{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:53:13Z","timestamp":1769165593859,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission FP6","award":["contract No. 003950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract No. 003950"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000830","name":"NATO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Collaborative Linkage Grant ref. 983596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Collaborative Linkage Grant ref. 983596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andalucia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE P08-RNM-04023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE P08-RNM-04023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Commission FP7","award":["contract No. 603525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract No. 603525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>States of ecological maturity and temporal trends of drylands in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia north of 28\u00b0N are reported for 1998\u20132008. The input data were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index databases and corresponding climate fields, at a spatial resolution of 1 km and a temporal resolution of one month. States convey opposing dynamics of human exploitation and ecological succession. They were identified synchronically for the full period by comparing each location to all other locations in the study area under equivalent aridity. Rain Use Efficiency (RUE) at two temporal scales was used to estimate proxies for biomass and turnover rate. Biomass trends were determined for every location by stepwise regression using time and aridity as predictors. This enabled human-induced degradation to be separated from simple responses to interannual climate variation. Some relevant findings include large areas of degraded land, albeit improving over time or fluctuating with climate, but rarely degrading further; smaller, but significant areas of mature and reference vegetation in most climate zones; very low overall active degradation rates throughout the area during the decade observed; biomass accumulation over time exceeding depletion in most zones; and negative feedback between land states and trends suggesting overall landscape persistence. Semiarid zones were found to be the most vulnerable. Those results can be disaggregated by country or province. The combination with existing land cover maps and national forest inventories leads to the information required by the two progress indicators associated with the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification strategic objective to improve the conditions of ecosystems and with the Sustainable Development Goal Target 15.3 to achieve land degradation neutrality. Beyond that, the results are also useful as a basis for land management and restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1468921702000},"page":"603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Land Degradation States and Trends in the Northwestern Maghreb Drylands, 1998\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-9433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Del Barrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (CSIC), Ctra. Sacramento sn, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (CSIC), Ctra. Sacramento sn, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Azziz","family":"Hirche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vegetal Ecology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique sur les R\u00e9gions Arides (CRSTRA), Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Yassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Forestiere (CRF), Avenue Omar Ibn Al Khattab BP 763, 10050 Rabat-Agdal, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (CSIC), Ctra. Sacramento sn, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ouessar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Regions Arides (IRA), Route du Djorf km 22.5, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Martinez Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (CSIC), Ctra. Sacramento sn, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Bouajila","family":"Essifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Regions Arides (IRA), Route du Djorf km 22.5, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Puigdefabregas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (CSIC), Ctra. Sacramento sn, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oldeman, L.R., Hakkeling, R.T.A., and Sombroek, W.G. (1990). 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