{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:42:45Z","timestamp":1760240565794,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007936","name":"International AIDS Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["327-EZE, CIPHER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327-EZE, CIPHER"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Michigan State University\u2019s Alliance for African Partnership","award":["Grant #: RN100284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant #: RN100284"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An impact of vitamin D in neurocognitive function has been theorized but it remains unknown whether vitamin-D insufficiency (VDI) is associated with worse socio-emotional adjustment (SEA) in vulnerable early school-aged children. This study examines the thesis that deficits in SEA are related to VDI using longitudinal data from 254 children that are perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV), exposed-uninfected (HEU), or unexposed-uninfected (HUU). In utero\/peripartum antiretroviral (IPA) exposure was established per medical record documentation of biological mother\u2019s ART regimen in pregnancy. Four caregiver-reported age- and sex-standardized measures of SEA were obtained at months 0, 6, and 12 for dependent children aged 6\u201310 years: externalizing problems (EPC), internalizing problems (IPC), behavioral symptoms index (BSI), and adaptive skills index (ASI). VDI was highly prevalent (74%, n = 188), and its association with change in SEA measures over 12 months varied by HIV-status (VDI*HIV, all p-values &lt; 0.03). There was further variation in relationship of vitamin-D to SEA by IPA among PHIV (for ASI, BSI, and EPC, vitamin-D*IPA, p-value \u2264 0.01) and HEU (for BSI and EPC, vitamin-D*IPA, p-value \u2264 0.04). Among HUU, BSI (\u03b2 = \u22120.32, 95% CI: \u22120.50, \u22120.13), IPC (\u03b2 = \u22120.28, 95% CI: \u22120.47, \u22120.09), and EPC (\u03b2 = \u22120.20, 95% CI: \u22120.37, \u22120.02) all declined moderately per quartile increment in VD. Among PHIV, on the one hand higher vitamin D predicted ASI gains (moderate vs. low VD, \u03b2 = 0.52, p = 0.002), but this protective association was absent for BSI, EPC, and IPC (\u03b2 = 0.36\u20130.77, p &lt; 0.05). In absence of IPA-exposure, increasing vitamin-D predicted declines in BSI and EPC (moderate vs. low Vitamin D, \u03b2 = \u22120.56 to \u22120.71, p \u2264 0.02) among HEU. However, given IPA exposure among HEU, higher VDI predicted moderate elevation in BSI (\u03b2 = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.78) and IPC (\u03b2 = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.92). Interaction between VD and IPA exposure for SEA outcomes among HEU and PHIV children warrants further investigation. The vitamin-D associated SEA improvement among HUU and HEU without IPA exposure suggests vitamin-D supplementation may remediate behavioral and adaptive deficits in this groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T11:49:38Z","timestamp":1562932178000},"page":"1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum Vitamin D is Differentially Associated with Socioemotional Adjustment in Early School-Aged Ugandan Children According to Perinatal HIV Status and In Utero\/Peripartum Antiretroviral Exposure History"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Yakah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenifer I.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Sikorskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority, Kampala 00256, Uganda"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Tuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala 00256, Uganda"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Ophthamology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Amara E.","family":"Ezeamama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735615","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/735615","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Hiv Infection: Not Only a Bone Disorder","volume":"2015","author":"Mansueto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. 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