{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:13:57Z","timestamp":1779891237002,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Gen Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-1\"><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children and adults with psychopathic traits and conduct or oppositional defiant disorder demonstrate poor decision making and are impaired in reversal learning. However, the neural basis of this impairment has not previously been investigated. Furthermore, despite high comorbidity of psychopathic traits and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, to our knowledge, no research has attempted to distinguish neural correlates of childhood psychopathic traits and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-2\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the neural regions that underlie the reversal learning impairments in children with psychopathic traits plus conduct or oppositional defiant disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Government clinical research institute.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-two adolescents aged 10 to 17 years: 14 with psychopathic traits and oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder, 14 with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder only, and 14 healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-6\"><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood oxygenation level\u2013dependent signal as measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging during a probabilistic reversal task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-7\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with psychopathic traits showed abnormal responses within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10) during punished reversal errors compared with children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and healthy children (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&amp;amp;lt;\u00a0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-yoa70094-8\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex responsiveness in children with psychopathic traits and demonstrates this dysfunction was not attributable to comorbid attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. These findings suggest that reversal learning impairments in patients with developmental psychopathic traits relate to abnormal processing of reinforcement information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.5.586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,5]],"date-time":"2008-05-05T20:13:48Z","timestamp":1210018428000},"page":"586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["Abnormal Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Function in Children With Psychopathic Traits During Reversal Learning"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Finger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail A.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek G.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marguerite 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