{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:55:02Z","timestamp":1792853702074,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n At least 500\u202f000 people in the US experience homelessness nightly. More than 30% of people experiencing homelessness also have a substance use disorder. Involuntary displacement is a common practice in responding to unsheltered people experiencing homelessness. Understanding the health implications of displacement (eg, \u201csweeps,\u201d \u201cclearings,\u201d \u201ccleanups\u201d) is important, especially as they relate to key substance use disorder outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To estimate the long-term health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in 23 US cities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n A closed cohort microsimulation model that simulates the natural history of injection drug use and health outcomes among people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in 23 US cities. The model was populated with city-level data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system and published data to make representative cohorts of people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in those cities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Projected outcomes included overdose mortality, serious injection\u2013related infections and mortality related to serious injection\u2013related infections, hospitalizations, initiations of medications for opioid use disorder, and life-years lived over a 10-year period for 2 scenarios: \u201cno displacement\u201d and \u201ccontinual involuntary displacement.\u201d The population-attributable fraction of continual displacement to mortality was estimated among this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Models estimated between 974 and 2175 additional overdose deaths per 10\u202f000 people experiencing homelessness at 10 years in scenarios in which people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs were continually involuntarily displaced compared with no displacement. Between 611 and 1360 additional people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs per 10\u202f000 people were estimated to be hospitalized with continual involuntary displacement, and there will be an estimated 3140 to 8812 fewer initiations of medications for opioid use disorder per 10\u202f000 people. Continual involuntary displacement may contribute to between 15.6% and 24.4% of additional deaths among unsheltered people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs over a 10-year period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Involuntary displacement of people experiencing homelessness may substantially increase drug-related morbidity and mortality. These findings have implications for the practice of involuntary displacement, as well as policies such as access to housing and supportive services, that could mitigate these harms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1681124444000},"page":"1478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Population-Level Health Effects of Involuntary Displacement of People Experiencing Unsheltered Homelessness Who Inject Drugs in US Cities"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"329","author":[{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Barocas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha K.","family":"Nall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Axelrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Coalition for the Homeless, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Pladsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaina","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex H.","family":"Kral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of the Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Savinkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Peery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Coalition to Advance Racial Equity, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Foundation for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Agnew-Brune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Goldshear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joey","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin P.","family":"Linas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg","family":"Gonsalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky N.","family":"Bluthenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences and the Institute for Prevention Research, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Mosites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of the Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"NHBS Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Wortley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Melton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monina","family":"Klevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conall","family":"O'Cleirigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Clyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Poe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Vaaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alia","family":"Al-Tayyib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Shodell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrine","family":"Sanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Khuwaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaida","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Padgett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekow","family":"Kwa Sey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingbo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Santacruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Brantley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Marr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willie","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meaghan","family":"Abrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narquis","family":"Barak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Beckford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Braunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel R.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afework","family":"Wogayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Moraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Shinefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysanthus","family":"Nnumolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Menza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Roberto","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amisha","family":"Bhattari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onika","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Miranda De Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadira","family":"Rolon-Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Jaenicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saral","family":"Glick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Kienzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandie","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toyah","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenevieve","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Baugher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dita","family":"Broz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Chapin-Bardales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senad","family":"Handanagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafna","family":"Kanny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashunda","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elana","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Olansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catlainn","family":"Sionean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Teplinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kindsay","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyprian","family":"Wejnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the NHBS Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"key":"joi230038r3"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi230038r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2016.1145616","article-title":"Substance use among persons with homeless experience in primary care.","volume":"37","author":"Stringfellow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"joi230038r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112585","article-title":"Association between homelessness and opioid overdose and opioid-related hospital admissions\/emergency department visits.","volume":"242","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"joi230038r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108797","article-title":"Trends in homelessness and injection practices among young urban and suburban people who inject drugs: 1997-2017.","volume":"225","author":"Hotton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi230038r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13227-4","article-title":"Health risk associated with residential relocation among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA: a cross sectional study.","volume":"22","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi230038r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.42676","article-title":"Drug overdose mortality among people experiencing homelessness, 2003 to 2018.","volume":"5","author":"Fine","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"22","key":"joi230038r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6722a2","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs: six sites, 2005-2016.","volume":"67","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"joi230038r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.029","article-title":"A systematic review of injecting-related injury and disease among people who inject drugs.","volume":"171","author":"Larney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi230038r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy632","article-title":"Many opportunities to record, diagnose, or treat injection drug-related infections are missed: a population-based cohort study of inpatient and emergency department settings.","volume":"68","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"joi230038r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012969","article-title":"Geographic trends, patient characteristics, and outcomes of infective endocarditis associated with drug abuse in the United States from 2002 to 2016.","volume":"8","author":"Kadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"joi230038r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108717","article-title":"Opioid use disorder treatment for people experiencing homelessness: a scoping review.","volume":"224","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi230038r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00275-1","article-title":"Early innovations in opioid use disorder treatment and harm reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.","volume":"16","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi230038r19","first-page":"1","article-title":"United States life tables, 2008.","volume":"61","author":"Arias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi230038r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306502","article-title":"Using point-in-time homeless counts to monitor mortality trends among people experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles County, California, 2015-2019.","volume":"111","author":"Nicholas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi230038r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06769-7","article-title":"Mortality among people experiencing homelessness in San Francisco 2016-2018.","volume":"37","author":"Cawley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi230038r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2022.0035","article-title":"The impact of homelessness on mortality of individuals living in the United States: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"33","author":"Funk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi230038r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1604","article-title":"Mortality among homeless adults in Boston: shifts in causes of death over a 15-year period.","volume":"173","author":"Baggett","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi230038r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.v26.7","article-title":"Hospitalized opioid-dependent patients: exploring predictors of buprenorphine treatment entry and retention after discharge.","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"joi230038r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S331442","article-title":"Factors that affect patient attrition in buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: a retrospective real-world study using electronic health records.","volume":"17","author":"Ker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi230038r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129360","article-title":"A cost analysis of hospitalizations for infections related to injection drug use at a county safety-net hospital in Miami, Florida.","volume":"10","author":"Tookes","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi230038r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306431","article-title":"Disparities in opioid overdose death trends by race\/ethnicity, 2018-2019, from the Healing Communities Study.","volume":"111","author":"Larochelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"joi230038r4","author":"After Echo Park Lake research collective","year":"2022"},{"key":"joi230038r27","author":"Goldshear","year":"2022"},{"key":"joi230038r29","volume-title":"Exploring Homelessness Among People Living in Encampments and Associated Cost: City Approaches to Encampments and What They Cost","author":"Dunton","year":"2021"},{"key":"joi230038r1","unstructured":"Henry? M, de Sousa? T, Roddey? C, Gayen? S, Bednar? TJ. The 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. US Dept of Housing and Urban Development; 2021. Accessed October 31, 2022. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/2020-AHAR-Part-1.pdf"},{"key":"joi230038r2","unstructured":"State of Homelessness: 2021 Edition. National Alliance to End Homelessness; 2021."},{"key":"joi230038r5","unstructured":"Coalition on Homelessness Human Rights Workgroup. Punishing the Poorest: How the Criminalization of Homelessness Perpetuates Poverty in San Francisco. Coalition on Homelessness; 2015."},{"key":"joi230038r11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Published 2022. Accessed June 14, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/statistics\/systems\/nhbs\/populations-projects\/pwid.html"},{"key":"joi230038r12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). Accessed June 16, 2022. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/"},{"key":"joi230038r21","unstructured":"Colorado Coalition for the Homeless. We will remember 2019: homeless death review. Accessed March 28, 2022. https:\/\/www.coloradocoalition.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Homeless%20Death%20Review_final%2012-17-19.pdf"},{"key":"joi230038r28","unstructured":"Tinoco? M. LA will spend $30M this year on homeless sweeps: do they even work? LAist. April 10, 2019. Accessed June 16, 2022. https:\/\/laist.com\/2019\/04\/10\/homeless_sweeps_los_angeles_public_health.php"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2803839\/jama_barocas_2023_oi_230038_1682611592.93127.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T11:17:54Z","timestamp":1683026274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2803839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.4800","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]}}}