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For example, we have described the antitumor efficacy of CELYVIR, autologous bone marrow\u2013mesenchymal stem cells infected with the OAdv ICOVIR-5, for treatment of patients with neuroblastoma. Results from this clinical trial point out the role of the immune system in the clinical outcome. In this context, a better understanding of the immunophenotypic changes of human MSCs upon adenoviral infection and how these changes affect human autologous or allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) could guide strategies to improve the antitumor efficacy of infected MSCs. In this work, we show how infection by an OAdv induces toll-like receptor 9 overexpression and activation of the NF\u0138B pathway in menstrual blood\u2013derived MSCs, leading to a specific cytokine secretion profile. Moreover, a proinflammatory environment, mainly mediated by monocyte activation that leads to the activation of both T cells and natural killer cells (NK cell), is generated when OAdv-loaded MSCs are cocultured with allogeneic PBMCs. This combination of allogeneic PBMCs and OAdv-loaded MSCs enhances antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, an effect partially mediated by monocytes and NK cells. Altogether our results demonstrate not only the importance of the immune system for the OAdv-loaded MSCs antitumor efficacy, but in particular the benefits of using allogeneic MSCs for this therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-18-0431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T10:36:39Z","timestamp":1539599799000},"page":"127-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy of Oncolytic Adenovirus\u2013loaded Menstrual Blood\u2013derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Virotherapy and Gene therapy Group, ProCure Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto Catalan de Oncolog\u00eda-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain."}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Virotherapy and Gene therapy Group, ProCure Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto Catalan de Oncolog\u00eda-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8170-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marti","family":"Farrera-Sal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Virotherapy and Gene therapy Group, ProCure Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto Catalan de Oncolog\u00eda-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain."},{"name":"2VCN Biosciences S.L., Grifols Corporate Offices, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Judith","family":"Peris\u00e9-Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Morales-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Abdullah","family":"Al-Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Virotherapy and Gene therapy Group, ProCure Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Instituto Catalan de Oncolog\u00eda-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain."}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Alemany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Virotherapy and Gene 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