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release hypothesis, wherein a non\u2010indigenous species has greater probability of invasion success by virtue of leaving its natural enemies, including parasites, behind.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It is also possible that native parasites may prevent invasions, but it is clear that invasive organisms may bring infectious diseases with them that can infect native competitors (via spillover), or act as competent hosts for native diseases, increasing disease prevalence among native species (via spillback).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>If the shared disease (either via spillover or spillback) has higher virulence in the native host (which is particularly likely with introduced parasites), there is the potential that the disease can act as a \u2018biological weapon\u2019 leading to a disease\u2010mediated invasion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMI<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, we review cases where disease may have been an important factor mediating a wide range of invasions in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We then focus on the invasion of the grey squirrel into the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> as a case study of a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMI<\/jats:styled-content>, and we discuss how mathematical models have helped us to understand the importance of this shared disease and its implications for the management of invasive species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We conclude that (i) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMI<\/jats:styled-content>s are a widespread phenomenon, that (ii) spillover is more common in animal invasions and spillback more common among plant invasions and that (iii) spillover <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMI<\/jats:styled-content>s are particularly important in explaining the replacement of native animals with phylogenetically similar non\u2010indigenous species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T19:38:09Z","timestamp":1353526689000},"page":"1249-1261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Invading with biological weapons: the importance of disease\u2010mediated invasions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences Heriot\u2010Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS 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