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Several experimental animal models have been used to evaluate<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>infections, with gerbils (<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Meriones unguiculatus<\/jats:named-content>) being the most valuable model due to their high susceptibility to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>infection, abundant shedding of cysts, and pathophysiological alterations and signs of disease similar to those observed in humans. Here, we report cytokine and antibody profiles both during the course of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>infection in gerbils and after immunization with a novel oral vaccine comprising a mixture of purified variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs). Transcript levels of representative cytokines of different immune profiles as well as macro- and microtissue alterations were assessed in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleens. During infection, cytokine responses showed a biphasic profile: an early induction of Th1 (gamma interferon [IFN-\u03b3], interleukin-1\u03b2 [IL-1\u03b2], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]), Th17 (IL-17), and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines, together with intestinal alterations typical of inflammation, followed by a shift toward a predominant Th2 (IL-5) response, likely associated with a counterregulatory mechanism. Conversely, immunization with an oral vaccine comprising the entire repertoire of VSPs specifically showed high levels of IL-17, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-5, without obvious signs of inflammation. Both immunized and infected animals developed local (intestinal secretory IgA [S-IgA]) and systemic (serum IgG) humoral immune responses against VSPs; however, only infected animals showed evident signs of giardiasis. This is the first comprehensive report of cytokine expression and anti-<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>antibody production during infection and VSP vaccination in gerbils, a reliable model of the human disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00773-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T09:56:16Z","timestamp":1521453376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cytokines, Antibodies, and Histopathological Profiles during Giardia Infection and Variant-Specific Surface Protein-Based Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Marianela C.","family":"Serradell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Cordoba, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Pablo R.","family":"Gargantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Cordoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, Cordoba, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Saura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Cordoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, Cordoba, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Sergio R.","family":"Oms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Cordoba, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda L.","family":"Rupil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Cordoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, Cordoba, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Berod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Sparwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3797-8315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo D.","family":"Luj\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Cordoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba, Cordoba, Argentina"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01726454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.2.222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.35-54.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis: analysis of humoral immune response in experimentally infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"28","author":"Arguello-Garcia R","year":"1997","unstructured":"Arguello-Garcia R, Ortega-Pierres MG. 1997. 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