{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:44:19Z","timestamp":1791902659300,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Dermatol"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune hair loss disorder that affects more than 7 million people in the US. Before US Food and Drug Administration\u2013approved trials of Janus kinase inhibitors, numerous treatments had been explored, with variable efficacy and quality of evidence. The absence of standardized treatment guidelines may lead to poor treatment outcomes and payer coverage.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To establish a consensus on treatment for adults with severe AA in the US.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Review<\/jats:title>\n Systematic literature reviews for all known therapies used for treating AA were performed in PubMed from inception to December 2024. Inclusion criteria required studies to be randomized clinical trials or have an observational design, evaluate adult (\u226518 years old) participants with moderate to severe AA (defined by Severity of Alopecia Tool scores &amp;gt;20%), and be published in English. Studies were excluded if they included patients with non-AA hair loss or if they exclusively evaluated pediatric participants or those with mild AA (Severity of Alopecia Tool scores \u226420%). Three rounds of anonymous, iterative online surveys were administered from May through November 2025. Consensus was predefined at an agreement threshold of 70% or greater. A definition of AA severity was proposed for determining patient eligibility. Experts with recent AA-related research and extensive clinical experience treating adults with severe disease indicated their agreement or disagreement with the use of 29 treatments for adults with severe AA. Treatments that reached consensus for inclusion were further explored with respect to therapeutic positioning, treatment regimens, and long-term management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n Thirty-one US-based AA experts completed 3 rounds of iterative surveys. Consensus was achieved on treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata, as defined by the Alopecia Areata Scale. Oral Janus kinase inhibitors represented the primary, long-term therapy for all patients, with dupilumab as an alternative option for patients with comorbid atopy. Supplemental treatments included oral and topical minoxidil; intralesional, oral, and high-potency topical corticosteroids; and topical Janus kinase inhibitors and prostaglandins, with body site\u2013specific indications. Patient support resources should be offered alongside medical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This study defines expert-established consensus on treatment of adults with severe AA in the US. Additional high-quality investigations are needed to establish the efficacy of existing therapies in subpopulations and enable head-to-head comparisons of new and existing interventions. These recommendations are not indicated for children, pregnant patients, patients with mild to moderate disease, or those with underlying comorbidities; additional research is needed to inform treatment guidelines for these specific patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2026.2336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:00:30Z","timestamp":1788361230000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Delphi Consensus Statement on Treatment of Severe Alopecia Areata in US Adults"],"prefix":"10.1001","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Gregoire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Dewey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Biba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Englander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Salloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Ershadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil Alex","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Zangenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vazquez-Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneri","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Bensellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Aguh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilma","family":"Bergfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie D.","family":"Callender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Callender Dermatology and Cosmetic Center, Glenn Dale, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Castelo-Soccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Children\u2019s National Hospital and George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Craiglow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Elston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronda","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Guttman-Yassky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathie P.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Jabbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City"},{"name":"Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chesahna","family":"Kindred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Kindred Hair and Skin Center, Marriottsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lebwohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen I.","family":"Lo Sicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"McMichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha A.","family":"Mesinkovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paradi","family":"Mirmirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Piliang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryanne","family":"Senna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Soung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Dermatology, Santa Ana"},{"name":"Harbor University of California Los Angeles, Torrance"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Tosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ungar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Alopecia Areata Foundation, Novato, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise A.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hordinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Physicians of Connecticut, Fairfield, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Mostaghimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00808-1","article-title":"Alopecia areata: current treatments and new directions.","volume":"24","author":"Dahabreh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.047","article-title":"Psychosocial and psychiatric comorbidities and health-related quality of life in alopecia areata: a systematic review.","volume":"85","author":"Toussi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"dcs260006r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2404","article-title":"Immune-mediated and psychiatric comorbidities among patients newly diagnosed with alopecia areata.","volume":"160","author":"Mostaghimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"dcs260006r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.70004","article-title":"The financial and time burden of alopecia areata.","volume":"52","author":"Gregoire","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260006r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-025-01517-9","article-title":"Evaluating current and emergent JAK inhibitors for alopecia areata: a narrative review.","volume":"15","author":"Sanchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"dcs260006r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.03.038","article-title":"Guidelines for designing and conducting Delphi consensus studies: an expert consensus Delphi study.","author":"Hohmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"issue":"2 pt 1","key":"dcs260006r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70195-7","article-title":"Alopecia areata investigational assessment guidelines.","volume":"40","author":"Olsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.08.043","article-title":"Development of the alopecia areata scale for clinical use: Results of an academic-industry collaborative effort.","volume":"86","author":"King","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00884-x","article-title":"Predictors and management of inadequate response to JAK inhibitors in alopecia areata.","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260006r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.3025","article-title":"Shared decision-making, therapeutic choice, and decisional regret in patients with alopecia areata.","volume":"158","author":"Reyes-Hadsall","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260006r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18883","article-title":"The Alopecia Areata Investigator Global Assessment scale: a measure for evaluating clinically meaningful success in clinical trials.","volume":"183","author":"Wyrwich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae385","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists living guideline for managing people with alopecia areata 2024.","volume":"192","author":"Harries","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260006r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19768","article-title":"European expert consensus statement on the systemic treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"38","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00764-w","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of baricitinib in patients with severe alopecia areata over 52 weeks of continuous therapy in two phase III trials (BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2).","volume":"24","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"10387","key":"dcs260006r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00222-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in adults and adolescents with alopecia areata: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2b-3 trial.","volume":"401","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"dcs260006r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.06.097","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of deuruxolitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase inhibitor, in adults with alopecia areata: results from the phase 3 randomized, controlled trial (THRIVE-AA1).","volume":"91","author":"King","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260006r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17807","article-title":"Call to action: JAK inhibitor access and advocacy for alopecia areata patients.","volume":"64","author":"Needle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JW9.0000000000000155","article-title":"Disparities in Janus kinase inhibitor access for alopecia areata: a retrospective analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"dcs260006r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.10.006","article-title":"Investigating barriers to systemic Janus kinase inhibitor access for alopecia areata.","author":"Needle","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.09.072","article-title":"Outcomes of down-titration in patients with severe scalp alopecia areata initially treated with baricitinib 4-mg: week 152 data from BRAVE-AA2.","volume":"92","author":"King","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260006r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2734","article-title":"Baricitinib withdrawal and retreatment in patients with severe alopecia areata: the BRAVE-AA1 randomized clinical trial.","volume":"160","author":"King","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04035-y","article-title":"Switching JAK inhibitors: evaluating baricitinib\u2019s effectiveness in alopecia areata after tofacitinib failure.","volume":"317","author":"Ehsani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-03848-1","article-title":"Jak inhibitor intraclass switch in alopecia areata patients: a retrospective review of cases at an academic center.","volume":"317","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"dcs260006r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v105.42990","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness and safety of Janus kinase inhibitors in alopecia areata: a retrospective cohort study of 72 patients.","volume":"105","author":"Van Helmond","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"dcs260006r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2025.3537","article-title":"Successful treatment of alopecia areata with one JAK inhibitor after failure of other JAK inhibitors.","author":"Kalil","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad253","article-title":"When to expect scalp hair regrowth during treatment of severe alopecia areata with baricitinib: insights from trajectories analyses of patients enrolled in two phase III trials.","volume":"189","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e490","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20334","article-title":"Continued treatment with baricitinib results in meaningful scalp responses among scalp non-responder patients with eyebrow\/eyelash regrowth in the first year.","volume":"39","author":"Mostaghimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"9","key":"dcs260006r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.2581","article-title":"Clinical outcomes for uptitration of baricitinib therapy in patients with severe alopecia areata: a pooled analysis of the BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2 trials.","volume":"159","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15071","article-title":"Phase 2a randomized clinical trial of dupilumab (anti-IL-4Ra) for alopecia areata patients.","volume":"77","author":"Guttman-Yassky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"dcs260006r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19797","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of oral Janus kinase inhibitors and biologics in adult alopecia areata: a systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Husein-ElAhmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"dcs260006r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)80003-8","article-title":"Topical minoxidil solution (1% and 5%) in the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"16","author":"Fiedler-Weiss","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"dcs260006r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70096-6","article-title":"Topical minoxidil (3%) in extensive alopecia areata, including long-term efficacy.","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"dcs260006r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70095-4","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of topical minoxidil in extensive alopecia areata.","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6419","key":"dcs260006r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6419.794-a","article-title":"Topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"288","author":"Maitland","year":"1984","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"6398","key":"dcs260006r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6398.1015","article-title":"Topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"287","author":"Fenton","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r37","first-page":"431","article-title":"3 percent topical minoxidil compared with placebo for the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata.","volume":"41","author":"Fransway","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12611409","article-title":"Topical minoxidil in alopecia areata: no effect on the perifollicular lymphoid infiltration.","volume":"99","author":"Khoury","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12437","article-title":"Platelets rich plasma versus minoxidil 5% in treatment of alopecia areata: a trichoscopic evaluation.","volume":"30","author":"El Taieb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"dcs260006r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15696","article-title":"Comparative study between topical methotrexate 1% gel and minoxidil 5% gel in the treatment of localized alopecia areata.","volume":"35","author":"Toma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2024.06.650","article-title":"The role of 5% minoxidil versus platelet-rich plasma in treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"34","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg\u2013Pak JCPSP"},{"issue":"5","key":"dcs260006r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660050039009","article-title":"Topical minoxidil lacks efficacy in alopecia areata.","volume":"121","author":"White","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"dcs260006r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.05.1393","article-title":"Combination oral minoxidil and baricitinib treatment of alopecia areata.","author":"Valido","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"dcs260006r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660350088019","article-title":"Evaluation of oral minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"123","author":"Fiedler-Weiss","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260006r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.05.1446","article-title":"Oral minoxidil treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"93","author":"Kalil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.080","article-title":"Combination tofacitinib and oral minoxidil treatment for severe alopecia areata.","volume":"85","author":"Wambier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.110767","article-title":"Dermoscopic evaluation of therapeutic response to an intralesional corticosteroid in the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"79","author":"Ganjoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14555","article-title":"Identification of novel step-up regimen of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in scalp alopecia areata based on a double-blind randomized controlled trial.","volume":"34","author":"Rajan M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb06672.x","article-title":"Intralesional treatment of alopecia areata with triamcinolone acetonide by jet injector.","volume":"88","author":"Abell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.04.049","article-title":"Benefit of different concentrations of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata: an intrasubject pilot study.","volume":"73","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260006r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01781.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a new clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam in alopecia areata: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"20","author":"Tosti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.423","article-title":"Clobetasol propionate 0.05% under occlusion in the treatment of alopecia totalis\/universalis.","volume":"49","author":"Tosti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260006r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.10.1276","article-title":"Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in the treatment of alopecia areata with 0.25% desoximetasone cream.","volume":"136","author":"Charuwichitratana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2011.590788","article-title":"The comparison of treatment with clobetasol propionate 0.05% and topical pimecrolimus 1% treatment in the treatment of alopecia areata.","volume":"23","author":"Ucak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r55","first-page":"193","article-title":"Assay of 0.2 percent fluocinolone acetonide cream for alopecia areata and totalis. Efficacy and side effects including histologic study of the ensuing localized acneform response.","volume":"141","author":"Pascher","year":"1970","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r56","first-page":"267","article-title":"Oral pulse betamethasone, methotrexate, and combination therapy to treat severe alopecia areata: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.","volume":"20","author":"Asilian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r57","first-page":"S19","article-title":"Efficacy of combination therapy for the management regime of alopecia areata.","volume":"16","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.10.873","article-title":"Placebo-controlled oral pulse prednisolone therapy in alopecia areata.","volume":"52","author":"Kar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.5508","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral mega pulse methylprednisolone for severe therapy resistant alopecia areata.","volume":"33","author":"Bin Saif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-022-02336-0","article-title":"A phase 2a randomized vehicle-controlled multi-center study of the safety and efficacy of delgocitinib in subjects with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata.","volume":"315","author":"Mikhaylov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"dcs260006r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14192","article-title":"Treatment of alopecia universalis with topical Janus kinase inhibitors\u2014a double blind, placebo, and active controlled pilot study.","volume":"57","author":"Bokhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260006r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.10.016","article-title":"Ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of patients with alopecia areata: a 2-part, double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled phase 2 study.","volume":"82","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260006r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_787_19","article-title":"A randomized comparative study of the efficacy of topical latanoprost versus topical betamethasone diproprionate lotion in the treatment of localized alopecia areata.","volume":"87","author":"Bhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260006r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15450","article-title":"The effect of latanoprost 0.005% solution in the management of scalp alopecia areata, a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"35","author":"Rafati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260006r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.4.505","article-title":"Role of hair prostheses (wigs) in patients with severe alopecia areata.","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260006r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015468","article-title":"A mixed methods survey of social anxiety, anxiety, depression and wig use in alopecia.","volume":"7","author":"Montgomery","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260006r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12040","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of wigs or hairpieces on perceived quality of life level in female patients with alopecia areata.","volume":"40","author":"Inui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"dcs260006r1","unstructured":"National Alopecia Areata Foundation. Alopecia areata. Accessed August 4, 2025. https:\/\/www.naaf.org\/alopecia-areata\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamadermatology\/articlepdf\/2853486\/jamadermatology_gregoire_2026_cs_260006_1787587931.36942.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:00:32Z","timestamp":1788361232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamadermatology\/fullarticle\/2853486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":67,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2026.2336","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6068","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}