{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:43:49Z","timestamp":1791211429710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T11:00:57Z","timestamp":1635764457000},"page":"1930","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Risk of Breakthrough Infection Following mRNA Vaccination in Qatar"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"Laith J.","family":"Abu-Raddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation\u2013Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiam","family":"Chemaitelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation\u2013Education City, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houssein H.","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi M.","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatiha M.","family":"Benslimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebah A.","family":"Al Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad R.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaina","family":"Al Kanaani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einas","family":"Al Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jeremijenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anvar Hassan","family":"Kaleeckal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Nizar","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riyazuddin Mohammad","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan F.","family":"Abdul Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheyath K.","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ghaith","family":"Al Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York"},{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad Eid","family":"Al Romaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Al-Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullatif","family":"Al Khal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bertollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"key":"joi210122r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh1282","article-title":"Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose.","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi210122r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00158-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"9","author":"Letizia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"27","key":"joi210122r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210122r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi210122r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2104974","article-title":"Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.","volume":"385","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi210122r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01446-y","article-title":"mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and severe COVID-19 disease in Qatar.","volume":"27","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"joi210122r8","article-title":"Waning of BNT162b2 vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar.","author":"Chemaitelly","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"joi210122r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.006","article-title":"Real-time SARS-CoV-2 genotyping by high-throughput multiplex PCR reveals the epidemiology of the variants of concern in Qatar.","volume":"112","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi210122r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85428-7","article-title":"Characterizing the Qatar advanced-phase SARS-CoV-2 epidemic.","volume":"11","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"joi210122r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05005","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.05005","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Qatar and its impact on the national response to COVID-19.","volume":"11","author":"Ayoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi210122r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910902859574","article-title":"Using the standardized difference to compare the prevalence of a binary variable between two groups in observational research.","volume":"38","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun Stat Simul Comput"},{"issue":"282","key":"joi210122r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations.","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Am Statist Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi210122r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102646","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the urban population of Qatar: an analysis of antibody testing on a sample of 112,941 individuals.","volume":"24","author":"Coyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210122r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204365","article-title":"Herd immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in 10 communities, Qatar.","volume":"27","author":"Jeremijenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"joi210122r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b221","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab221","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection is at herd immunity in the majority segment of the population of Qatar.","volume":"8","author":"Al-Thani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi210122r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab083","article-title":"Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine protection against variants of concern after one versus two doses.","volume":"28","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi210122r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9970","article-title":"Associations of vaccination and of prior infection with positive PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 in airline passengers arriving in Qatar.","volume":"326","author":"Bertollini","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi210122r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10277","key":"joi210122r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00432-3","article-title":"Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials.","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi210122r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97606-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalization, severity, criticality, and fatality rates in Qatar.","volume":"11","author":"Seedat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"joi210122r19","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17","author":"StataCorp","year":"2021"},{"key":"joi210122r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muena? NA, Garcia-Salum? T, Pardo-Roa? C, . Long-lasting neutralizing antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals are robustly boosted by immunization with the CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines.? medRxiv. Preprint posted May 18, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.05.17.21257197","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.17.21257197"},{"key":"joi210122r9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Accessed June 5, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/activities\/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants\/"},{"key":"joi210122r10","unstructured":"GISAID Initiative. Qatar viral genome sequencing data. Updated October 16, 2021. Accessed September 14, 2021. https:\/\/www.gisaid.org\/phylodynamics\/global\/nextstrain\/"},{"key":"joi210122r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benslimane? FM, Al Khatib? HA, Al-Jamal? O, . One year of SARS-CoV-2: genomic characterization of COVID-19 outbreak in Qatar.? medRxiv. Preprint posted May 20, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.05.19.21257433","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.19.21257433"},{"key":"joi210122r13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. COVID-19 clinical management: living guidance. Published January 25, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1"},{"key":"joi210122r14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International guidelines for certification and classification (coding) of COVID-19 as cause of death. Accessed May 31, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/Guidelines_Cause_of_Death_COVID-19-20200420-EN.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"joi210122r23","unstructured":"Planning and Statistics Authority\u2014State of Qatar. Qatar monthly statistics. Accessed May 26, 2020. https:\/\/www.psa.gov.qa\/en\/pages\/default.aspx"},{"key":"joi210122r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang? P, Hasan? MR, Chemaitelly? H, . BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in Qatar.? medRxiv. Preprint posted August 11, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.08.11.21261885","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.11.21261885"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2785918\/jama_aburaddad_2021_oi_210122_1637269030.96237.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T11:05:04Z","timestamp":1637579104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2785918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.19623","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.25.21261093","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]}}}