{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:58:14Z","timestamp":1779263894113,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apolipoprotein B (apoB) distribution and its implications as an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk-enhancing factor among individuals of diverse Hispanic or Latino backgrounds have not been described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the distribution of apoB in the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL) cohort and to characterize associations of baseline sociodemographic and clinical variables with apoB and self-identified Hispanic or Latino background.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HCHS\/SOL was a prospective, population-based cohort study of diverse Hispanic or Latino adults living in the US who were recruited and screened between March 2008 and June 2011. Sampling weights were used to generate a population-based sample of Hispanic or Latino participants aged 18 to 74 years who resided in 4 US metropolitan areas (Bronx, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Miami, Florida; and San Diego, California). ApoB concentration was measured in participants from the HCHS\/SOL, and apoB tertiles were compared across demographic groups, including self-identified Hispanic or Latino background. Median percentage continental genetic ancestry (West African, Amerindian, and European) was compared across apoB tertiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-7\"><jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title><jats:p>ApoB measured in mg\/dL from serum or plasma using an immunoturbidimetric assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>ApoB tertiles were determined, and traditional lipids were evaluated across apoB tertiles. ApoB and traditional lipid measurements were assessed across ASCVD risk categories. Additionally, scatterplots were created to observe correlations between apoB and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or non\u2013high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall mean (SD) apoB concentration was 99.8 (0.4) mg\/dL, with male participants displaying significantly higher mean levels than female participants (102.4 vs 97.4 mg\/dL, respectively). Mean (SD) participant age was 41.1 (0.8) years, and 8376 participants (51.9%) were female. ApoB levels were higher among older age groups. There was significant heterogeneity in mean apoB concentrations across self-identified Hispanic or Latino background groups, ranging from 95.1 mg\/dL in Dominican individuals to 104.8 mg\/dL in Cuban individuals. The prevalence of elevated apoB (\u2265130 mg\/dL) was greater across higher predicted ASCVD risk categories. Among participants with a 10-year predicted ASCVD risk of 7.5% or higher, 26.5% had an elevated apoB. Median West African ancestry was lower across higher tertiles of apoB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-hbr240020-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cohort study among participants from the HCHS\/SOL, elevated apoB was present in one-quarter of a diverse cohort study of Hispanic or Latino individuals who were at intermediate or high predicted ASCVD risk. Differences in apoB distribution among Hispanic or Latino individuals may have important implications for apoB\u2019s use in ASCVD risk assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.4789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T16:01:03Z","timestamp":1735833663000},"page":"164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heterogeneity of Apolipoprotein B Levels Among Hispanic or Latino Individuals Residing in the US"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Leandro","family":"Slipczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Kuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"},{"name":"Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santica","family":"Marcovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medpace Reference Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Swett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate K.","family":"Orroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Antonio G.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shia T.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"John N.","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Sotres-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Sofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Daviglus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois Chicago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Talavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parag 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