{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:34:08Z","timestamp":1774334048354,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to determine the predominant classification of intellectual capital (IC), in terms of components, using the literature of reference on the relationship between IC and performance and considering multi-dimensional analysis axes (MAAs): organisational, regional and national.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A systematic literature review (SLR) is presented focussing on empirical studies on IC published in the period 1960-2016. A protocol for action is defined and a research question is raised, gathering data from the databases of: Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. A social network analysis is also provided to determine the type of networks embracing groups, IC individual components and performance type.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 777 papers included in the SLR, 189 deal with the relationship between IC and performance. The paper highlights the greater development of empirical studies starting from 2004; the organisational MAA is the most studied. The most frequently used groups of components in studies dealing with IC\u2019s influence on performance corresponds to a triad of human capital; structural (organisational or process) capital; and relational (social or customer) capital, which determine positively the performance of organisations\/regions\/countries, but their influence is not linear and depends on various factors associated with the context and surrounding environment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study has wide-ranging implications for politicians\/governments, managers and academics, providing empirical evidence about the relationships between the components of IC and performance, by MAAs, and a global vision and better understanding of how those IC components have developed and how they are related to performance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Due to the high number of references covering a wide range of disciplines and the various dimensions (e.g. organisational, regional and national) that form IC, it becomes fundamental to carry out an SRL and systematise its MAAs to deepen knowledge about what has been discovered\/developed in this domain, in terms of empirical studies, in order to situate the topic in a wider theoretical-practical context. The paper is exceptionally wide-ranging, covering the period 1960-2016. It is one of the first clarifying studies on systemisation of the literature on IC, by MAA, and an in-depth study of IC\u2019s impact on the performance of organisations\/regions and countries which may serve as a guideline for future studies using the taxonomy proposed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jic-11-2016-0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T07:23:17Z","timestamp":1517210597000},"page":"407-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Intellectual capital and performance"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accfor.2011.03.004","article-title":"Theoretical perspectives on intellectual capital: a backward look and a proposal for going forward","volume":"35","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accounting Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-01-2015-0025","article-title":"Intellectual capital and bank productivity in emerging markets: evidence from Ghana","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1108\/13683041211204671","article-title":"The effect of intellectual capital on firm performance: an investigation of Iran insurance companies","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Measuring Business Excellence"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1108\/IMEFM-03-2015-0029","article-title":"Cross-country comparison of intellectual capital performance and its impact on financial performance of commercial banks in GCC countries","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2298\/PAN1403261N","article-title":"Economic growth and intangible capitals: Europe versus Asia","volume":"61","year":"2014","journal-title":"Panoeconomicus"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1108\/02517471080000697","article-title":"Organizational support for intrapreneurship and its interaction with human capital to enhance innovative performance","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"key":"key2020093003465809800_ref115","year":"2000"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.03.060","article-title":"The role of industry factors and intangible assets in company performance in Colombia","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020093003465809800_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930210412827","article-title":"Do all elements of intellectual capital matter for organizational performance? 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