{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:45:20Z","timestamp":1776163520956,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007145","name":"Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GP-IPM\/2016\/7470300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP-IPM\/2016\/7470300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypoxia plays a significant role in solid tumors by the increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1), which is known to promote cancer invasion and metastasis. Cancer-cell invasion dynamically begins with the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via invadopodia formation. The chemical substrates that are utilized by hypoxic cells as fuel to drive invadopodia formation are still not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of the study was to maintain MDA-MB-231 cells under hypoxia conditions to allow cells to form a large number of invadopodia as a model, followed by identifying their nutrient utilization. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of cells forming invadopodia under hypoxia conditions. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed that essential proteins for hypoxia and invadopodia, including HIF-1\u03b1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2), and Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 (\u03b2-PIX), significantly increased under hypoxia. Interestingly, phenotype microarray showed that only 11 chemical substrates from 367 types of substrates were significantly metabolized in hypoxia compared to in normoxia. This is thought to be fuel for hypoxia to drive the invasion process. In conclusion, we found 11 chemical substrates that could have potential energy sources for hypoxia-induced invadopodia formation of these cells. This may in part be a target in the hypoxic tumor and invadopodia formation. Additionally, these findings can be used as potential carrier targets in cancer-drug discovery, such as the usage of dextrin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:56:58Z","timestamp":1598435818000},"page":"3876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Identification of Potential Chemical Substrates as Fuel for Hypoxic Tumors That May Be Linked to Invadopodium Formation in Hypoxia-Induced MDA-MB-231 Breast-Cancer Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hamad Ali","family":"Hamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research and Training Unit, Anbar Cancer Centre, Anbar Health Directorate, Ramadi 31001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Hammad","family":"Enezei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Collage of Dentistry, Anbar University, Ramadi 31001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmar","family":"Alrawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Noraina Muhamad","family":"Zakuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Nurul Akmaryanti","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoke Kqueen","family":"Cheah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Nur Fariesha Md","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/HP.S93413","article-title":"The Role of Hypoxia in Cancer Progression, Angiogenesis, Metastasis, and Resistance to Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Muz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypoxia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.4.266","article-title":"Tumor Hypoxia: Definitions and Current Clinical, Biologic, and Molecular Aspects","volume":"93","author":"Vaupel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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