{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:35:33Z","timestamp":1792697733691,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine the relationship between the use of restraining devices and the incidence of specific facial fractures in motor vehicle crashes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective analysis of patients with facial fractures following a motor vehicle crash.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital level I trauma center from 1996 to 2000.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 3731 patients involved in motor vehicle crashes, a total of 497 patients were found to have facial fractures as determined by\n International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)<\/jats:italic>\n codes. Facial fractures were categorized as mandibular, orbital, zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC), and nasal.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Use of seat belts alone was more effective in decreasing the chance of facial fractures in this population (from 17% to 8%) compared with the use of air bags alone (17% to 11%). The use of seat belts and air bags together decreased the incidence of facial fractures from 17% to 5%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Use of restraining devices in vehicles significantly reduces the chance of incurring facial fractures in a severe motor vehicle crash. However, use of air bags and seat belts does not change the pattern of facial fractures greatly except for ZMC fractures. Air bags are least effective in preventing ZMC fractures. Improving the mechanics of restraining devices might be needed to minimize facial fractures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T19:33:58Z","timestamp":1267472038000},"page":"113-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Effect of Air Bags and Restraining Devices on the Pattern of Facial Fractures in Motor Vehicle Crashes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Payman","family":"Simoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Robert","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"National Highway Safety Transportation Administration: actions to reduce the adverse effects of air bags: FMVSS No. 208; 1997. Available at: http:\/\/www.nhtsa.dot.gov. Accessed January2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70210-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81911-0","article-title":"Alkaline chemical keratitis: eye injury from airbags","volume":"21","author":"Smally AJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smally AJ, , Bizer A, , Dolin S, , Viano D. Alkaline chemical keratitis: eye injury from airbags. Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21:1400-1402.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199504000-00003","article-title":"Upper extremity injuries related to airbag deployments","volume":"38","author":"Huelke DF","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huelke DF, , Moore JL, , Compton TW, , Samuels J, , Levine RS. Upper extremity injuries related to airbag deployments. 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J Trauma. 1993; 35:840-843.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199709000-00011","article-title":"Airbags alone compared with the combination of mechanical restraints and air bags: implications for the emergency evaluation of crash victims","volume":"90","author":"Sutyak JP","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sutyak JP, , Passi V, , Hammond JS. Airbags alone compared with the combination of mechanical restraints and air bags: implications for the emergency evaluation of crash victims. South Med J. 1997; 90:915-919.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200044050-00002","article-title":"The influence of air bags and restraining devices on extremity injuries in motor vehicle collision","volume":"44","author":"McGovern MK","year":"2000","unstructured":"McGovern MK, , Murphy RX, , Okunski WJ, , Wasser TE. The influence of air bags and restraining devices on extremity injuries in motor vehicle collision. Ann Plast Surg. 2000; 44:481-485.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:49:48Z","timestamp":1777571388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-2491","1538-3660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-2491","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-3660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]}}}