{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:13:02Z","timestamp":1793293982886,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Dermatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-dbr240001-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies suggest that atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with cognitive impairment in children, but these studies have relied primarily on neurodevelopmental diagnoses (rather than symptoms) as proxy measures of cognitive function. It remains unknown if certain subpopulations of children with AD are at greater risk of cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-dbr240001-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the association of AD with symptoms of cognitive impairment (difficulty in learning or memory) among US children and whether this association varies according to the presence or absence of neurodevelopmental comorbidities (attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], developmental delay, or learning disability).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-dbr240001-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study used 2021 data from the US National Health Interview Survey collected on children aged 17 years or younger without intellectual disability or autism. The presence of AD was based on a parent or adult caregiver\u2019s report indicating either a current diagnosis of AD or a previous medical confirmation of AD by a health care professional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-dbr240001-7\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Difficulty with learning or memory as reported by the child\u2019s caregiver.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-dbr240001-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the weighted total of 69\u202f732\u202f807 participants, 9\u202f223\u202f013 (13.2%) had AD. Compared with children without AD, children with AD were more likely to experience difficulties with learning (10.8% [95% CI, 7.8%-15.8%] vs 5.9% [95% CI, 5.1%-6.9%]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001) and difficulties with memory (11.1% [95% CI, 8.0%-15.9%] vs 5.8% [95% CI, 4.9%-6.9%]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001). In multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, asthma, food allergies, and seasonal allergies or hay fever, AD was associated with increased odds of difficulties in learning (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.77; 95% CI, 1.28-2.45) and memory (AOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.19-2.41). In analyses stratified by neurodevelopmental comorbidities, AD was associated with 2- to 3-fold greater odds of memory difficulties among children with any neurodevelopmental disorder (AOR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.43-3.57), including ADHD (AOR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.60-5.24) or learning disabilities (AOR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.04-4.00). However, AD was not associated with learning or memory difficulties among children without neurodevelopmental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-dbr240001-9\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that pediatric AD was generally associated with greater odds of reported difficulties in learning and memory. However, this association was primarily limited to children with neurodevelopmental comorbidities, such as ADHD or learning disabilities. These findings may improve the risk stratification of children with AD for cognitive impairments and suggest that evaluation for cognitive difficulties should be prioritized among children with AD and neurodevelopmental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.0015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T16:01:19Z","timestamp":1709740879000},"page":"447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment Among Children With Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Emily Z.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah R.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Radtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"dbr240001r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2017.02.002","article-title":"Public health burden and epidemiology of atopic dermatitis.","volume":"35","author":"Silverberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"dbr240001r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.04.064","article-title":"Sleep disturbance in school-aged children with atopic dermatitis: prevalence and severity in a cross-sectional sample.","volume":"9","author":"Fishbein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"dbr240001r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.027","article-title":"Childhood atopic dermatitis and risk of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a cohort study.","volume":"138","author":"Riis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"dbr240001r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.04.032","article-title":"Association between atopic dermatitis and learning disability in children.","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"dbr240001r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.11.008","article-title":"Childhood atopic dermatitis is associated with cognitive dysfunction: a National Health Interview Survey study from 2008 to 2018.","volume":"126","author":"Jackson-Cowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"dbr240001r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.09.015","article-title":"Reframing racial and ethnic disparities in atopic dermatitis in Black and Latinx populations.","volume":"148","author":"Croce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dbr240001r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0407","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"138","author":"Coker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"dbr240001r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1288802","article-title":"Is asthma associated with cognitive impairments? a meta-analytic review.","volume":"39","author":"Irani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dbr240001r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.006","article-title":"Sleep and neurocognitive functioning in children with eczema.","volume":"89","author":"Camfferman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dbr240001r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.06.006","article-title":"Association between sleep and working memory in children with ADHD: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"16","author":"Sciberras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"dbr240001r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.2019.36.issue-1","article-title":"Neurocognitive function in moderate-severe pediatric atopic dermatitis: a case-control study.","volume":"36","author":"Kruse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dbr240001r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_458_18","article-title":"The association between attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and atopic dermatitis: a study among Iranian children.","volume":"64","author":"Atefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dbr240001r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14031","article-title":"Assessment of atopic dermatitis using self-report and caregiver report: a multicentre validation study.","volume":"173","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"dbr240001r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.5432","article-title":"Health care utilization, patient costs, and access to care in US adults with eczema: a population-based study.","volume":"151","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"dbr240001r6","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 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