{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:25:58Z","timestamp":1784298358228,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test the effectiveness of a device designed to promote decongestion and tissue survival of a fasciocutaneous flap during 15 hours of complete venous obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a porcine model, a 9 \u00d7 7-cm fasciocutaneous flap was elevated and the associated veins were clamped, causing complete venous obstruction for 15 hours in 6 control and 6 treatment animals. Up to 3 devices were used to treat the flap in a predetermined pattern. Control flaps were not treated. Measures of treatment efficacy included blood volumes removed; changes in skin color, surface perfusion, and tissue oxygen tension; and end point histologic findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Control flaps were characterized by progressive darkening of skin color, undetectable surface perfusion, and low levels of oxygen tension. Histologic assessment showed severe congestion and extravasation of blood and distinct signs of necrosis. In contrast, treated flaps had significant improvements in skin color, surface perfusion, and subcutaneous oxygen tension. Histologic analysis showed little, if any, congestion and no signs of necrosis. Mean blood volume removed was 29.5 mL\/h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The device was effective in decongesting a large area of tissue during 15 hours of complete outflow obstruction, based on quantitative measurements of tissue health and viability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T19:30:57Z","timestamp":1267471857000},"page":"70-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Testing a Device to Replace the Leech for Treating Venous Congestion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Gregory K.","family":"Hartig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery (Drs Hartig and Connor), and the Departments of Pathology (Dr Warner), Surgery (Dr Heisey), and Human Ecology (Dr Sarmadi), University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Medical School; and the Department of Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison (Dr Conforti)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine P.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery (Drs Hartig and Connor), and the Departments of Pathology (Dr Warner), Surgery (Dr Heisey), and Human Ecology (Dr Sarmadi), University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Medical School; and the Department of Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison (Dr Conforti)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery (Drs Hartig and Connor), and the Departments of Pathology (Dr Warner), Surgery (Dr Heisey), and Human Ecology (Dr Sarmadi), University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Medical School; and the Department of Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison (Dr Conforti)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis M.","family":"Heisey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery (Drs Hartig and Connor), and the Departments of Pathology (Dr Warner), Surgery (Dr Heisey), and Human Ecology (Dr Sarmadi), University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Medical School; and the Department of Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison (Dr Conforti)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Sarmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery (Drs Hartig and Connor), and the Departments of Pathology (Dr Warner), Surgery (Dr Heisey), and Human Ecology (Dr Sarmadi), University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Medical School; and the Department of Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison (Dr Conforti)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Conforti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery (Drs Hartig and Connor), and the Departments of Pathology (Dr Warner), Surgery (Dr Heisey), and Human Ecology (Dr Sarmadi), University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Medical School; and the Department of Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison (Dr Conforti)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920140309"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-960X(96)90000-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"901","article-title":"Leechmania in microsurgery","volume":"229","author":"Rao P","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rao P, , Bailie FB, , Bailey BN. Leechmania in microsurgery. Practitioner. 1985; 229:901-905.","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Distal digital replantation: one of the best indications for microsurgery","volume":"3","author":"Foucher G","year":"1981","unstructured":"Foucher G, , Henderson HR, , Maneau M, , Merle M, , Braun FM. Distal digital replantation: one of the best indications for microsurgery. Int J Microsurg. 1981; 3:263-270.","journal-title":"Int J Microsurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-199102000-00030","article-title":"The use of leeches in distal digital replantation","volume":"2","author":"Baudet J","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baudet J. The use of leeches in distal digital replantation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1991; 2:193-196.","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006471"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"201","volume":"2","author":"Lineaweaver WC","unstructured":"Lineaweaver WC. Aeromonas hydrophilia infections following clinical use of medicinal leeches: a review of published cases. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1991;2:201-203.","journal-title":"Aeromonas hydrophilia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"245","volume":"29","author":"Lineaweaver WC","unstructured":"Lineaweaver WC, , Furnas H, , Follansbee S, et al. Postprandial Aeromonas hydrophilia cultures and antibiotic levels of enteric aspirates from medicinal leeches applied to patients receiving antibiotics. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;29:245-249.","journal-title":"Aeromonas hydrophilia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"709","volume":"22","author":"Varghese MR","unstructured":"Varghese MR, , Farr RW, , Wax MK, , Chafin BJ, , Owens RM. Vibrio fluvialis wound infection associated with medicinal leech therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:709-710.","journal-title":"Vibrio fluvialis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(83)90100-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Relying on past science: nursing implications of medicinal leech therapy","volume":"2","author":"Lancellot M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lancellot M. Relying on past science: nursing implications of medicinal leech therapy. Medsurg Nurs. 1993; 2:128-130.","journal-title":"Medsurg Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920150712","volume":"15","author":"Successful treatment of venous congestion in free skin flaps using medical leeches","year":"1994","unstructured":"Successful treatment of venous congestion in free skin flaps using medical leeches. Microsurgery. 1994; 15:496-501.","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199212000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200201000-00034","article-title":"Evaluation of performance characteristics of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion","volume":"109","author":"Conforti ML","unstructured":"Conforti ML, , Connor NP, , Heisey DM, , Hartig GK. Evaluation of performance characteristics of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109:228-235.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"505","article-title":"Augmented blood removal after medicinal leech feeding in congested tissue flaps","volume":"39","author":"Connor NP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Connor NP, , Conforti ML, , Heisey DM, , Vanderby R, , Kunz D, , Hartig GK. Augmented blood removal after medicinal leech feeding in congested tissue flaps. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002; 39:505-512.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"497","article-title":"Development of a mechanical device to replace the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion","volume":"39","author":"Conforti ML","unstructured":"Conforti ML, , Connor NP, , Heisey DM, , Vanderby R, , Kunz D, , Hartig GK. Development of a mechanical device to replace the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002;39:497-504.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(95)90065-9","article-title":"Perfusion imaging of skin island flap blood flow by a scanning laser-doppler technique","volume":"48","author":"Arnold F","year":"1995","unstructured":"Arnold F, , He CF, , Jia CY, , Cherry GW. Perfusion imaging of skin island flap blood flow by a scanning laser-doppler technique. Br J Plast Surg. 1995; 48:280-287.","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","volume-title":"Development of a Skin Flap Therapy Device for Interventional Fluid Transport","author":"Cottler PS","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cottler PS. Development of a Skin Flap Therapy Device for Interventional Fluid Transport. [doctoral dissertation]. Charlottesville: University of Virginia; 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006511","article-title":"Mechanical leech therapy to relieve venous congestion","volume":"11","author":"Smoot EC","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smoot EC, , Ruiz-Inchaustegui JA, , Roth AC. Mechanical leech therapy to relieve venous congestion. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1995; 11:51-55.","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920161103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199703000-00025"}],"container-title":["Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:49:51Z","timestamp":1777571391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archfaci.5.1.70","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-2491","1538-3660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-2491","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-3660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]}}}