{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]],"date-time":"2025-07-20T04:06:42Z","timestamp":1752984402479,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009064","name":"australian institute of sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n71"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Computing Infrastructure","award":["n67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n67"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The aerodynamic efficiency of an elite cyclist is often evaluated and optimised using either one or a combination of field testing, wind-tunnel testing and numerical simulation. This study focuses on the processes and limitations involved in using a body scan to produce an accurate geometry for input to numerical simulation, with validation through drag comparisons from wind-tunnel tests and vortical wake-flow features reported in previous experimental studies. Transitional Shear Stress Transport Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations based on the scanned geometry were undertaken for a 180\u2009\u00b0 half crank cycle at 15\u2009\u00b0 increments. The sectional drag force contributions of 23 body subparts are presented, documenting the contribution and variation of each body\/cycle component over the cycle. These methods are evaluated and the limitations of the approaches are discussed. The results from the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel measured drag force were very similar, differing by approximately 1%\u20137% for various crank angles. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1754337120904258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T07:09:40Z","timestamp":1583996980000},"page":"339-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The application of body scanning, numerical simulations and wind tunnel testing for the aerodynamic development of cyclists"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shian","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Pitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cycling Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8208-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Crouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397187388"},{"key":"bibr2-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/095765004323049878"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr3-1754337120904258","first-page":"34","volume":"106","author":"Kyle CR","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mech Eng"},{"key":"bibr4-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027428"},{"key":"bibr5-1754337120904258","unstructured":"Underwood L. Aerodynamics of track cycling. PhD Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, pp.36\u201337, 2012."},{"key":"bibr6-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.05.097"},{"key":"bibr7-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.04.038"},{"key":"bibr8-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2018.06.011"},{"key":"bibr9-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2012.11.012"},{"key":"bibr10-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2013.678"},{"key":"bibr11-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-015-0172-8"},{"key":"bibr12-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2184353"},{"key":"bibr13-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crme.2007.08.004"},{"key":"bibr14-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.07.001"},{"volume-title":"An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite-volume method","year":"2007","author":"Versteeg HK","key":"bibr15-1754337120904258"},{"key":"bibr16-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2184352"},{"key":"bibr17-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184498"},{"key":"bibr18-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1218541"},{"key":"bibr19-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.01.025"},{"key":"bibr20-1754337120904258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198563969.001.0001","volume-title":"Flow around circular cylinders: Applications","volume":"2","author":"Zdravkovich MM","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr21-1754337120904258","unstructured":"Crouch T. Flow topology and large-scale wake structures around elite low-drag cycling positions. 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