{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:07:47Z","timestamp":1792253267670,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-jrv240005-1\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are 3 of the most common oral conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality of life, and morbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-jrv240005-2\"><jats:title>Observations<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a meta-analysis of 26 population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies, the global prevalence of dry mouth symptoms was 23% (95% CI, 18% to 28%), placing individuals at risk of oral candidiasis, dental caries, dysgeusia, masticatory\/speech impairment, and oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dry mouth is associated with using more than 3 oral medications per day (odds ratio [OR], 2.9 [95% CI, 1.4 to 6.2]), head and neck radiation, and Sj\u00f6gren disease. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing and speaking, thirst, and halitosis. Dry mouth is associated with an 11.5% (95% CI, 3.6% to 27%) higher risk of oral candidiasis, based on a meta-analysis of 6 observational cohorts. Management of dry mouth includes mechanical salivary stimulants, oral moisturizers, and\/or systemic sialagogues. Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by overgrowth of the <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> genus with <jats:italic>C albicans<\/jats:italic>, which accounts for 76.8% of infections. The prevalence of oral candidiasis is higher in patients who are immunosuppressed, for example, those with HIV (35% [95% CI, 28% to 42%]) and those with salivary gland hypofunction (OR, 3.02 [95% CI, 1.73 to 5.28]). Common risk factors associated with oral candidiasis include use of antibiotics (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04) and oral mucosal disorders such as lichen planus. Oral burning and dysgeusia are common symptoms of oral candidiasis. Treatment includes addressing risk factors and use of topical and\/or systemic antifungal medications. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is characterized by symptomatic round or oval oral ulcers, which are covered by a gray-white fibrin layer and encircled by an erythematous ring. A meta-analysis of 10 case-controlled studies revealed an increased risk of recurrent aphthous stomatitis associated with polymorphism of IL-1\u03b2 (+3954C\/T) (OR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.07 to 2.17]) and IL-1\u03b2 (\u2212511C\/T) (OR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.67]). Another meta-analysis of 9 case-control studies reported that patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis had a higher frequency of nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> (OR, 3.75 [95% CI, 2.38 to 5.94]), folic acid (OR, 7.55 [95% CI, 3.91 to 14.60]), and ferritin (OR, 2.62 [95% CI, 1.69 to 4.06]). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis can be associated with systemic diseases. A meta-analysis of 21 case-control studies revealed that celiac disease is associated with a higher incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (25% vs 11%; OR, 3.79 [95% CI, 2.67 to 5.39]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;amp;lt;.001). Topical corticosteroids are first-line agents to manage recurrent aphthous stomatitis; however, systemic medications may be necessary in more severe cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-jrv240005-3\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are common oral conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality of life, and morbidity. First-line treatment includes over-the-counter sialagogues for dry mouth, topical antifungals for oral candidiasis, and topical corticosteroids for aphthous ulcers. Oral conditions that do not improve with first-line treatment may require treatment with systemic medications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.0953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T11:30:08Z","timestamp":1711452608000},"page":"1045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Common Oral Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"331","author":[{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Stoopler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bindakhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia"},{"name":"Now with Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L. 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