{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:41:25Z","timestamp":1792798885937,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T11:03:10Z","timestamp":1640084590000},"page":"2385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Effect of Long-term Supplementation With Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Placebo on Risk of Depression or Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms and on Change in Mood Scores"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"Olivia I.","family":"Okereke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chirag M.","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mischoulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy R.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Bubes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Friedenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Buring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Charles F.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, UPMC and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"key":"joi210129r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/publhealth.2012.33.issue-1","article-title":"Early intervention to reduce the global health and economic burden of major depression in older adults.","volume":"33","author":"Reynolds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"9110","key":"joi210129r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79168-6","article-title":"Fish consumption and major depression.","volume":"351","author":"Hibbeln","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi210129r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206278","article-title":"Fish consumption and risk of depression: a meta-analysis.","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210129r4","first-page":"313","article-title":"Fatty acids, cytokines, and major depression.","volume":"43","author":"Maes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210129r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000502652","article-title":"International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry research practice guidelines for omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of major depressive disorder.","volume":"88","author":"Guu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"joi210129r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.050","article-title":"A multi-national, multi-disciplinary Delphi consensus study on using omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for the treatment of major depressive disorder.","volume":"265","author":"Guu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi210129r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28313","article-title":"Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood.","volume":"91","author":"Appleton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210129r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096905","article-title":"Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","volume":"9","author":"Grosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"joi210129r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.057","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduction of depressive symptoms in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"241","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi210129r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0556","article-title":"Effect of multinutrient supplementation and food-related behavioral activation therapy on prevention of major depressive disorder among overweight or obese adults with subsyndromal depressive symptoms: the MooDFOOD randomized clinical trial.","volume":"321","author":"Bot","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"joi210129r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.8.1385","article-title":"Examining the effects of prevention programs on the incidence of new cases of mental disorders: the lack of statistical power.","volume":"160","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi210129r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1214","article-title":"Effect of aspirin vs placebo on the prevention of depression in older people: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"77","author":"Berk","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210129r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10224","article-title":"Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"324","author":"Okereke","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi210129r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi210129r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811403","article-title":"Marine n-3 Fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"joi210129r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.02.017","article-title":"The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL-Depression Endpoint Prevention (VITAL-DEP): rationale and design of a large-scale ancillary study evaluating vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for prevention of late-life depression.","volume":"68","author":"Okereke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi210129r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"joi210129r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population.","volume":"114","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi210129r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation.","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi210129r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90133-8","article-title":"Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases.","volume":"45","author":"Deyo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"446","key":"joi210129r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","article-title":"A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk.","volume":"94","author":"Fine","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi210129r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.12.1394","article-title":"Incidence and recurrence of late-life depression.","volume":"65","author":"Luijendijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi210129r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181f2ea2e","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder associated with the menopausal transition: a preliminary open trial.","volume":"18","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"joi210129r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.09.074","article-title":"Estradiol administration differentially affects the response to experimental psychosocial stress in post-menopausal women with or without a history of major depression.","volume":"261","author":"Albert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi210129r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.203","article-title":"17\u00df-estradiol differentially regulates stress circuitry activity in healthy and depressed women.","volume":"40","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"joi210129r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00062","article-title":"Persistent intrinsic functional network connectivity alterations in middle-aged and older women with remitted depression.","volume":"11","author":"Vega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi210129r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1217","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry.","volume":"67","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"joi210129r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.092","article-title":"Nutraceuticals for major depressive disorder\u2014more is not merrier: an 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial.","volume":"245","author":"Sarris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"joi210129r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.011","article-title":"Dietary n-3 PUFA, fish consumption and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"205","author":"Grosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"joi210129r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.022","article-title":"Diet quality and depression risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.","volume":"226","author":"Molendijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi210129r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0554-y","article-title":"A role for vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in major depression? an exploration using genomics.","volume":"9","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"joi210129r10","volume-title":"Institute of Medicine. Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research.","author":"Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"joi210129r20","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Applied Longitudinal Analysis.","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2787320\/jama_okereke_2021_oi_210129_1640024204.09833.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T11:03:19Z","timestamp":1640084599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2787320"}},"subtitle":["A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.21187","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}}}