{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:02:36Z","timestamp":1771466556474,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304\/PPSG\/ 6315415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PPSG\/ 6315415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Purpose: To assess the oral health literacy (OHL) of parents and its association with the caries experience of their preschool children attending the Hospital University Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. (2) Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving a systematic random sampling method, using a sample of 230 parent\/preschool child dyads. Among 230 parents, 24 were males and 206 were females (mean age 31.43 \u00b1 5.82); among 230 children, 92 were boys and 138 were girls (mean age 4.82 \u00b1 1.04) attending the pedodontics clinic, HUSM, who participated and met the inclusion criteria. A structured, self-administered oral health literacy questionnaire including sociodemographic factors was used in this study. A child\u2019s oral examination was performed to check the dmft (decayed, missing, filled teeth) status. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive and Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis. (3) Results: The mean dmft score of children in relation to the OHL level of parents showed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.00). The mean dmft score of children in relation to the OHL level of parents showed the following relationships: Inadequate (7.49 \u00b1 4.10) followed by marginal (3.28 \u00b1 2.67) and then adequate (0.55 \u00b1 1.55). The incidence of caries amongst children in relation to parental employment was more associated with unemployed parents (6.11 \u00b1 4.43) than with employed parents (2.79 \u00b1 3.65). The caries experience amongst children in relation to education of their parents revealed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001), and the mean dmft score was high amongst preschool children with primary school qualified parents (10.7 \u00b1 4.10) followed by high school (7.04 \u00b1 3.68), vocational (5.81 \u00b1 3.57), diploma (2.61 \u00b1 2.81), and university (1.29 \u00b1 2.27), respectively. The results revealed a valid significant difference (negative correlation, rs = \u22120.753 **) between the OHL of parents with the dmft score of their preschool children. The age and gender of parents was not significantly associated with OHL, whereas ethnicity (positive correlation, rs = 0.283 **), education (positive correlation, rs = 0.865 **), and employment (negative correlation, rs = \u22120.490 **) were found to be significant. Conclusion: We conclude that there is a significant association between the OHL of parents with the dmft score of their preschool children. The logistic regression showed that after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, parents\u2019 gender (OR = 0.067, 95% CI: 0.012\u20130.360), parents\u2019 employment status (OR = 3.247, 95% CI: 0.897\u201311.754), parents\u2019 OHL score (OR = 0.042, 95% CI: 0.016\u20130.114), and child age (OR = 2.195, 95% CI: 1.249\u20133.857) were significantly associated with dental caries in children. Our study concluded that parents\u2019 employment status, age, gender, OHL, and child\u2019s age were significantly associated with the caries experience of their preschool children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children7080101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T11:15:27Z","timestamp":1597749327000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Assessment of Parents\u2019 Oral Health Literacy and Its Association with Caries Experience of Their Preschool Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Abdul Habeeb","family":"Adil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Public Health Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Sumaiya Zabin","family":"Eusufzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Public Health Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Aimi","family":"Kamruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pedodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2366-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Muhamad Amir","family":"Wan Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafij Bin","family":"Jamayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohmed Isaqali","family":"Karobari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Division, Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 72345, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Association between maternal oral health literacy and their preschoolers\u2019 oral health outcomes in Muradnagar\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Tyagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Spec."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Oral health literacy: Findings of a scoping review","volume":"2","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"EC Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2007.00021.x","article-title":"Development of a word recognition instrument to test health literacy in dentistry: The REALD-30\u2014A brief communication","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ADA (2009). Health Literacy in Dentistry Action Plan 2010\u20132015, American Dental Association."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, M.J., Lawrence, H.P., and de Sousa, M.d.L.R. (2018). Oral health literacy and oral health outcomes in an adult population in Brazil. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4443-0"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12378","article-title":"Is parental oral health literacy a predictor of children\u2019s oral health outcomes? Systematic review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Firmino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"275","article-title":"Relationship of Oral Health Literacy with Dental Caries and Oral Health Behavior of Children and Their Parents","volume":"15","author":"Yazdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. (Tehran Iran)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2007.12.001","article-title":"Oral Health Literacy: The New Imperative to Better Oral Health","volume":"52","author":"Horowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"ADHA (2008). Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice, American Dental Hygienists\u2019 Association."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/15.3.259","article-title":"Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century","volume":"15","author":"Nutbeam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00490.x","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an oral health literacy instrument for adults","volume":"37","author":"Sabbahi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12089","article-title":"The association between oral health literacy and failed appointments in adults attending a university-based general dental clinic","volume":"42","author":"Holtzman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, E.J., and Jamieson, L.M. (2010). Associations between Indigenous Australian oral health literacy and self-reported oral health outcomes. BMC Oral Health, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-10-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2012.00375.x","article-title":"The impact of oral health literacy on periodontal health status","volume":"74","author":"Wehmeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300291","article-title":"The Relationship of Oral Health Literacy and Self-Efficacy with Oral Health Status and Dental Neglect","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.19082\/3421","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Oral Health Literacy and its Impact on their Children\u2019s Dental Health Status","volume":"8","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.2002.00338.x","article-title":"Influence of parents\u2019 oral health behaviour on oral health status of their school children: An exploratory study employing a causal modelling technique","volume":"12","author":"Okada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/741783","article-title":"Oral Health Behavior of Parents as a Predictor of Oral Health Status of Their Children","volume":"2013","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12021","article-title":"Validation of the Hong Kong Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task for Paediatric Dentistry (HKOHLAT-P)","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ramlay, M. (2015). Cross Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Oral Health Literacy Instrument for use in Malaysia, USM."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"132","article-title":"Power, effect and sample size using GPower: Practical issues for researchers and members of research ethics committees","volume":"5","author":"Cunningham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid. Based Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WHO (2013). Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucaciu, O., Mester, A., Constantin, I., Orban, N., Cosma, L., Candrea, S., Sava-Rosianu, R., and Mesaros, A.S. (2020). A WHO Pathfinder Survey of Dental Caries in 6 and 12-Year Old Transylvanian Children and the Possible Correlation with Their Family Background, Oral-Health Behavior, and the Intake of Sweets. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114180"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1049_19","article-title":"Oral health literacy: A practical strategy towards better oral health status among adult population of Ghaziabad district","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brega, A.G., Jiang, L., Johnson, R.L., Wilson, A.R., Schmiege, S.J., and Albino, J. (2020). Health Literacy and Parental Oral Health Knowledge, Beliefs, Behavior, and Status Among Parents of American Indian Newborns. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00688-4"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieng, S., Cisse, D., Lombrail, P., and Azogui-L\u00e9vy, S. (2020). Mothers\u2019 oral health literacy and children\u2019s oral health status in Pikine, Senegal: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226876"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12520","article-title":"The impact of oral health literacy and family cohesion on dental caries in early adolescence","volume":"48","author":"Dutra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"111","article-title":"Relationship between Caregivers\u2019 Oral Health Literacy and their Child\u2019s Caries Experience","volume":"36","author":"Baskaradoss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2013.10.018","article-title":"The relationship between caregiver functional oral health literacy and child oral health status","volume":"94","author":"Bridges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12415","article-title":"Impact of oral health literacy on self-reported missing data in epidemiological research","volume":"46","author":"Firmino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12042","article-title":"New oral health literacy instrument for public health: Development and pilot testing","volume":"5","author":"Sistani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3329\/akmmcj.v7i1.31611","article-title":"Measurement of Oral Health Literacy Level Among Bangladeshi Adults Seeking Dental Care and Its Relationship With Socio-demographic Characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Mahmud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anwer Khan Mod. Med. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"112","article-title":"Original Research Article Oral Health Literacy of Adolescents of Tamil Nadu","volume":"3","author":"Kirk","year":"2016","journal-title":"India. Sch. J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22452\/adum.vol22no1.3","article-title":"Oral Health Literacy among Carers of Special Needs Children in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia","volume":"22","author":"Fabillah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"243","article-title":"Oral health literacy among mothers of pre-school children","volume":"34","author":"Vichayanrat","year":"2014","journal-title":"M. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000345534","article-title":"Impact of Early Childhood Caries on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Preschool Children and Their Parents","volume":"47","author":"Marques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abate, A., Cavagnetto, D., Fama, A., Matarese, M., Bellincioni, F., and Assandri, F. (2020). Efficacy of Operculectomy in the Treatment of 145 Cases with Unerupted Second Molars: A Retrospective Case\u2013Control Study. Dent. J., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8030065"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"NOHPM (2011). National Oral Health Plan for Malaysia 2011\u20132020."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpr.ijpr_31_17","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices of parents toward their children\u2019s oral health: A questionnaire survey in Bhairahawa (Nepal)","volume":"3","author":"Khanduri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. J. Pedod. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maspero, C., Abate, A., Cavagnetto, D., El Morsi, M., Fama, A., and Farronato, M. (2020). Available Technologies, Applications and Benefits of Teleorthodontics. A Literature Review and Possible Applications during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061891"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farronato, M., Cavagnetto, D., Abate, A., Cressoni, P., Fama, A., and Maspero, C. (2019). Assessment of condylar volume and ramus height in JIA patients with unilateral and bilateral TMJ involvement: Retrospective case-control study. Clin. Oral Investig., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03122-5"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4034\/PBOCI.2019.191.120","article-title":"Sociodemography, Oral Health Status and Behaviours Related to Oral Health Literacy","volume":"19","author":"Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Cl\u00ednica Integrada"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"MOH (2015). Oral Health Status of Malaysians."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nutritional status and early childhood caries among preschool children in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Ruhaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1590\/pboci.2020.008","article-title":"Factors Influencing Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Preschool Children in District of Kota Bharu, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"20","author":"Dolah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Cl\u00ednica Integrada"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"305","article-title":"Association between parental oral health literacy and children\u2019s oral health status","volume":"13","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Latinoamericana De Hipertension"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"38","article-title":"Caries in preschool children and its risk factors in 2 provinces in China","volume":"38","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quintessence Int. (Berl. Ger. 1985)"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"13","article-title":"Oral health inequalities in preschool children in North-Eastern Italy as reflected by caries prevalence","volume":"8","author":"Ferro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"162","article-title":"The early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS): Assessment tool in oral health related quality of life","volume":"11","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Dent. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12223","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries and toothbrushing habits among preschool children in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"66","author":"Elidrissi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"97","article-title":"Dental caries experience in preschool children of Bauru, SP, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790031501","article-title":"Caries in five-year-old children and associations with family-related factors","volume":"79","author":"Mattila","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232018247.18752017","article-title":"Caregiver\u2019s oral health literacy is associated with prevalence of untreated dental caries in preschool children","volume":"24","author":"Montes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2887","article-title":"Impact of caregiver literacy on children\u2019s oral health outcomes","volume":"126","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Zeyer, K. (2019). Association Between Somali Mothers\u2019 Oral Health Literacy and Their Children\u2019s Caries Experience in Minnesota. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Dental Hygiene School of Dentistry University of Minnesota]."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"72","article-title":"Parental health literacy and children\u2019s dental health: Implications for the future","volume":"28","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemianpour, M., Bakhshandeh, S., Shirvani, A., Emadi, N., Samadzadeh, H., Fatemi, N.M., and Ghasemian, A. (2019). Dental caries experience and socio-economic status among Iranian children: A multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7693-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12097","article-title":"Exploration of the relationship between parent\/guardian sociodemographics, intention, and knowledge and the oral health status of their children\/wards enrolled in a Central Florida Head Start Program","volume":"13","author":"Weatherwax","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00064","article-title":"Parental Factors Influencing the Development of Early Childhood Caries in Developing Nations: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baskaradoss, J.K. (2018). Relationship between oral health literacy and oral health status. BMC Oral Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0640-1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2010.00181.x","article-title":"Screening for oral health literacy in an urban dental clinic","volume":"70","author":"Atchison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-5932.171183","article-title":"Conceptual measure of oral health literacy level among patients visiting a private dental institution in Dharwad: A cross-sectional questionnaire study","volume":"13","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Indian Assoc. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maspero, C., Farronato, M., Bellincioni, F., Annibale, A., Machetti, J., Abate, A., Cavagnetto, D., and Maspero, C. (2020). Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Maxillary Sinus Changes in Growing Subjects: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Material, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13041007"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0344","article-title":"Oral health literacy among adult patients seeking dental care","volume":"138","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/249591","article-title":"Determinants of Oral Health: Does Oral Health Literacy Matter?","volume":"2013","author":"Sistani","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dent."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0186-6","article-title":"The Association of Oral Health Literacy and Oral Health Knowledge with Social Determinants in Pregnant Brazilian Women","volume":"41","author":"Vilella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"163","article-title":"Linguistic adaptation and psychometric evaluation of original Oral Health Literacy-Adult Questionnaire (OHL-AQ)","volume":"4","author":"Vyas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Educ. Prof."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0688-6","article-title":"Parental occupations, educational levels, and income and prevalence of dental caries in 3-year-old Japanese children","volume":"22","author":"Kato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abed, R., Bernab\u00e9, E., and Sabbah, W. (2019). Family Impacts of Severe Dental Caries among Children in the United Kingdom. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010109"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/8\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:02:26Z","timestamp":1760176946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/8\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children7080101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children7080101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]}}}