{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:43:57Z","timestamp":1787798637536,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-jrv260013-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 14.2 million people worldwide and 280\u202f000 in the US experience a hip fracture each year. The median 1-year mortality rate after a hip fracture is 22% and approximately 42% to 71% of patients regain their prefracture level of basic activities of daily living within 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-jrv260013-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Observations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hip fractures are classified as intracapsular or extracapsular and most commonly occur after a fall. Intracapsular hip fractures include femoral neck (34%) and femoral head (rare). Extracapsular fractures consist of intertrochanteric (48%) and subtrochanteric fractures (5.8%). In the US, between 2008 and 2017, hip fractures were associated with 1-year mortality rates of 26.9% among men and 18.5% among women. Older age is a major risk factor for hip fracture, with a hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% CI, 1.25-1.47) per 5-year increase in age. Women have higher incidence of hip fractures than men due to accelerated bone loss after menopause and higher incidence of falls. Other risk factors for hip fractures include low bone mineral density (bone density of 1 SD or below that of healthy young adults measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), prior fracture, and factors contributing to falls, such as weak muscles, poor visual acuity, and smoking. Surgery for hip fracture typically consists of hip joint replacement or hip joint stabilization, using embedded hardware (open reduction and internal fixation). Patients with hip fracture benefit from physical therapy and fall reduction strategies, such as muscle-strengthening exercises and modifying medications associated with increased fall risk, such as antidepressants, and should be treated with antiresorptive medications, such as bisphosphonates (alendronate, zoledronic acid) or denosumab to prevent subsequent fracture. To prevent a hip fracture, patients with vertebral osteoporosis at the spine may require anabolic therapy, such as teriparatide, abaloparatide, or romosozumab, before starting an antiresorptive. Hip fractures may lead to mobility limitations; declines in physical, emotional, and social functioning; and reduced health-related quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-jrv260013-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hip fractures are common among older people and are associated with a 1-year mortality rate of 22% and with reduced mobility and quality of life. Surgical repair for hip fracture typically consists of joint replacement or open reduction and internal fixation. Hip fracture treatment also includes physical therapy, fall reduction strategies, and medications to protect against fracture, such as bisphosphonates; denosumab; or anabolic drugs, such as parathyroid hormone analogues or romosozumab.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2026.11895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:00:20Z","timestamp":1784214020000},"page":"496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hip Fractures"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"336","author":[{"given":"Fjola","family":"Johannesdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmie E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy N.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"2","author":"GBD 2019 Fracture Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"8","key":"jrv260013r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070064","article-title":"Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malm\u00f6.","volume":"11","author":"Kanis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.12.008","article-title":"Mortality following hip fracture: trends and geographical variations over the last sixty years.","volume":"54","author":"Haleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt105","article-title":"Death, debility, and destitution following hip fracture.","volume":"69","author":"Tajeu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"jrv260013r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4821","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hip fractures: secular trends in incidence rate, post-fracture treatment, and all-cause mortality.","volume":"38","author":"Sing","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-022-03250-x","article-title":"What do hip fracture patients die from?","volume":"33","author":"Katsanos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2017.23.4.461","article-title":"Prevalence and cost of subsequent fractures among US patients with an incident fracture.","volume":"23","author":"Weaver","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0332-0","article-title":"A critical review of the long-term disability outcomes following hip fracture.","volume":"16","author":"Dyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"jrv260013r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.04.018","article-title":"Quality of life after hip fracture in the elderly: a systematic literature review.","volume":"47","author":"Peeters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"12","key":"jrv260013r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.040916","article-title":"Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites.","volume":"19","author":"Riggs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02219-9","article-title":"An overview of the use of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) in osteoporosis.","volume":"47","author":"Schini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900679","article-title":"Majority of hip fractures occur as a result of a fall and impact on the greater trochanter of the femur: a prospective controlled hip fracture study with 206 consecutive patients.","volume":"65","author":"Parkkari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.12.039","article-title":"Imaging choices in occult hip fracture.","volume":"37","author":"Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2018-208093.3","article-title":"BET 2: CT versus MRI for occult hip fractures.","volume":"35","author":"Foex","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"24","key":"jrv260013r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16985","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416985","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of proximal femoral fractures in Italy between 2001 and 2016 in older adults: analysis of the National Discharge Registry.","volume":"19","author":"Longo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"jrv260013r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.5.858","article-title":"Effect of birth cohort on risk of hip fracture: age-specific incidence rates in the Framingham Study.","volume":"92","author":"Samelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06907-3","article-title":"Global burden of hip fracture: the Global Burden of Disease study.","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"jrv260013r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170006","article-title":"Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds.","volume":"12","author":"Kanis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1252-6","article-title":"Females fall more from heights but males survive less among a geriatric population: insights from an American level 1 trauma center.","volume":"19","author":"El-Menyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae117","article-title":"Fractures by race and ethnicity in a diverse sample of postmenopausal women: a current evaluation among Hispanic and Asian origin groups.","volume":"39","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32776-1","article-title":"Racial and ethnic difference in the risk of fractures in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"jrv260013r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00805-7","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture risk among older US Asian adults.","volume":"21","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1640-3","article-title":"Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Kanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.2.253","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and risk of hip fracture in men and women.","volume":"29","author":"H\u00f8idrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031515","article-title":"Alcohol consumption, bone mineral density, and risk of osteoporotic fractures: a dose-response meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Godos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"jrv260013r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009760","article-title":"Alcohol intake, beverage preference, and risk of hip fracture in men and women.","volume":"149","author":"H\u00f8idrup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"jrv260013r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0312-5","article-title":"Physical activity and the risk of hip fracture in the elderly: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"32","author":"Lagerros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv184","article-title":"Dietary protein intake is protective against loss of grip strength among older adults in the Framingham offspring cohort.","volume":"71","author":"McLean","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2364","key":"jrv260013r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2364","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2364","article-title":"Effect of dietary sources of calcium and protein on hip fractures and falls in older adults in residential care: cluster randomised controlled trial.","volume":"375","author":"Iuliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4412","article-title":"Vitamin D and muscle health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.","volume":"36","author":"Bislev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa311","article-title":"Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL): effects of vitamin D supplements on risk of falls in the US population.","volume":"105","author":"LeBoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01048.x","article-title":"A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study.","volume":"55","author":"Broe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/2151458510389463","article-title":"Dementia and hip fractures: development of a pathogenic framework for understanding and studying risk.","volume":"1","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00347-8","article-title":"Bone fragility in diabetes: novel concepts and clinical implications.","volume":"10","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9321","key":"jrv260013r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08761-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk.","volume":"359","author":"Kanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.554055","article-title":"Risk of hip\/femur fracture after stroke: a population-based case-control study.","volume":"40","author":"Pouwels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"jrv260013r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115173","article-title":"The risk of hip and non-vertebral fractures in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"132","author":"Schini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0194-7","article-title":"The impact of disease and drugs on hip fracture risk.","volume":"100","author":"Leavy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0424-x","article-title":"Impact of cumulative exposure to high-dose oral glucocorticoids on fracture risk in Denmark: a population-based case-control study.","volume":"13","author":"Amiche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"5","key":"jrv260013r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X14546350","article-title":"Medication-induced osteoporosis: screening and treatment strategies.","volume":"6","author":"Panday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa249","article-title":"STOPPFall (Screening Tool of Older Persons Prescriptions in older adults with high fall risk): a Delphi study by the EuGMS Task and Finish Group on Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs.","volume":"50","author":"Seppala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"21","key":"jrv260013r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.357","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons.","volume":"169","author":"Woolcott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"jrv260013r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4413-0","article-title":"Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"jrv260013r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-026-07925-7","article-title":"Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures: a meta-analysis to update FRAX.","author":"Kanis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.4.387","article-title":"Risk of subsequent fracture after low-trauma fracture in men and women.","volume":"297","author":"Center","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2119-2","article-title":"The assessment of vertebral fractures in elderly women with recent hip fractures: the BREAK study.","volume":"24","author":"Gonnelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2742","article-title":"Relationship of height to site-specific fracture risk in postmenopausal women.","volume":"31","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf091","article-title":"Body mass index and subsequent fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update FRAX.","volume":"40","author":"Harvey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"jrv260013r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51558.x","article-title":"Intentional and unintentional weight loss increase bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women.","volume":"51","author":"Ensrud","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07607-w","article-title":"Family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update the FRAX risk assessment tool.","volume":"36","author":"McCloskey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"16","key":"jrv260013r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.16.1825","article-title":"Genetic liability to fractures in the elderly.","volume":"165","author":"Micha\u00eblsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100776","article-title":"Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of hip fracture risk: genome-wide association and mendelian randomization study.","volume":"3","author":"Nethander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddae169","article-title":"The genetic architecture of hip shape and its role in the development of hip osteoarthritis and fracture.","volume":"34","author":"Faber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-07012-1","article-title":"A meta-analysis of previous falls and subsequent fracture risk in cohort studies.","volume":"35","author":"Vandenput","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"9021","key":"jrv260013r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01440-7","article-title":"Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study.","volume":"348","author":"Dargent-Molina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"jrv260013r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4293","article-title":"Sarcopenia definitions as predictors of fracture risk independent of FRAX, falls, and BMD in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study: a meta-analysis.","volume":"36","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.215","article-title":"Evaluation of the FRAX and Garvan fracture risk calculators in older women.","volume":"26","author":"Bolland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"jrv260013r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b4229","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4229","article-title":"Predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores.","volume":"339","author":"Hippisley-Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0588-0","article-title":"Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks.","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"jrv260013r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024951","article-title":"Predicting fracture risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a UK-based population-based cohort study.","volume":"9","author":"Akyea","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"jrv260013r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.277817","article-title":"Repeat bone mineral density screening and prediction of hip and major osteoporotic fracture.","volume":"310","author":"Berry","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107142","article-title":"Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women.","volume":"366","author":"Gourlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"jrv260013r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05384-2","article-title":"Biomechanical Computed Tomography analysis (BCT) for clinical assessment of osteoporosis.","volume":"31","author":"Keaveny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"jrv260013r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx147","article-title":"Fracture Risk Assessment in Long-term Care (FRAiL): development and validation of a prediction model.","volume":"73","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"10122","key":"jrv260013r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32640-5","article-title":"Screening in the Community to Reduce Fractures in Older Women (SCOOP): a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"391","author":"Shepstone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"jrv260013r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2734","article-title":"A meta-analysis of trabecular bone score in fracture risk prediction and its relationship to FRAX.","volume":"31","author":"McCloskey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"jrv260013r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18734","article-title":"American Geriatrics Society response to the World Falls Guidelines.","volume":"72","author":"Eckstrom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac205","article-title":"World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative.","volume":"51","author":"Montero-Odasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.4166","article-title":"Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.","volume":"332","author":"Guirguis-Blake","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32098-7","article-title":"Impact of timing of surgery in elderly hip fracture patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Klestil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-013-0248-9","article-title":"Neck of femur fractures in the over 90s: a select group of patients who require prompt surgical intervention for optimal results.","volume":"15","author":"Hapuarachchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013410.pub2","article-title":"Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults.","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"jrv260013r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.0743","article-title":"Association of clinical outcomes with surgical repair of hip fracture vs nonsurgical management in nursing home residents with advanced dementia.","volume":"178","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"jrv260013r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3109\/17453670903448273","article-title":"Symptomatic venous thromboembolism following a hip fracture.","volume":"80","author":"McNamara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.11.052","article-title":"Equivalence of DOACS and LMWH for thromboprophylaxis after hip fracture surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"53","author":"Nederpelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"jrv260013r81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e278S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2404","article-title":"Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.","volume":"141","author":"Falck-Ytter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"jrv260013r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001704.pub5","article-title":"Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults.","volume":"9","author":"Fairhall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"jrv260013r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.469","article-title":"Effect of a home-based exercise program on functional recovery following rehabilitation after hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"311","author":"Latham","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"jrv260013r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.7.837","article-title":"Effects of extended outpatient rehabilitation after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"292","author":"Binder","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"jrv260013r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1932-2","article-title":"Do hip protectors decrease the risk of hip fracture in institutional and community-dwelling elderly? a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"16","author":"Sawka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"7541","key":"jrv260013r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38753.375324.7C","article-title":"Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review.","volume":"332","author":"Parker","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05301-w","article-title":"Factors associated with fall risk increasing drug use in older Black and White men and women: the Health ABC study.","volume":"24","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"jrv260013r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30265-1","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Bolland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y","article-title":"The clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.","volume":"33","author":"LeBoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"17","key":"jrv260013r90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172842","article-title":"An integrated nutritional and physical activity approach for osteosarcopenia.","volume":"17","author":"Mocini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"jrv260013r91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124499","article-title":"Exercise and nutrition impact on osteoporosis and sarcopenia\u2014the incidence of osteosarcopenia: a narrative review.","volume":"13","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"jrv260013r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-0684","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of treatments to prevent fractures in people with low bone mass or primary osteoporosis: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians.","volume":"176","author":"Ayers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"jrv260013r93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607948","article-title":"Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.","volume":"375","author":"Cosman","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"jrv260013r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa074941","article-title":"Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture.","volume":"357","author":"Lyles","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"jrv260013r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae101","article-title":"Zoledronic acid for hip fracture during initial hospitalization.","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"jrv260013r96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa756","article-title":"Fracture risk and management of discontinuation of denosumab therapy: a systematic review and position statement by ECTS.","author":"Tsourdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"jrv260013r97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.","volume":"288","author":"Rossouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"jrv260013r98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.7.637","article-title":"Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial.","volume":"282","author":"Ettinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"jrv260013r99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae119","article-title":"Goal-directed osteoporosis treatment: ASBMR\/BHOF task force position statement 2024.","volume":"39","author":"Cosman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"jrv260013r100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02152-7","article-title":"Orthogeriatrics prevents functional decline in hip fracture patients: report from two randomized controlled trials.","volume":"21","author":"Dakhil","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"jrv260013r101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-024-07052-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of fracture liaison service in reducing the risk of secondary fragility fractures in adults aged 50 and older: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Danazumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"jrv260013r11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for preclinical evaluation and clinical trials in osteoporosis. 1998. Accessed November 1, 2025. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42088\/9241545224_eng.pdf"},{"key":"jrv260013r60","unstructured":"International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Adult positions. Updated 2023. Accessed November 1, 2025. https:\/\/iscd.org\/learn\/official-positions\/adult-positions\/"},{"key":"jrv260013r61","unstructured":"American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR-SSR practice parameter for the performance of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) bone mineral density. Revised 2023. Accessed July 6, 2026. https:\/\/gravitas.acr.org\/PPTS\/GetDocumentView?docId=11"},{"key":"jrv260013r71","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STEADI\u2013older adult fall prevention. Accessed October 21, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/steadi\/index.html"},{"key":"jrv260013r77","unstructured":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of hip fractures in older adults: evidence based clinical practice guideline. December 3, 2021. Accessed June 9, 2026. https:\/\/www.aaos.org\/hipfxcpg"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2851723\/jama_johannesdottir_2026_rv_260013_1785516175.40036.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:00:20Z","timestamp":1786460420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2851723"}},"subtitle":["A Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2026.11895","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}