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In this paper, we report and synthesize data on mature pollen and pollen ontogeny from all genera of Nymphaeales within a comparative, phylogenetic context and consider pollen evolution in this early\u2010diverging angiosperm lineage. We describe mature pollen characters for <jats:italic>Euryale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Barclaya<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Nymphaea ondinea<\/jats:italic>, taxa for which little to no structural data exist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied mature pollen for all nymphaealean genera using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. We reviewed published reports of nymphaealean pollen to provide a comprehensive discussion of pollen characters in water lilies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>KEY RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nymphaeales exhibit diversity in key pollen characters, including dispersal unit size, ornamentation, aperture morphology, and tapetum type. All Nymphaeales pollen are tectate\u2010columellate, exhibiting one of two distinct patterns of infratectal ultrastructure\u2014a thick infratectal space with robust columellae or a thin infratectal space with thin columellae. All genera have pollen with a lamellate endexine that becomes compressed in the proximal, but not distal wall. This endexine ultrastructure supports the operculate hypothesis for aperture origin. Nymphaeaceae pollen exhibit a membranous granular layer, which is a synapomorphy of the family.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Variation in pollen characters indicates that significant potential for lability in pollen development was present in Nymphaeales at the time of its divergence from the rest of angiosperms. Structural and ontogenetic data are essential for interpreting pollen characters, such as infratectum and endexine ultrastructure in Nymphaeales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1500249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T22:58:18Z","timestamp":1443567498000},"page":"1685-1702","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pollen structure and development in Nymphaeales: Insights into character evolution in an ancient angiosperm lineage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Mackenzie L.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ranessa L.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"D\u00e9masquage des substances d'impr\u00e9gnation et de transfert de nature glycoprot\u00e9ique et polysaccharidique au niveau des parois polliniques de Dactylis glomerata L. \u00c9tude ultrastructurale. 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