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1260\/1757-2223.7.1.13","article-title":"Exploiting intellectual capital for economic renewal","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovation Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref047","first-page":"390","article-title":"An intellectual capital maturity model (ICMM) to improve strategic management in European universities","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931011039651","article-title":"Intangible assets in higher education and research: mission, performance or both?","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref049","first-page":"282","article-title":"Strategic prospective in knowledge management: a proposal for research groups in Colombia","volume":"21","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigacion & Desarrollo"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref050","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.17407911","article-title":"The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities","volume":"48","year":"2005","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref052","volume-title":"The New Organizational Wealth: Managing & Measuring Knowledge-Based Assets","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref053","first-page":"237","article-title":"Identification of factors affecting reverse chain performance in relation to customer satisfaction using ISM Modelling & MICMAC Analysis","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Uncertain Supply Chain Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-06-2014-0077","article-title":"The free state university integrated reporting: a critical consideration","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Capital"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092310174987900_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1057\/kmrp.2012.53","article-title":"Measuring intellectual capital in the university sector using a fuzzy logic expert system","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knowledge Management Research & Practice"},{"key":"key2020092310174987900_ref056","volume-title":"Case Study Research: Design and Methods","year":"1994","edition":"2a."}],"container-title":["Journal of Intellectual Capital"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JIC-07-2018-0117\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JIC-07-2018-0117\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:36:02Z","timestamp":1753392962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jic\/article\/20\/3\/355-381\/210447"}},"subtitle":["Operationalizing measurement through a strategic prospective lens"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JIC-07-2018-0117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jic-07-2018-0117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-1930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-1930","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}}}