{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:05:10Z","timestamp":1772237110858,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The malaria caused by <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> remains a serious public health problem in the world, due largely to the absence of an effective vaccine. There is a lack of information on the structural properties and antigens capable of activating the immunological mechanisms for the induction of protective immunity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the serological reactivity of sera from individuals with imported malaria and identify major immunogenic proteins.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study was conducted in 227 individuals with imported malaria and 23 healthy individuals who had never been in areas endemic for malaria. The determination of anti-<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> IgG antibodies was performed by an ELISA validated and optimized for this study. Sera showing higher reactivity to anti-<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> by ELISA were analysed by immunoblotting and immunogenic proteins were identified by mass spectroscopy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results of anti-<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> antibodies research by ELISA indicates 78 positive, 137 negative and 12 indeterminate sera. Analysis of immunoblotting demonstrated a consistent pattern with respect to immunoreactivity of antigens with molecular weights in the range of 40 to 60\u00a0kDa. Between 40 and 60\u00a0kDa six immunogenic proteins were identified: elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1\u03b1), protein disulphide isomerase (PDI); phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK); 78\u00a0kDa glucose-regulated protein homologue (GRP-78); rhoptry-associated protein 2 (RAP-2) and rhoptry-associated protein 3 (RAP-3).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It was identified immunogenic proteins essential for parasite survival in the host, two of which (RAP-2 and RAP-3) are already described in the literature as proteins that play an important role in the invasion of erythrocytes by extracellular merozoites.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T11:14:09Z","timestamp":1363605249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Immunoproteomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum antigens using sera from patients with clinical history of imported malaria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rita M","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karina P","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcelo S","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05997.x","volume":"274","author":"R Tuteja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tuteja R: Malaria - an overview. FEBS J. 2007, 274: 4670-4679. 10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05997.x.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2693_CR2","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2011","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO: World Malaria Report 2011. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization\/Global Malaria Programme"},{"key":"2693_CR3","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2010","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO: World Malaria Report 2010. 2010, Geneva: World Health Organization\/Global Malaria Programme"},{"key":"2693_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70005-2","volume":"12","author":"KC Kain","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kain KC, Keystone JS: Malaria in travellers. Epidemiology, disease and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1998, 12: 267-284. 10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70005-2.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2693_CR5","volume-title":"International travel and health, 2011 \u2013 situation as on 1 January 2011. Malaria","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO: International travel and health, 2011 \u2013 situation as on 1 January 2011. Malaria. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"2693_CR6","unstructured":"Estat\u00edsticas de Sa\u00fade - Doen\u00e7as de Declara\u00e7\u00e3o Obrigat\u00f3ria. 2004, Available on line at: [http:\/\/www.dgs.pt] Accessed February 16, 2011 (in Portuguese), \u20132008"},{"key":"2693_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1195","volume":"75","author":"RM Jennings","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jennings RM, DE Souza JB, Todd JE, Armstrong M, Flanagan KL, Riley EM, Dohert JF: Imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria: are patients originating from disease-endemic areas less likely to develop severe disease? A prospective, observational study. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2006, 75: 1195-1199.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2693_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00808.x","volume":"28","author":"K Marsh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marsh K, Kinyanjui S: Immune effector mechanisms in malaria. Parasit Immunol. 2006, 28: 51-60. 10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00808.x.","journal-title":"Parasit Immunol"},{"key":"2693_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/192733a0","volume":"192","author":"S Cohen","year":"1961","unstructured":"Cohen S, McGregor IA, Carrington S: Gamma-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria. Nature. 1961, 192: 733-737. 10.1038\/192733a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2693_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(63)90058-0","volume":"57","author":"IA McGregor","year":"1963","unstructured":"McGregor IA, Carrington SP, Cohen S: Treatment of East African P. falciparum malaria with West African human \u03b3-globulin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1963, 57: 170-175. 10.1016\/0035-9203(63)90058-0.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2693_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.297","volume":"45","author":"A Sabchareon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sabchareon A, Burnouf T, Ouattara D, Attanath P, Bouharoun-Tayoun H, Chantavanich P, Foucault C, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Druilhe P: Parasitologic and clinical human response to immunoglobulin administration in falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1991, 45: 297-308.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2693_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(96)82048-7","volume":"147","author":"J Gysin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gysin J, Moisson P, Pereira da Silva L, Druilhe P: Antibodies from immune African donors with a protective effect in Plasmodium falciparum human infection are also able to control asexual blood forms of the parasite in Saimiri monkeys. Res Immunol. 1996, 147: 397-401. 10.1016\/0923-2494(96)82048-7.","journal-title":"Res Immunol"},{"key":"2693_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1086\/339342","volume":"185","author":"B Genton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Genton B, Betula I, Felger I, Al-Yaman F, Anders RF, Saul A, Rare L, Baisor M, Lorry K, Brown GV, Pye D, Irving DO, Smith TA, Beck H, Alpers MP: A Recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine reduces Plasmodium falciparum density and exerts selective pressure on parasite populations in a phase 1-2b trial in Papua New Guinea. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 820-827. 10.1086\/339342.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2693_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.27","volume":"87","author":"JS Richards","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richards JS, Beeson JG: The future for blood-stage vaccines against malaria. Immun Cell Biol. 2009, 87: 377-390. 10.1038\/icb.2009.27.","journal-title":"Immun Cell Biol"},{"key":"2693_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.781840","volume":"193","author":"W Trager","year":"1976","unstructured":"Trager W, Jensen JB: Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science. 1976, 193: 673-675. 10.1126\/science.781840.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2693_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90445-6","volume":"88","author":"S Thaithong","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thaithong S, Seugorn A, Beale GH: Culturing Plasmodium falciparum from finger-prick samples of infected blood. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994, 88: 490-10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90445-6.","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2693_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00422-09","volume":"17","author":"DJ Hackett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hackett DJ, Zhang C, Stefanescu C, Pass RF: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for measurement of cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B antidoby in serum. Clin Vac Immunol. 2010, 17: 836-839. 10.1128\/CVI.00422-09.","journal-title":"Clin Vac Immunol"},{"key":"2693_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01107","volume":"419","author":"L Florens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Florens L, Washburn MP, Raine JD, Anthony RM, Grainger M, Haynes JD, Moch JK, Muster N, Sacci JB, Tabb DL, Witney AA, Wolters D, Wu Y, Gardner MJ, Holder AA, Sinden RE, Yates JR, Carucci DJ: A proteomic view of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Nature. 2002, 419: 520-526. 10.1038\/nature01107.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2693_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01077.x","volume":"31","author":"K Vaughan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vaughan K, Blythe M, Greenbaum J, Zhang Q, Peters B, Doolan DL, Sette A: Meta-analysis of immune epitope data for all Plasmodia: overview and applications for malarial immunobiology and vaccine-related issues. Paras Immunol. 2009, 31: 78-97. 10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01077.x.","journal-title":"Paras Immunol"},{"key":"2693_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00035-8","volume":"94","author":"RR Vinkenoog","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vinkenoog RR, Speran\u00e7a MA, van Breemen O, Ramesar J, Williamson DH, Ross-MacDonald PB, Thomas AW, Janse CJ, del Portillo HA, Waters AP: Malaria parasites contain two identical copies of an elongation factor 1 alpha gene. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1998, 94: 1-12. 10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00035-8.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"2693_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03820.x","volume":"50","author":"CJ Janse","year":"2003","unstructured":"Janse CJ, Haghparast A, Speran\u00e7a MA, Ramesar J, Kroeze H, del Portillo HA, Waters AP: Malaria parasites lacking eef1a have a normal S\/M phase yet grow more slowly due to a longer G1 phase. Mol Microbiol. 2003, 50: 1539-1551. 10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03820.x.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2693_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/289182","volume":"11","author":"BS Stolf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stolf BS, Smyrnias I, Lopes LR, Vendramin A, Goto H, Laurindo FRM, Shah AM, Santos CXC: Protein disulfide isomerase and host-pathogen interaction. Sci World J. 2011, 11: 1749-1761.","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"2693_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.045","volume":"412","author":"CD Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith CD, Chattopadhyay D, Pal B: Crystal structure of Plasmodium falciparum phosphoglycerate kinase: evidence for anion binding in the basic patch. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 2011, 412: 203-206. 10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.045.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Comm"},{"key":"2693_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.17.6277","volume":"85","author":"N Kumar","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kumar N, Syin CA, Carter R, Quakyi I, Miller LH: Plasmodium falciparum gene encoding a protein similar to the 78-kDa rat glucose-regulated stress protein. PNAS. 1988, 85: 6277-6281. 10.1073\/pnas.85.17.6277.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2693_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068407v","volume":"108","author":"LE Rodriguez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rodriguez LE, Curtidor H, Urquiza M, Cifuentes G, Reyes C, Patarroyo ME: Intimate molecular interactions of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteins involved in invasion of red blood cells and their implications for vaccine design. Chem Rev. 2008, 108: 3656-3705. 10.1021\/cr068407v.","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2693_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.09.002","volume":"31","author":"J Garc\u00eda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda J, Curtidor H, Vanegas M, Ar\u00e9valo-Pinzon G, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME: Conserved regions of the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 3 mediate specific host-pathogen interactions during invasion of red blood cells. Peptides. 2010, 31: 2165-2172. 10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.09.002.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2693_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90037-X","volume":"18","author":"L Schofield","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schofield L, Bushell GR, Cooper JA, Saul AJ, Upcroft JA, Kidson C: A rhoptry antigen of Plasmodium falciparum contains conserved and variable epitopes recognized by inhibitory monoclonal antibodies. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1986, 18: 183-195. 10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90037-X.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T22:43:27Z","timestamp":1630536207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"100"}}