{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:03:29Z","timestamp":1768208609269,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GPF048A-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPF048A-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008561","name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOLD 2020RIO10517844\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOLD 2020RIO10517844\/046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One effective method to minimize the increasing cost in the construction industry is by using coal bottom ash waste as a substitute material. The high volume of coal bottom ash waste generated each year and the improper disposal methods have raised a grave pollution concern because of the harmful impact of the waste on the environment and human health. Recycling coal bottom ash is an effective way to reduce the problems associated with its disposal. This paper reviews the current physical and chemical and utilization of coal bottom ash as a substitute material in the construction industry. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential of recycling bottom ash in the field of civil construction. This review encourages and promotes effective recycling of coal bottom ash and identifies the vast range of coal bottom ash applications in the construction industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13148031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T04:55:40Z","timestamp":1626670540000},"page":"8031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Syakirah Afiza","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transportation Research, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 02600, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Suhana","family":"Koting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transportation Research, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Herda Yati Binti","family":"Katman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Putrajaya Campus, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Mohammed","family":"Babalghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transportation Research, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad Fazly","family":"Abdul Patah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rasdan","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transportation Research, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Rehan","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Science Society of Malaysia, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.03.034","article-title":"Sustainable energy development: The present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future q","volume":"35","author":"Lior","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.11.016","article-title":"Earth-Science Reviews A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fl y ash","volume":"141","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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