{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:16:46Z","timestamp":1775560606693,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002509","name":"Keimyung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BISA Research Grant of Keimyung University in 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BISA Research Grant of Keimyung University in 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the impact of gender at three different positions in a firm\u2019s hierarchy on innovative activities, looking at over 6474 firms in 30 emerging countries. We create a dummy variable for each of the six survey questions on product innovation, process innovation, organizational innovation, marketing innovation, and R&amp;D (Research &amp; Development) spending. Each dummy acts as a dependent variable in a separate logit regression, and the sum of the dummies acts as the dependent variable in another ordered logit regression. We use the female ownership percentage, female top management, and female majority in the workforce as test variables. We use the Heckman two-stage model to address endogeneity concerns with gender. We find that the female ownership percentage is generally positively related to individual innovation measures as well as the composite measure, while female top management is positively associated with marketing innovation only, and a female majority in the workforce is not significantly related to any measure. The results suggest that promoting innovation in emerging countries would involve governments encouraging further market participation by women and supporting female CEOs (Chief Executive Officers) to innovate, and firms fostering innovation among female workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su11071992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T03:13:42Z","timestamp":1554347622000},"page":"1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Gender Effect on a Firm\u2019s Innovative Activities in the Emerging Economies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kyunga","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Taxation, Keimyung University, Euiyang Hall 327, 1095, Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kwangsoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"185002801","article-title":"The Influence of the Manager on Firm Innovation in Emerging Economies","volume":"22","author":"Bourke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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