{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:04:56Z","timestamp":1790179496997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Dermatol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-dcs260007-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by penetration of a shaved, curved hair shaft into the skin. Standardized recommendations for diagnosing and managing PFB are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-dcs260007-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish expert consensus recommendations outlining best practices for diagnosing and managing PFB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-dcs260007-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 3-round Delphi consensus study was conducted using a panel of board-certified US dermatologists with expertise in PFB. Consensus statements addressing diagnostic criteria, behavioral modification, topical and systemic therapies, procedural interventions, and occupational considerations were developed and evaluated using a 9-point Likert scale. Consensus was predefined as greater than or equal to 75% agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-dcs260007-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty statements associated with diagnostic criteria, medical and procedural management, and occupational considerations reached consensus. Behavioral modification of hair removal practices as first-line therapy, use of targeted topical and systemic treatments, and procedural interventions, such as laser hair removal, were supported. No agreement was reached regarding a standardized grading scale, the use of oral isotretinoin for refractory disease, superficial chemical peels, or the use of multiblade razors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-dcs260007-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a Delphi consensus study approach, expert consensus guidelines were established for diagnosing and managing PFB. These recommendations provide an evidence-informed framework to support clinical decision-making, guide future research efforts, and help inform policy considerations associated with PFB management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2026.3579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:30:44Z","timestamp":1790177444000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Best Practices for Managing Pseudofolliculitis Barbae"],"prefix":"10.1001","author":[{"given":"Simona A.","family":"Alomary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole J.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Ugwueke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"},{"name":"Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haya","family":"Alkiswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Adotama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olabola","family":"Awosika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamzavi Dermatology, Fort Gratiot, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Callender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Callender Dermatology and Cosmetic Center, Glenn Dale, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanine","family":"Downie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Dermatology, Montclair, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Ibrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut Skin Institute, Stamford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Ludzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitchell Dermatology, Perrysburg, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitayo","family":"Ogunleye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Health Specialists, Bend, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiaDe","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass General Dermatology, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willis H.","family":"Lyford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Elbuluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260007r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120789","article-title":"Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends.","volume":"46","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260007r2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Enhancing the care and treatment of skin of color, part 1: the broad scope of pigmentary disorders.","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1586\/edm.09.51","article-title":"Dermatologic conditions in men of African ancestry.","volume":"4","author":"Coley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad075","article-title":"Review of treatments for pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"48","author":"Dalia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260007r5","first-page":"26","article-title":"Common dermatologic conditions in skin of color.","volume":"107","author":"Frazier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"dcs260007r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S149250","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options.","volume":"12","author":"Ogunbiyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260007r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14859","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy and safety of chemical peeling and long-pulse Nd:YAG laser in treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"34","author":"Am","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r8","first-page":"459","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military: a medical, administrative and social problem.","volume":"66","author":"Alexander","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260007r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22309.x","article-title":"An unusual Ala12Thr polymorphism in the 1A alpha-helical segment of the companion layer-specific keratin K6hf: evidence for a risk factor in the etiology of the common hair disorder pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"122","author":"Winter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260007r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.1194","article-title":"Beyond the razor: managing pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin of color.","volume":"42","author":"Welch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260007r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0302a07","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae: a dermatoscopic correlate.","volume":"3","author":"Ladizinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260007r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.179385","article-title":"Clinical and dermoscopic study of pseudofolliculitis of the beard area.","volume":"8","author":"Kaliyadan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Trichology"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.010","article-title":"Dermatoscopy: alternative uses in daily clinical practice.","volume":"64","author":"Micali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260007r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2006.00226.x","article-title":"Epiluminescence dermatoscopy enhanced patient compliance and achieved treatment success in pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"47","author":"Chuh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260007r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290270043019","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae: no \u201cpseudoproblem\u201d.","volume":"241","author":"Conte","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"dcs260007r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12331","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae: understanding the condition and the role of facial grooming.","volume":"38","author":"Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"dcs260007r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaf611","article-title":"Evaluating the short- and long-term outcomes of laser hair removal for the management of pseudofolliculitis barbae in a military population.","author":"Kravitz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"dcs260007r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa243","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the U.S. military, a review.","volume":"186","author":"Tshudy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r19","first-page":"18","article-title":"Twice-daily applications of benzoyl peroxide 5%\/clindamycin 1% gel versus vehicle in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"73","author":"Cook-Bolden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260007r20","first-page":"2611","article-title":"Open-label case study on triple-combination cream in patients with pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"50","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"dcs260007r21","first-page":"20","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color.","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12986","article-title":"Management of hyperpigmentation: current treatments and emerging therapies.","volume":"34","author":"Nautiyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260007r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2010.10.004","article-title":"Tetracycline compounds with non-antimicrobial organ protective properties: possible mechanisms of action.","volume":"63","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"dcs260007r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0077","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"158","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260007r25","first-page":"37","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae: prevention and treatment.","volume":"41","author":"Norwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"key":"dcs260007r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdrv.2024.12.010","article-title":"Insights into the role of grooming modifications and preventative approaches in pseudofolliculitis barbae: a narrative review of hair removal practices.","volume":"3","author":"Olagun-Samuel","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAAD Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260007r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.4913","article-title":"Barber knowledge and recommendations for pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"160","author":"Rice","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"dcs260007r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12330","article-title":"The biomechanics of blade shaving.","volume":"38","author":"Cowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"dcs260007r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.11.1343","article-title":"Treatment of pseudofolliculitis with a pulsed infrared laser.","volume":"136","author":"Kauvar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"dcs260007r30","first-page":"6","article-title":"Hair removal practices: a literature review.","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Therapy Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"dcs260007r31","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae using the long-pulse Nd:YAG laser on skin types V and VI.","volume":"29","author":"Weaver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"dcs260007r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23702","article-title":"Use of a 755\/1064?nm long pulse laser equipped with pigment meter guidance in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae, vascular lesions, and epidermal pigmented lesions.","volume":"55","author":"Ross","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260007r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.124081","article-title":"Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types IV, V, and VI with a long-pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser.","volume":"47","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260007r34","first-page":"888","article-title":"Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in very dark skin with a long pulse Nd:YAG laser.","volume":"94","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"dcs260007r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S441169","article-title":"Applications of long-pulse alexandrite laser in cosmetic dermatology: a review.","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"dcs260007r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.57615","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of long pulse Alexandrite laser and intense pulsed light systems for pseudofolliculitis barbae treatment with one year of follow up.","volume":"54","author":"Leheta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"dcs260007r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AB86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.349","article-title":"Short and long-term effects of pseudofolliculitis barbae treatment with laser hair removal at a military treatment facility.","volume":"89","author":"Kravitz","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"dcs260007r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2013.12.001","article-title":"Folliculitis keloidalis nuchae and pseudofolliculitis barbae: are prevention and effective treatment within reach?","volume":"32","author":"Alexis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"dcs260007r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab272","article-title":"Shaving waivers in the United States Air Force and their impact on promotions of Black\/African-American members.","volume":"188","author":"Ritchie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"dcs260007r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2022.01.210168","article-title":"Ethnic equity implications in the management of pseudofolliculitis barbae.","volume":"35","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"dcs260007r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.7713","article-title":"The psychosocial burden of skin disease and dermatology care insights among skin of color consumers.","volume":"22","author":"Cartwright","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"}],"container-title":["JAMA Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamadermatology\/articlepdf\/2853988\/jamadermatology_alomary_2026_cs_260007_1788536302.2769.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:30:46Z","timestamp":1790177446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamadermatology\/fullarticle\/2853988"}},"subtitle":["An Expert Consensus Delphi Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2026.3579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6068","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}