{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T08:41:44Z","timestamp":1772527304114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000669","name":"Overseas Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12819; 0000042498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12819; 0000042498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000669","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bullying is an understudied global social problem. While school-level factors are a recognized influence on bullying victimization, the elements of a \u2018girl-friendly\u2019 school that may reduce the risk of bullying victimization among girls and prevent dropout is understudied in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study used baseline data from the evaluation of the Room-to-Read (RtR) Girls\u2019 Education Program (GEP) in Nepal to assess the relationship of a conceptually grounded gender-equitable school (GES) index with girls\u2019 risk of direct and relational bullying victimization, adjusted for potential confounders at the individual and school levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The school sample included all 24 RtR GEP schools and 25 community schools attended by girls in a comparison cohort, representing 729 grade six girls with complete outcome data. We employed multilevel negative binomial regression to assess the relationship between the GES score (higher scores indicate greater support for girls), and girls\u2019 risk of peer victimization, controlling for individual- and school-level covariates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On average, girls reported 2.84 direct victimizations and 0.27 relational victimizations in the prior week. The first component of the GES index, a generalized measure of school-level support for girls, showed a significant negative relationship with weekly relational bullying victimization in models with all school- and individual-level covariates. In the full model, a one-point higher score on the generalized GES component accounted for a 26% lower risk of relational bullying victimization in the prior week.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>School-level policies, practices, and pedagogy designed to support girls may reduce their exposure to relational aggression, a form of bullying that girls most often perpetrate. In LMICs, the school may be an ideal place to raise awareness about the types and effects of peer bullying and to promote prosocial bystander behavior. Further research is needed to identify factors related to other forms of bullying.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T18:00:25Z","timestamp":1625853625000},"page":"e0253128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gender-sensitive school environment and bullying victimization among adolescent girls: A multilevel study in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2601-2854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irina","family":"Bergenfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-5221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cari Jo","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7624-6379","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zara","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Yount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0253128.ref001","volume-title":"Hidden in Plain Sight, A Statistical Analysis of Violence Against Children","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0253128.ref002","volume-title":"School Violence and Bullying Global Status Report","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0253128.ref003","volume-title":"Global Guidance on Addressing School-Related Gender-Based Violence","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0253128.ref004","unstructured":"Currie C, Zanotti C, Morgan A, Currie D, De Looze M, Roberts C, et al. 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