{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:06:23Z","timestamp":1792112783366,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T11:32:28Z","timestamp":1591702348000},"page":"2290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":546,"title":["Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"323","author":[{"given":"Brooke","family":"Levis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parash Mani","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipika","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahrukh","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Brehaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelalem","family":"Negeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix H.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett D.","family":"Thombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Depression Screening Data (DEPRESSD) PHQ Collaboration","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"key":"joi200042r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1253","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1253","article-title":"Does depression screening improve depression outcomes in primary care?","volume":"348","author":"Thombs","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"joi200042r2","first-page":"508","article-title":"Depression: screening and diagnosis.","volume":"98","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"joi200042r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi200042r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi200042r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18392","article-title":"Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"315","author":"Siu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"joi200042r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.003","article-title":"Identifying depression with the PHQ-2.","volume":"203","author":"Manea","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi200042r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.012","article-title":"Screening and case finding for major depressive disorder using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).","volume":"37","author":"Moriarty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi200042r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009","article-title":"A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression.","volume":"37","author":"Manea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi200042r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.54","article-title":"Probability of major depression diagnostic classification using semi-structured versus fully structured diagnostic interviews.","volume":"212","author":"Levis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi200042r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1803","article-title":"Comparison of major depression diagnostic classification probability using the SCID, CIDI, and MINI diagnostic interviews among women in pregnancy or postpartum.","volume":"28","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"joi200042r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109892","article-title":"Probability of major depression diagnostic classification based on the SCID, CIDI and MINI diagnostic interviews controlling for Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\u2013Depression subscale scores.","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi200042r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181dd1c26","article-title":"Screening depression aging services clients.","volume":"18","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi200042r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0802-y","article-title":"Optimizing detection of major depression among patients with coronary artery disease using the patient health questionnaire.","volume":"23","author":"Thombs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi200042r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-124","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for detecting major depression.","volume":"3","author":"Thombs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi200042r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy studies.","volume":"319","author":"McInnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"16","key":"joi200042r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3656","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Individual Participant Data.","volume":"313","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"joi200042r19","article-title":"Equivalency of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9.","author":"Wu","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"joi200042r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1476","article-title":"Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression.","volume":"365","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"joi200042r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4825","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4825","article-title":"Risk of bias from inclusion of patients who already have diagnosis of or are undergoing treatment for depression in diagnostic accuracy studies of screening tools for depression.","volume":"343","author":"Thombs","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"joi200042r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies.","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi200042r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): a short diagnostic structured interview.","volume":"12","author":"Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi200042r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83297-X","article-title":"The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability.","volume":"12","author":"Sheehan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi200042r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003","article-title":"The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: an epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures.","volume":"45","author":"Robins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi200042r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004184","article-title":"A general population comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN).","volume":"31","author":"Brugha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi200042r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008880","article-title":"A difference that matters: comparisons of structured and semi-structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews in the general population.","volume":"29","author":"Brugha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"joi200042r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505001308","article-title":"Small signal, big noise: performance of the CIDI depression module.","volume":"50","author":"Kurdyak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"29","key":"joi200042r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6111","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v27:29","article-title":"Meta-analysis of diagnostic test studies using individual patient data and aggregate data.","volume":"27","author":"Riley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"joi200042r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-0258","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi200042r40","article-title":"PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 for screening depression in Chinese rural elderly.","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi200042r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-63","article-title":"A study of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-9 in primary care elderly.","volume":"11","author":"Phelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi200042r42","first-page":"428","article-title":"Value of Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ)-9 and PHQ-2 for screening depression disorders in cardiovascular outpatients [in Chinese].","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"issue":"11","key":"joi200042r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142706","article-title":"Validation of six short and ultra-short screening instruments for depression for people living with HIV in Ontario.","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"joi200042r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.06.030","article-title":"Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in adults with epilepsy.","volume":"37","author":"Rathore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi200042r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0552-2","article-title":"Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine.","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"joi200042r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.042","article-title":"Validation of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for major depression in Chinese outpatients with multiple somatic symptoms.","volume":"174","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi200042r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi200042r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-13","article-title":"There are no randomized controlled trials that support the United States Preventive Services Task Force guideline on screening for depression in primary care.","volume":"12","author":"Thombs","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi200042r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.130403","article-title":"Recommendations on screening for depression in adults.","volume":"185","author":"Joffres","year":"2013","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"joi200042r21","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","edition":"3rd ed, revised"},{"key":"joi200042r22","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"joi200042r23","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed, text re"},{"key":"joi200042r24","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"joi200042r26","volume-title":"PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Explanation and Elaboration (PRESS E&E)","author":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health","year":"2016"},{"key":"joi200042r34","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Methods in Abnormal and Clinical Psychology","author":"Nosen","year":"2008"},{"key":"joi200042r37","volume-title":"Bootstrap Methods for Two-Level Models: Technical Report PRM 97-04","author":"van der Leeden","year":"1997"},{"key":"joi200042r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73186-5_11","volume-title":"Handbook of Multilevel Analysis","author":"van der Leeden","year":"2008"},{"key":"joi200042r48","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (SCID)","author":"First","year":"1995"},{"key":"joi200042r51","volume-title":"Screening for Depression: A Report for the UK National Screening Committee (Revised Report)","author":"Allaby","year":"2010"},{"key":"joi200042r3","unstructured":"Mitchell? J, Trangle? M, Degnan? B, . Adult depression in primary care guideline. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Accessed April 7, 2020. https:\/\/pcptoolkit.beaconhealthoptions.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/ICSI_Depression.pdf"},{"key":"joi200042r7","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical preventive service recommendation: depression. Accessed April 7, 2020. https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/patient-care\/clinical-recommendations\/all\/depression.html"},{"key":"joi200042r27","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme. Human development report 2019: beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today. Accessed April 7, 2020. http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/hdr2019.pdf"},{"key":"joi200042r52","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management: consultation draft. Accessed April 7, 2020. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/gid-cgwave0725\/documents\/full-guideline-updated"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2766865\/jama_levis_2020_oi_200042.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T11:32:37Z","timestamp":1591702357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2766865"}},"subtitle":["Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.6504","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02722-z","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]}}}