{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:01:09Z","timestamp":1793322069005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Novel blood culture diagnostics provide rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results for bacteria causing bloodstream infections (BSIs) but have unclear clinical impact.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate clinical outcomes of blood culture testing using a rapid AST method compared with standard AST in patients with BSIs caused by gram-negative bacilli in regions with high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n Open-label randomized clinical trial that enrolled participants from December 2023 to May 2025 (final follow-up, June 18, 2025) at 7 medical centers in Greece (n\u2009=\u20092), India (n\u2009=\u20091), Israel (n\u2009=\u20093), and Spain (n\u2009=\u20091). Hospitalized patients (adults and children) with BSIs caused by gram-negative bacilli were eligible. Statistical analysis was conducted from August 2025 to January 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n Patients were randomized to undergo blood culture evaluation using rapid, phenotypic AST directly from positive blood cultures plus standard susceptibility testing (n\u2009=\u2009413) vs standard susceptibility testing alone (n\u2009=\u2009437). Local antimicrobial stewardship teams reviewed all patients and provided treatment recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was a desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) at day 30, with 3 categories (alive without deleterious events, alive with deleterious events, and death). The difference between rapid and standard testing was summarized as the probability that the DOOR outcomes were more desirable in the rapid testing group. Superiority was concluded if the lower limit of the 95% CI exceeded 50%. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, length of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, acquisition of hospital-acquired infections, time to effective antibiotic therapy within 3 days, and time to antibiotic escalation or deescalation within 3 days.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of the 899 patients randomized, 850 were included in the primary outcome analysis (median [IQR] age, 72 [21] years; 43% female). The probability that DOOR outcomes were more favorable in the rapid testing group was 48.8% (95% CI, 45.3%-52.4%). Median time to effective antibiotic therapy was not different between the groups in the as-randomized population. Median time to antibiotic escalation or deescalation was faster in the rapid testing group by 14 hours (95% CI, 6-22) in the as-randomized population. There were no differences between the groups in other secondary outcomes. In the prespecified subgroup with carbapenem-resistant infections, median time to effective therapy was 9.5 hours in the rapid testing group vs 28 hours in the standard testing group (difference, \u221218 hours [95% CI, \u221242 to 6]).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Among patients with gram-negative bacilli BSIs, rapid blood culture AST was not superior to standard testing by DOOR. When considered with other efficacy and safety outcomes, these findings may help inform the use of rapid susceptibility testing in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:\n NCT06174649<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2026.5487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T12:30:20Z","timestamp":1776515420000},"page":"1762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fast Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Gram-Negative Bacteremia"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"335","author":[{"given":"Ritu","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Komarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biostatistics Center and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biostatistics Center and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Mau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Geres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerryl","family":"Greenwood-Quaintance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikala","family":"Baliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Chowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel"},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chrysos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tzaneio General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olympia","family":"Zarkotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tzaneio General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mical","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Pournaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores Sousa","family":"Regueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Complex of La Coruna, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biostatistics Center and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Vance G.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry F.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Vance G.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshimitsu","family":"Hamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda M.","family":"Pettigrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"van Duin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen W.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"Huntley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Raterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamika","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly E.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lodise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Shelburne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritu","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Cosgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebbing","family":"Lautenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Mehigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Doernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Perdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara A.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy A.","family":"Wickward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason E.","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"10459","key":"joi260028r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050.","volume":"404","author":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi260028r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00355-19","article-title":"The microbiology of bloodstream infection: 20-year trends from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.","volume":"63","author":"Diekema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi260028r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06944-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients: the EUROBACT-2 international cohort study.","volume":"49","author":"Tabah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.146","article-title":"The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting.","volume":"118","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi260028r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1086\/377200","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome.","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi260028r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9","article-title":"Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi260028r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis385","article-title":"Impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality associated with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: relation to severity of infection.","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi260028r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00338-07","article-title":"Predictors of 30-day mortality among patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: impact of delayed appropriate antibiotic selection.","volume":"51","author":"Lodise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi260028r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076225","article-title":"Delays in appropriate antibiotic therapy for gram-negative bloodstream infections: a multicenter, community hospital study.","volume":"8","author":"Moehring","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi260028r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm318","article-title":"Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"60","author":"Schwaber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi260028r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac354","article-title":"Impact of a rapid molecular test for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase and ceftazidime-avibactam use on outcomes after bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales.","volume":"75","author":"Satlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi260028r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.08.019","article-title":"Prospective intervention study with a microarray-based, multiplexed, automated molecular diagnosis instrument (Verigene system) for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections, and its impact on the clinical outcomes.","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi260028r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1086\/656623","article-title":"An antimicrobial stewardship program\u2019s impact.","volume":"51","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi260028r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00283-08","article-title":"Peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization for hospital-acquired enterococcal bacteremia: delivering earlier effective antimicrobial therapy.","volume":"52","author":"Forrest","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi260028r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01951-13","article-title":"Stewardship approach for optimizing antimicrobial therapy through use of a rapid microarray assay on blood cultures positive for Enterococcus species.","volume":"51","author":"Sango","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"joi260028r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ447","article-title":"Randomized trial of rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based blood culture identification and susceptibility testing.","volume":"61","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi260028r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2299-0","article-title":"Impact of same-day antibiotic susceptibility testing on time to appropriate antibiotic treatment of patients with bacteraemia: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"34","author":"Beuving","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa528","article-title":"Randomized trial evaluating clinical impact of RAPid IDentification and Susceptibility testing for Gram Negative bacteremia (RAPIDS-GN).","volume":"73","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.038","article-title":"Enhanced antimicrobial stewardship based on rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing for bacteraemia in patients with haematological malignancies: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi260028r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04820-z","article-title":"Clinical impact and cost-consequence analysis of ePlex blood culture identification panels for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections: a single-center randomized controlled trial.","volume":"43","author":"Caspar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi260028r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013235.pub2","article-title":"Rapid versus standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide treatment of bloodstream infection.","volume":"5","author":"Anton-Vazquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-09228-4","article-title":"Study protocol for a multicenter, multinational prospective randomized controlled trial comparing outcomes in subjects with gram-negative bacteremia who have blood culture evaluation using fast antibiotic susceptibility testing vs standard of care testing: the FAST trial.","volume":"26","author":"Banerjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"22","key":"joi260028r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.4347","article-title":"CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomized trials.","volume":"333","author":"Hopewell","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21972","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human participants.","volume":"333","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi260028r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy766","article-title":"Good studies evaluate the disease while great studies evaluate the patient: development and application of a desirability of outcome ranking endpoint for Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection.","volume":"68","author":"Doernberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi260028r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ495","article-title":"Desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) and response adjusted for duration of antibiotic risk (RADAR).","volume":"61","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"joi260028r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac140","article-title":"A desirability of outcome ranking analysis of a randomized clinical trial comparing seven versus fourteen days of antibiotics for uncomplicated gram-negative bloodstream infection.","volume":"9","author":"Howard-Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi260028r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.12543","article-title":"Dalbavancin for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: the DOTS randomized clinical trial.","volume":"334","author":"Turner","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi260028r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.001","article-title":"Seven-versus 14-day course of antibiotics for the treatment of bloodstream infections by Enterobacterales: a randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"28","author":"Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"joi260028r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf314","article-title":"Making sense of hierarchical composite end points in randomized clinical trials\u2014a primer for infectious diseases clinicians and researchers.","volume":"81","author":"Ong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01478-25","article-title":"A patient-centric paradigm and tool for clinical research: the DOOR is open.","volume":"70","author":"Hamasaki","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3-5","key":"joi260028r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.70328","article-title":"Patient-centric pragmatic clinical trials: opening the DOOR.","volume":"45","author":"Evans","year":"2026","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"joi260028r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12163","article-title":"Effect of piperacillin-tazobactam vs meropenem on 30-day mortality for patients with E coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection and ceftriaxone resistance: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"320","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi260028r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2307\/2531493","article-title":"Distribution-free confidence intervals for a parameter of Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney type for ordered categories and progressive censoring.","volume":"45","author":"Halperin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi260028r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01277-7","article-title":"Derivation of a quick Pitt bacteremia score to predict mortality in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infection.","volume":"47","author":"Battle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi260028r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz528","article-title":"The Pitt bacteremia score predicts mortality in nonbacteremic infections.","volume":"70","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02950-2","article-title":"Mortality in sepsis and septic shock in Europe, North America and Australia between 2009 and 2019\u2014results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"24","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi260028r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202112-2743OC","article-title":"Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of sepsis in ICUs among countries of differing national wealth across Asia.","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"12","key":"joi260028r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054971","article-title":"Impact of carbapenem resistance on mortality in patients infected with Enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"joi260028r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00108-2","article-title":"Estimated undertreatment of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in eight low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study.","volume":"25","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"joi260028r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections.","author":"Tamma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"joi260028r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.025","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (endorsed by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine).","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi260028r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.6919","article-title":"Antibiotic de-escalation in adults hospitalized for community-onset sepsis.","volume":"186","author":"Gupta","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03883-0","article-title":"Time-to-antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a prospective nationwide multicenter cohort study.","volume":"26","author":"Im","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"joi260028r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae234","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic tests and antimicrobial stewardship programs for the management of bloodstream infection: what is their relative contribution to improving clinical outcomes? a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"79","author":"Peri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"joi260028r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00095-17","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic testing for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections with or without antimicrobial stewardship.","volume":"31","author":"Pliakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"joi260028r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw649","article-title":"The effect of molecular rapid diagnostic testing on clinical outcomes in bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"64","author":"Timbrook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"joi260028r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101570","article-title":"Blood culture practices and microbiological capacity for sepsis diagnostics in Europe (2021-2022): a cross-sectional analysis of the European Sepsis Care Survey.","volume":"62","author":"Scheer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"joi260028r25","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) substantial equivalence determination decision summary. Accessed April 2, 2026. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/reviews\/K230675.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/2847970\/jama_banerjee_2026_oi_260028_1778787883.20271.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1779807777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2847970"}},"subtitle":["The FAST Randomized Clinical Trial"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2026.5487","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]}}}