{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:00:32Z","timestamp":1760551232675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UPM-IPS 9673600","Innohub 9003251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPM-IPS 9673600","Innohub 9003251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cosmetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An oil in water (O\/W) nanoemulsion formulation containing kojic monooleate (KMO) in thin film system was developed. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize and analyzed the effect of three variables, namely concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (20\u201330% w\/w), concentration of propylene glycol (PG) (1\u201310% w\/w), and shear rate of high shear homogenizer (3000\u20139000 rpm) on droplet size as a response, while other compositions remained constant such as KMO (10.0% w\/w), Tween 80 (3.19% w\/w), castor oil (3.74% w\/w), xanthan gum (0.70% w\/w), and germall plus (0.7% w\/w, PG (and) diazolidinyl urea (and) iodopropynyl butylcarbamate). The optimized KMO nanoemulsion formulation with desirable criteria was PVA (27.61% w\/w) and PG (1.05% w\/w), and shear rate (8656.17 rpm) with a predicted droplet size (110.21 nm) and actual droplet size (105.93 nm) with a residual standard error (RSE) of less than 2.0% was obtained. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the fitness of the quadratic polynomial fit the experimental data with a F-value of 65.30, p\u2013value of p &lt; 0.0001, and a non-significant lack-of-fit. The optimized KMO formulation shows the desired criteria of the thin film system and the physicochemical properties (Zeta potential \u221237.37 mV, PDI 0.13, pH 4.74) and stability at four different conditions indicate its suitability for cosmeceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics7040073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T09:28:08Z","timestamp":1600853288000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Addition of PVA\/PG to Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Kojic Monooleate Formulation on Droplet Size: Three-Factors Response Surface Optimization and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Farzana","family":"Jaslina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Nur Hana","family":"Faujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosfarizan","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology &amp; Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Siti Efliza","family":"Ashari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.58.503","article-title":"Optimization of enzymatic synthesis of palm-based kojic acid ester using response surface methodology","volume":"58","author":"Ashari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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