{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T06:21:00Z","timestamp":1783750860802,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2197","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Free and open source software (FOSS) is any computer program released under a licence that grants users rights to run the program for any purpose, to study it, to modify it, and to redistribute it in original or modified form. Our aim is to explore the intersection between FOSS and computational reproducibility. We begin by situating FOSS in relation to other \u2018open\u2019 initiatives, and specifically open science, open research, and open scholarship. In this context, we argue that anyone who actively contributes to the research process today is a computational researcher, in that they use computers to manage and store information. We then provide a primer to FOSS suitable for anyone concerned with research quality and sustainability\u2014including researchers in any field, as well as support staff, administrators, publishers, funders, and so on. Next, we illustrate how the notions introduced in the primer apply to resources for scientific computing, with reference to the GNU Scientific Library as a case study. We conclude by discussing why the common interpretation of \u2018open source\u2019 as \u2018open code\u2019 is misplaced, and we use this example to articulate the role of FOSS in research and scholarship today.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Reliability and reproducibility in computational science: implementing verification, validation and uncertainty quantification\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T03:05:47Z","timestamp":1616987147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-9497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6PN, UK"},{"name":"Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-2693","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"Stallman R. 1999 The GNU operating system and the free software movement. 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