{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:09:34Z","timestamp":1768316974395,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.10.1265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,18]],"date-time":"2003-03-18T15:05:58Z","timestamp":1047999958000},"page":"1265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Population-Based Study of Chlamydial Infection in China"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"William L.","family":"Parish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward O.","family":"Laumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myron S.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suiming","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irving","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianfu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwai Hang","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"key":"ref-joc30372-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.Supplement_2.S223","article-title":"Successful eradication of sexually transmitted diseases in the People's Republic of China: implications for the 21st Century.","volume":"174","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200003000-00004","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in the People's Republic of China in Y2K.","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200003000-00003","article-title":"Epidemiologic trends of sexually transmitted diseases in China.","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7315.714","article-title":"China admits its AIDS crisis.","volume":"323","author":"Plafker","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009549110508","article-title":"HIV risk among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in China.","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200104130-00011","article-title":"High prevalence of syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases among sex workers in China: potential for fast spread of HIV.","volume":"15","author":"van den Hoek","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200103000-00009","article-title":"Level of AIDS and HIV knowledge and sexual practices among sexually transmitted disease patients in China.","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06886-6","article-title":"Sexual behaviour in Britain: reported sexually transmitted infections and prevalent genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.","volume":"358","author":"Fenton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462021924712","article-title":"What proportion of episodes of gonorrhoea and chlamydia become symptomatic.","volume":"13","author":"Korenromp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3092-3096.1999","article-title":"Determination of Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in an asymptomatic screening population: performances of the LCx and COBAS Amplicor test with urine specimens.","volume":"37","author":"Morr\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.6.726","article-title":"Untreated gonococcal and chlamydial infection in a probability sample of adults.","volume":"287","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inference from complex samples.","volume":"B36","author":"Kish","year":"1974","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.5.375","article-title":"Low diagnostic accuracy of selective screening criteria for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the general population.","volume":"76","author":"van Valkengoed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.74.6.421","article-title":"Asymptomatic non-ulcerative genital tract infections in a rural Ugandan population.","volume":"74","author":"Paxton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009577020621","article-title":"Psychosocial profiles of women with risky sexual partners: the national AIDS behavioral surveys (NABS).","volume":"4","author":"Dolcini","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011391424690","article-title":"Promoting condom use with main partners: a behavioral intervention trial for women.","volume":"5","author":"Gielen","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.6.1373","article-title":"Different demographic and sexual correlates for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea in Rotterdam.","volume":"26","author":"van Duynhoven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200008000-00007","article-title":"Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases and risk factors among women attending an STD referral clinic in Nairobi, Kenya.","volume":"27","author":"Fonck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550230066039","article-title":"Spread of HIV infection in married monogamous women in India.","volume":"278","author":"Gangakhedkar","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/713612352","article-title":"Changes in prostitution and the AIDS epidemic in Thailand.","volume":"10","author":"Hanenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462021925027","article-title":"Chlamydial infection in males and conseqences for their female sexual partners, an example from rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.","volume":"13","author":"Klouman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1089\/108729101316914476","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS: international perspective.","volume":"15","author":"Tarantola","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STD"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981921756","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in urban and rural areas in Tamil Nadu, India.","volume":"9","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2307\/2939232","article-title":"A community study of gynecological and related morbidities in rural Egypt.","volume":"24","author":"Younis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.10.1650","article-title":"Extrarelational sex among Mexican men and their partners' risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.","volume":"91","author":"Pulerwitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058187","article-title":"Reducing HIV transmission in developing countries.","volume":"292","author":"Jha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00350-5","article-title":"Introductory study on female condom use among sex workers in China.","volume":"66","author":"Cheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.4.265","article-title":"Demographic and behavioural profile of adults infected with chlamydia: a case-control study.","volume":"77","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-4-199802150-00005","article-title":"Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women attending family planning clinics: a cost-effectiveness analysis of three strategies.","volume":"128","author":"Howell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199907000-00006","article-title":"Estimated incidence and prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States, 1996.","volume":"26","author":"Groseclose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.273","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west London.","volume":"76","author":"Pierpoint","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199905000-00003","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation.","volume":"26","author":"Laumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013186806939","article-title":"Sexual risk behavior in urban populations of Northeastern Africa.","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520917552","volume-title":"Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai","author":"Hershatter","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-16","volume-title":"Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications","author":"Levy","year":"1999","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"ref-joc30372-17","volume-title":"The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States","author":"Laumann","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-19","volume-title":"1995 National 1% Population Sample Survey Data","author":"China National Census Office","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-20","volume-title":"China Population Statistics Yearbook 1999","author":"State Statistical Bureau","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-22","volume-title":"Analysis of Complex Surveys","author":"Skinner","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-23","volume-title":"STATA Reference Manual, Release 7, vol 4","author":"Not Available","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-24","volume-title":"Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables","author":"Long","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725153","volume-title":"Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity","author":"Belsley","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-26","volume-title":"Tabulation on the 2000 Population Census of the People's Republic of China","author":"China Population Census Office","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-37","volume-title":"The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia","author":"Lim","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-49","article-title":"Sexual behaviour.","volume-title":"Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World: Social Aspects of AIDS","author":"Cara\u00ebl","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-52","first-page":"171","article-title":"The interplay of gender, space, and work in China's floating population.","volume-title":"Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households, and Gender in China","author":"Zhang","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-joc30372-6","unstructured":"SunS. AIDS prevention urged.China Daily. March9, 2002. Available at: http:\/\/archives.hst.org.za\/sea-aids\/msg00177.html. Accessibility verified February 4, 2003."},{"key":"ref-joc30372-7","unstructured":"Not Available. Observations on China's year 2000 AIDS situation. Available at: http:\/\/www.unchina.org\/unaids\/key8.html. Accessed May 8, 2002."},{"key":"ref-joc30372-11","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Year 2001 national sexually transmitted disease situation. Available at: http:\/\/chinaids.org.cn\/index_yqjc_blbg.asp?sn=240. Accessed January 2, 2003."},{"key":"ref-joc30372-18","unstructured":"ParishWL, LaumannEO. Chinese Health and Family Life Survey. Available at: http:\/\/www.src.uchicago.edu\/DATALIB\/DLproj\/chfls.html. Accessibility verified February 3, 2003."},{"key":"ref-joc30372-27","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlamydia in the United States. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchstp\/dstd\/Fact_Sheets\/chlamydia_facts.htm. Accessibility verified February 3, 2003."},{"key":"ref-joc30372-43","unstructured":"WenC. No condoms please, we're Chinese. Available at: http:\/\/ww2.aegis.org\/news\/ips\/2002\/Ip020402.html. Accessed January 6, 2003."}],"container-title":["JAMA"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/articlepdf\/196147\/joc30372_1265_1273_1651613918.10222.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T22:00:36Z","timestamp":1651615236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/196147"}},"subtitle":["A Hidden Epidemic"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.289.10.1265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-7484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-7484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]]}}}