{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:47:08Z","timestamp":1776505628426,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["235569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["235569"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burns and other skin injuries are growing concerns as well as challenges in an era of antimicrobial resistance. Novel treatment options to improve the prevention and eradication of infectious skin biofilm-producing pathogens, while enhancing wound healing, are urgently needed for the timely treatment of infection-prone injuries. Treatment of acute skin injuries requires tailoring of formulation to assure both proper skin retention and the appropriate release of incorporated antimicrobials. The challenge remains to formulate antimicrobials with low water solubility, which often requires carriers as the primary vehicle, followed by a secondary skin-friendly vehicle. We focused on widely used chlorhexidine formulated in the chitosan-infused nanocarriers, chitosomes, incorporated into chitosan hydrogel for improved treatment of skin injuries. To prove our hypothesis, lipid nanocarriers and chitosan-comprising nanocarriers (\u2248250 nm) with membrane-active antimicrobial chlorhexidine were optimized and incorporated into chitosan hydrogel. The biological and antibacterial effects of both vesicles and a vesicles-in-hydrogel system were evaluated. The chitosomes-in-chitosan hydrogel formulation demonstrated promising physical properties and were proven safe. Additionally, the chitosan-based systems, both chitosomes and chitosan hydrogel, showed an improved antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to the formulations without chitosan. The novel formulation could serve as a foundation for infection prevention and bacterial eradication in acute wounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md19050269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1620817152000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Chitosomes-In-Chitosan Hydrogel for Acute Skin Injuries: Prevention and Infection Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0425-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa Myrseth","family":"Hemmingsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Kjersti","family":"Julin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusvegen 44, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Luqman","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Purusotam","family":"Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVF Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen 38, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusvegen 44, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"\u0160kalko-Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Troms\u00f8 The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2020.104","article-title":"Novel Therapeutics for the Treatment of Burn Infection","volume":"22","author":"Salyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. 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