{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:33:49Z","timestamp":1790044429552,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To delineate the anatomic architecture of the melolabial fold with surrounding structures and to elucidate potential implications for face-lift techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 100 facial halves (from 50 cadaveric heads) were studied, including gross and microscopic dissection and histologic findings. Laboratory findings were correlated with intraoperative findings in more than 150 deep-plane face-lift dissections (300 facial halves) performed during the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to previous reports, the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) was not found to form an investing layer in the midface. The SMAS, zygomatici muscles, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi were found to be located in corresponding anatomic layers and to form a functional unit. Additional findings of the present study include the description of 3 structurally different portions of the melolabial fold, of an anatomic space below the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (sublevator space), and of extensions of the buccal fat pad into the sublevator space and the middle third of the melolabial fold.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of the present study may contribute to augment our understanding of the complex anatomy of the midface and melolabial fold. Potential implications for modern face-lift techniques are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]],"date-time":"2008-01-21T16:12:40Z","timestamp":1200931960000},"page":"9-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Surgical Anatomy of the Face"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Holger G.","family":"Gassner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Larrabee Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology"},{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle."},{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Rafii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Larrabee Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology (Dr Young), Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris S.","family":"Moe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Larrabee Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Wayne F.","family":"Larrabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Larrabee Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198901000-00003","article-title":"The retaining ligaments of the cheek","volume":"83","author":"Furnas DW","year":"1989","unstructured":"Furnas DW. The retaining ligaments of the cheek. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989; 83(1):11-16. 2909050","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1082412","article-title":"Anatomic considerations in rhytidectomy","volume":"12","author":"Sherris DA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sherris DA, , Larrabee WFJr. Anatomic considerations in rhytidectomy. Facial Plast Surg. 1996; 12(3):215-222. 9243990","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197607000-00013","article-title":"The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and check area","volume":"58","author":"Mitz V","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mitz V, , Peyronie M. The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and check area. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976; 58(1):80-88. 935283","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","volume-title":"Plastic Surgery: New Methods and Refinements","author":"Skoog TG","year":"1974","unstructured":"Skoog TG. Plastic Surgery: New Methods and Refinements. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1974"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198403000-00009","article-title":"The tri-plane face life dissection","volume":"12","author":"Hamra ST","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hamra ST. The tri-plane face life dissection. Ann Plast Surg. 1984; 12(3):268-274. 6721389","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1997.01900110017002","article-title":"Triplane rhytidectomy: combining the best of all worlds","volume":"123","author":"Baker SR","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baker SR. Triplane rhytidectomy: combining the best of all worlds. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997; 123(11):1167-1172. 9366695","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890130013002","article-title":"One hundred consecutive deep plane face lifts","volume":"122","author":"Kamer FM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kamer FM. One hundred consecutive deep plane face lifts. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996; 122(1):17-22. 8554742","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198809000-00001","article-title":"Subperiosteal approach as an improved concept for correction of the aging face","volume":"82","author":"Psillakis JM","year":"1988","unstructured":"Psillakis JM, , Rumley TO, , Camargos A. Subperiosteal approach as an improved concept for correction of the aging face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988; 82(3):383-394. 3406175","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"265","article-title":"Strategies for nasolabial levitation","volume":"22","author":"Furnas DW","year":"1995","unstructured":"Furnas DW. Strategies for nasolabial levitation. Clin Plast Surg. 1995; 22(2):265-278. 7634737","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200209010-00035","article-title":"A study of long-term effect of malar fat repositioning in face lift surgery: short-term success but long-term failure","volume":"110","author":"Hamra ST","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hamra ST. A study of long-term effect of malar fat repositioning in face lift surgery: short-term success but long-term failure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002; 110(3):940-951. 12172164","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)63645-8","article-title":"Comprehensive treatment of the aging face: cutaneous and structural rejuvenation","volume":"73","author":"Sherris DA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sherris DA, , Otley CC, , Bartley GB. Comprehensive treatment of the aging face: cutaneous and structural rejuvenation. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998; 73(2):139-146. 9472996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198707000-00006","article-title":"A challenge to the nasolabial fold","volume":"80","author":"Millard DR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Millard DR, , Yuan RT, , Devine JW. A challenge to the nasolabial fold. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987; 80(1):37-46. 3602159","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199401000-00009","article-title":"The nasolabial fold: an anatomic and histologic reappraisal","volume":"93","author":"Yousif NJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yousif NJ, , Gosain A, , Matloub HS, , Sanger JR, , Madiedo G, , Larson DL. The nasolabial fold: an anatomic and histologic reappraisal. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994; 93(1):70-77. 8278486","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199303000-00012","article-title":"Lifting the malar fat pad for correction of prominent nasolabial folds","volume":"91","author":"Owsley JQ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Owsley JQ. Lifting the malar fat pad for correction of prominent nasolabial folds. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; 91(3):463-474. 8438018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199902000-00051","article-title":"The anatomy of the nasolabial fold: the keystone of the smiling mechanism","volume":"103","author":"Rubin LR","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rubin LR. The anatomy of the nasolabial fold: the keystone of the smiling mechanism. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999; 103(2):687-691. 9950561","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199001000-00006","article-title":"The anatomy and clinical applications of the buccal fat pad","volume":"85","author":"Stuzin JM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stuzin JM, , Wagstrom L, , Kawamoto HK, , Baker TJ, , Wolfe SA. The anatomy and clinical applications of the buccal fat pad. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990; 85(1):29-37. 2293733","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the SMAS: a reinvestigation","volume":"92","author":"Gosain AK","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gosain AK, , Yousif NJ, , Madiedo G, et al. Surgical anatomy of the SMAS: a reinvestigation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; 92(7):1254-1263. 8248400","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"438","author":"Gray H","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gray H. Anatomy of the Human Body. 29th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1985:438","journal-title":"Anatomy of the Human Body"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890160019004","article-title":"Suprafibromuscular facelifting with periosteal suspension of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system and fat pad of Bichat rotation: tightening the net","volume":"122","author":"Keller GS","year":"1996","unstructured":"Keller GS, , Cray J. Suprafibromuscular facelifting with periosteal suspension of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system and fat pad of Bichat rotation: tightening the net. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996; 122(4):377-384. 8600921","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198407000-00006","volume":"74","author":"Jost G","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jost G, , Levet Y, . Parotid fascia and face lifting: a critical evaluation of the SMAS concept. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984; 74(1):42-51. 6739599","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001200207"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02300780","volume":"30","author":"Futamura R","year":"1906","unstructured":"Futamura R, . Ueber die Entwicklung der Facialismuskulatur des Menschen. Anat Hefte. 1906; 30:433-516","journal-title":"Anat Hefte"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"L\u2019embryog\u00e9ne des muscles faciaux, masticateurs, de la langue, du voile et du cou","volume":"80","author":"Leperchey F","year":"1979","unstructured":"Leperchey F. L\u2019embryog\u00e9ne des muscles faciaux, masticateurs, de la langue, du voile et du cou. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 1979; 80(2):45-67. 379971","journal-title":"Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","first-page":"191","article-title":"Criteria of the homology and phylogeny of facial muscles in primates including man, I: prosimia and platyrrhina [in German]","volume":"125","author":"Seiler R","year":"1979","unstructured":"Seiler R. Criteria of the homology and phylogeny of facial muscles in primates including man, I: prosimia and platyrrhina [in German]. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1979; 125(2):191-217. 120260","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"298","article-title":"Criteria for homology and alleged phylogeny of facial muscles in primates including man, II: catarrhina [in German]","volume":"125","author":"Seiler R","year":"1979","unstructured":"Seiler R. Criteria for homology and alleged phylogeny of facial muscles in primates including man, II: catarrhina [in German]. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1979; 125(3):298-323. 120261","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)30970-6","article-title":"Composite rhytidectomy and the nasolabial fold","volume":"22","author":"Hamra ST","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hamra ST. Composite rhytidectomy and the nasolabial fold. Clin Plast Surg. 1995; 22(2):313-324. 7634740","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","volume-title":"Compendium Anatomicum","author":"Heister L","year":"1732","unstructured":"Heister L. Compendium Anatomicum. Nuremberg, Germany: Weber; 1732"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","volume-title":"Anatomie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Appliqu\u00e9 a la Physiologie et a la M\u00e9d\u00e9cine","author":"Bichat F","year":"1802","unstructured":"Bichat F. Anatomie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Appliqu\u00e9 a la Physiologie et a la M\u00e9d\u00e9cine. Paris, France: Grosson Gabon & Cie; 1802"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02430438","article-title":"Ein Saugpolster in der menschlichen Backe","volume":"97","author":"Ranke H","year":"1884","unstructured":"Ranke H. Ein Saugpolster in der menschlichen Backe. Arch Pathol Anat. 1884; 97:527","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Anat"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091290403","article-title":"Fasciae of the masticator space","volume":"129","author":"Gaughran GRL","year":"1957","unstructured":"Gaughran GRL. Fasciae of the masticator space. Anat Rec. 1957; 129(4):383-400. 13533886","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","volume-title":"Surgical Anatomy of the Face","author":"Larrabee WF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Larrabee WF ed. Surgical Anatomy of the Face. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54","article-title":"The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery","volume":"119","author":"Rohrich RJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rohrich RJ, , Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007; 119(7):2219-2227. 17519724","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T09:56:20Z","timestamp":1773654980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16"}},"subtitle":["Implications for Modern Face-lift Techniques"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-2491","1538-3660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-2491","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-3660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}}}