{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:49:57Z","timestamp":1793256597408,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T03:00:26Z","timestamp":1618369226000},"page":"1436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"325","author":[{"name":"US Preventive Services Task Force","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex H.","family":"Krist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fairfax Family Practice Residency, Fairfax, Virginia"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina W.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol M.","family":"Mangione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Caughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University, Portland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esa M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina E.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chyke A.","family":"Doubeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"John W.","family":"Epling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Kubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbenga","family":"Ogedegbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas K.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Pbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Stevermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri, Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Wen","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu"},{"name":"Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"jus210005r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality\u2014a review of recent evidence.","volume":"12","author":"Pludowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"jus210005r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30357-1","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and randomised trials.","volume":"5","author":"Autier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know.","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz037","article-title":"Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011-2014.","volume":"110","author":"Herrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"jus210005r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.127985","article-title":"The vitamin D status of the US population from 1988 to 2010 using standardized serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D shows recent modest increases.","volume":"104","author":"Schleicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"jus210005r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1784","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in older men.","volume":"94","author":"Orwoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq113","article-title":"Correlates of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: cohort consortium vitamin D pooling project of rarer cancers.","volume":"172","author":"McCullough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9862-0","article-title":"Sun protective behaviors and vitamin D levels in the US population: NHANES 2003-2006.","volume":"23","author":"Linos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"jus210005r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28908","article-title":"Predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among postmenopausal women: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Calcium plus Vitamin D clinical trial.","volume":"91","author":"Millen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"jus210005r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.929","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its determinants in an elderly population sample.","volume":"66","author":"Jacques","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"jus210005r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.05.011","article-title":"The effect of body mass index on optimal vitamin D status in U.S. adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006.","volume":"23","author":"Samuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.12.001","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults.","volume":"31","author":"Forrest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"jus210005r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj101","article-title":"Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men.","volume":"98","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"jus210005r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g2035","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2035","article-title":"Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials.","volume":"348","author":"Theodoratou","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"217","key":"jus210005r17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes (update).","author":"Newberry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"issue":"2","key":"jus210005r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041007","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture risk in women of different ethnic groups.","volume":"20","author":"Barrett-Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"jus210005r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.v84.10","article-title":"Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D: results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D.","volume":"84","author":"Sempos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"jus210005r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00550","article-title":"Vitamin D toxicity\u2014a clinical perspective.","volume":"9","author":"Marcinowska-Suchowierska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"jus210005r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0149-OA","article-title":"Trends in laboratory test volumes for Medicare Part B reimbursements, 2000-2010.","volume":"138","author":"Shahangian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"jus210005r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3097","article-title":"Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"319","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"15","key":"jus210005r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3185","article-title":"Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"319","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"jus210005r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0198","article-title":"Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"160","author":"Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"jus210005r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2450","article-title":"Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"162","author":"LeFevre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"jus210005r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26498","article-title":"Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.","author":"Kahwati","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"jus210005r28","first-page":"32","article-title":"Vitamin D status as an international issue: national surveys and the problem of standardization.","volume":"243","author":"Sempos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl"},{"issue":"8","key":"jus210005r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2252","article-title":"Standardizing vitamin D assays: the way forward.","volume":"29","author":"Binkley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5769-y","article-title":"Implications of standardization of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data for the evaluation of vitamin D status in Germany, including a temporal analysis.","volume":"18","author":"Rabenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"jus210005r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.002","article-title":"Vitamin D measurement standardization: the way out of the chaos.","volume":"173","author":"Binkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"jus210005r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055218","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures.","volume":"354","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"jus210005r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp006","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative calcium\u2013vitamin D randomized controlled trial.","volume":"64","author":"LaCroix","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"jus210005r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.6.1113","article-title":"Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women.","volume":"15","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"jus210005r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"jus210005r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0175","article-title":"Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment study: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"2","author":"Scragg","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"jus210005r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.2178","article-title":"Monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation and cancer risk: a post hoc analysis of the Vitamin D Assessment randomized clinical trial.","volume":"4","author":"Scragg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"jus210005r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn360","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer.","volume":"100","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"7","key":"jus210005r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055222","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer.","volume":"354","author":"Wactawski-Wende","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"jus210005r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa311","article-title":"VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): effects of vitamin D supplements on risk of falls in the US population.","volume":"105","author":"LeBoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"jus210005r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10224","article-title":"Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"324","author":"Okereke","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"jus210005r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.19","article-title":"No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: results from a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"7","author":"Jorde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"jus210005r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.104349","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplement on depression scores in people with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: nested case-control study and randomised clinical trial.","volume":"201","author":"Kj\u00e6rgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"jus210005r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.3874","article-title":"Treatment of vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"175","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"jus210005r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.3.203","article-title":"Correlation of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency and symptom response to cholecalciferol treatment: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"15","author":"Arvold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"jus210005r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4013","article-title":"Vitamin D 20,000 IU per week for five years does not prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes.","volume":"101","author":"Jorde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"jus210005r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"jus210005r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161435.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis\u20142016.","volume":"22","author":"Camacho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"jus210005r1","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011"},{"key":"jus210005r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26498","volume-title":"Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 201","author":"Kahwati","year":"2021"},{"key":"jus210005r6","unstructured":"Procedure Manual. US Preventive Services Task Force. Published 2018. Accessed February 10, 2021. https:\/\/uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/about-uspstf\/methods-and-processes\/procedure-manual"},{"key":"jus210005r47","unstructured":"Twenty Things Physicians and Patients Should Question. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Published 2017. Accessed February 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.ascp.org\/content\/docs\/default-source\/get-involved-pdfs\/20-things-to-question.pdf?sfvrsn=4"},{"key":"jus210005r48","unstructured":"Clinical Preventive Service Recommendation: vitamin D deficiency. American Academy of Family Physicians. Accessed February 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/family-physician\/patient-care\/clinical-recommendations\/all-clinical-recommendations\/vitamin-D-deficiency.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2778487\/jama_krist_2021_us_210005_1618250200.31099.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T06:54:20Z","timestamp":1671864860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2778487"}},"subtitle":["US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.3069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}}}